At present, the population of the earth has exceeded 8 billion, and there are many races with obvious genetic characteristics, such as blacks, browns and reds, yellows and whites.

With such a large human population and a wide variety of distinctly different races, people can't help but wonder if they are from one ancestral origin or from multiple ancestral origins?

At present, the research results of biogenetics have solved this problem perfectly. In order to reveal the origin of human beings, scientists analyzed and compared the genetic maps of blacks, browns, reds, yellows and whites, and concluded that the genetic differences between races were only 0.1%, and because of this, there was no reproductive separation between races, and there were no obvious differences between races in terms of physiological institutions and functions, as well as consciousness, thinking and intelligence. The differences between human races are mainly differences between skin color, height, bone structure, body hair and body odor, scientists have shown that these gene fragments that cause racial differences are relatively unstable and abnormal gene fragments, human viruses, diseases, reproduction, food, living habits, as well as climate, water quality, soil samples, radiation and other environmental factors can lead to the mutation of these genes.

Therefore, from a genetic point of view, it is highly likely that all human races originate from the same maternal genome and the same paternal genome, because only homologous species have such a high degree of genetic similarity.

In addition to the above four major human races, there have been other human races on the earth. According to archaeological evidence, the fossils and remains of a mysterious group of early Homo sapiens have been found in the caves of the Denisova Gorge in Siberia, named Denisovans, who lived about 200,000 to 50,000 years ago, and are close relatives of Neanderthals, a group of Homo sapiens that were widely distributed in Europe during the same period.

In a cave in the Neanderthal Mountains in Germany, archaeologists have found fossils and remains of ancient Homo sapiens, which was named Neanderthals. Perhaps they are close relatives of the ancestors of modern Europeans, who ruled all of Europe, West Asia, and northern Africa from 120,000 years ago, but who disappeared completely 24,000 years ago.

Ancient Homo sapiens such as Denisovans and Neanderthals, that is, modern Homo sapiens, may be closely related, but scientists have not yet known the reason for the disappearance of these two ancient human species, perhaps they were completely integrated with modern Homo sapiens in Europe through intermarriage; It is also possible that they were exterminated by modern Homo sapiens who migrated to Europe, and there is a great possibility that ancient Homo sapiens was exterminated by modern Homo sapiens, what aesthetic of human beings attaches great importance to physiognomy and appearance, human intelligence regards people who are very formal with their own appearance and appearance as the same kind, human beings can only live in peace with their kind, in the eyes of modern Homo sapiens, ancient Homo sapiens is no different from gorillas and apes, ancient Homo sapiens are just some fluffy, dirty, weird, dull-headed ordinary animals, Therefore, it is normal for them to be squeezed out and exterminated by modern Homo sapiens. Of course, in the midst of the brutal killing, perhaps modern Homo sapiens adopted some women and children of ancient Homo sapiens out of pity and curiosity, and the genes of these adoptees were integrated into the genes of modern Homo sapiens.

Today's archaeological and genetic scientists believe that Homo sapiens is the ancestor of modern humans, and that early Homo sapiens originated in the Great Rift Valley region of the African continent 250,000 years ago, and then gradually moved out of Africa and into Asia, Europe and the Americas.

Although the assertions and evidence of biogenetics are very strong and credible, there are still many social elites who still disagree with these conclusions of genetics, so there are still two theories on the formation of human races, one is the one-origin theory and the other is the multi-source theory.

The theory of one source believes that the multi-race of human beings evolved from a single race, perhaps the original human beings were all black, due to environmental radiation, viruses, diseases, reproduction, living habits, living environment and other factors, resulting in changes in human skin color, physique and genes, resulting in the emergence of white race, yellow race and red race and other races.

The multi-origin theory believes that human beings originated from multiple sources, and at the same time, due to the different living areas and communication barriers, each race has been in independent development for a long time, and after a long period of environmental and lifestyle influences, it has finally formed a number of races such as black, red, white and yellow. The problem with multi-origin theory is, why is there such a high degree of genetic similarity between human races? Why are physiological and conscious abilities as similar among races?

Therefore, at present, the scientific community is more in favor of the theory of the origin of the human race, while the theory of multiple sources is less and less believed. At the same time, the theory of one origin is very much in line with the principles, theories and engineering techniques of modern genetics, and perhaps human beings are indeed the products of highly intelligent biological scientists who have fully mastered biotechnology.

In short, no matter which doctrine we agree with, we must be in the spirit of pursuing the truth, maintain an inclusive and open attitude, do not impose our own views and standards on others, maintaining diversity of thought is the foundation for building human civilization, ancient and modern sages have said: "Everything has coincidences, everything is possible", inevitable things may not necessarily happen, accidental things may happen again, the law of everything and the law of operation are always hidden in places that are difficult for human beings to reach.

According to archaeology and the reality of the human race today, it is generally believed that in ancient times, Caucasian people lived in the northwest of the South Asian subcontinent, the Pamir Plateau and the Indus River Basin, the Middle East, the Caucasus, the Southern European Plain and the entire European continent. Yellow people live in Chinese mainland in the Far East of Asia, the Indochina Peninsula, the northeast of the South Asian subcontinent, the Indonesian archipelago region, the Pacific Islands, the American continent, etc.; Red people mainly live in the southern part of the South Asian subcontinent, the Indonesian archipelago region, Australia and other regions; Black people mainly live on the African continent.

In ancient times, Caucasians lived mainly in colder high latitudes, they lived by hunting, fighting large animals in the alpine regions, they made clothes and shoes and hats with thick fur, lived in caves or developed their own underground caves, this way of life made them tall, strong, hairy and fair-skinned.

Yellow people mainly live in warmer and humid low latitudes, they live on gathering, fishing and hunting, they rely on rivers and seas as the basis for life, in the early stage of the development of human civilization they lived in caves in Chinese mainland and Southeast Asia in the Far East, and then they lived in simple huts built of wood and thatch, this way of life made the yellow people light and gentle, diligent in thinking and working, due to long-term immersion in sea water and fresh water, yellow people's hair degradation is more serious, As a result, their skin is very smooth.

The red people lived mainly in the interior or remote areas of the tropics and subtropics, they lived by gathering and hunting, they lived in caves or built their own simple huts, so they were small, smooth-skinned, mild-mannered, idle, and fond of ease.

Black people mainly live on the African continent, they live by gathering, fishing and hunting, because the African continent is single race, there is no competition between races, and Africa's natural resources are relatively rich, so in the period of low population, black people live relatively comfortable and leisurely, so far many Africans still maintain a primitive living state, as well as rely on the sky to eat, born and raised optimistic attitude towards the world.

The natural environment determines people's lifestyles and livelihoods, resulting in different ethnic groups having different customs and cultures. The color of the skin is not always the main cause of human differences and estrangement, but the main cause of the conflict that leads to the division of human beings is the customs, culture and ideas of various races. Therefore, in order to eliminate the estrangement and conflicts between races and nationalities, we must start with culture and ideology and establish as soon as possible a world outlook, values, and outlook on life that are universally recognized by all mankind.

In ancient times, due to the great dependence of human beings on natural resources, human beings in various regions had to migrate to areas with abundant food resources according to the changes of seasons and climate, so as to ensure a long-term and stable supply of food and maintain the survival and reproduction of the race.

Modern scientific research has shown that some animals and birds have the ability to perceive the earth's magnetic field, and they have a full perceptual memory of sight, smell and touch to the environment they have experienced, so the migration routes and migration seasons of these animals and birds are very accurate. Although modern Homo sapiens did not know the superb abilities of these birds and beasts, the ancients knew where the birds and animals could go, and they could also go, and the simple understanding of the ancients made the birds and animals become the guides of human life and migration, as long as human beings carefully observed the migration routes and seasons of birds and animals, the ancients could formulate their own life and migration plans.

Of course, the accumulation of knowledge and knowledge gradually increased by human beings, and human beings began to grasp the factors, mechanisms, laws and laws of the operation and change of things, and understanding the essence of things is the basis for the formation of human wisdom.

Once the door of human wisdom is opened, the vision, breadth, depth, and authenticity of human observation and analysis of things will be revolutionarily improved, so that human thinking ability, as well as the ability to transform nature and create new things, will be improved more and more strongly.

Of course, after the values of human beings have been systematically established, human beings regard their own survival and development as the top priority, and in order to solve the problem of survival and development, human beings must constantly enrich and improve their understanding of the world and master more truths and natural laws.

In ancient times, food was the primary factor restricting the survival and development of human beings, and in the process of occupying natural resources, obtaining food, and establishing the safety and security of ethnic groups and societies, human beings have gained rich experience, knowledge and truth, and these insightful thoughts, as well as the unyielding spirit of human beings, have made human beings stand out in the cruel biological struggle, become the top of the earth's food chain, become a creature rich in knowledge, wisdom and creativity, and become the ruler of this world!

Anthropological research has shown that the more difficult, harsh and scarce the natural environment and resources, the more it stimulates human survival, creativity and wisdom.

In the early process of the development of the human race, environmental factors and the fighting spirit of human beings determine the way and height of the development of human civilization, only the race that masters advanced manufacturing technology and productivity, as well as access to sufficient and stable food resources, can they stand out in the cruel struggle between races and become the leader of human civilization, so that all mankind can share the fruits of civilization.

In the following chapters, we will comprehensively discuss and show the thrilling and singing history of human struggle and the development of human civilization in the last ice age.