In the last ice age, from 115,000 to 75,000 years ago, in this 40,000 years of long time, human beings have basically adapted to the environment of the ice age, according to the archaeological results, in the southern region of China, the Indochina Peninsula, the New World of the South China Sea, the mainland of the Indonesian archipelago, the South Asian continent and other ice age new continents, human beings have established the world's largest and most prosperous human civilization center.

At the beginning of the last ice age (115,000 to 95,000 years ago), the human race maintained a primitive state of production and life, and they mainly lived on the natural economy of gathering, fishing and hunting. In order to obtain more stable and high-quality food, human beings began to develop agriculture and animal husbandry, and migrated to colder areas during the ice age, in order to alleviate the racial conflicts and survival pressures brought about by the rapid increase in human population in tropical and subtropical regions.

According to archaeological evidence, in the middle of the Last Ice Age (95,000 to 75,000 years ago), the subtropical and temperate regions of the Last Ice Age began to have four distinct seasons, which were suitable for human life and development and production with the ability to withstand the cold. At that time, the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia is now Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, southern Yunnan of China, southwest of Guangxi and other vast areas, and it was the largest ice age subtropical and temperate region in the southeast of the Eurasian continent. We call this area the Indochina Peninsula and the ancient agricultural and pastoral areas of southwest China.

According to archaeological evidence, early humans living in the Indochina Peninsula and the agricultural and pastoral areas of southwest China were the direct ancestors of modern yellow people, and we call this group of early modern Homo sapiens "ancient farmers and herdsmen of Southeast Asia". In tens of thousands of years of agricultural and animal husbandry experiments and explorations, the ancient farmers and herdsmen in Southeast Asia domesticated rice, sorghum, corn, wheat, barley and other food crops suitable for cultivation in paddy fields, dry lands and temperate regions, as well as most of the vegetables, beans and fruits we currently eat. In terms of animal husbandry, they domesticated and raised pigs, buffaloes, cattle, donkeys, sheep, cats, chickens, ducks, geese and other relatively docile animals and birds, animal husbandry for human beings to solve the protein source needed to maintain life, at the same time they domesticated buffaloes, cattle and donkeys and other animal power, so that human beings were liberated from some heavy manual labor, greatly improving the production efficiency of agriculture and transportation.

If it weren't for the major natural disaster that occurred on the Indonesian island of Java 75,000 years ago, perhaps mankind would have entered the current level of civilization tens of thousands of years earlier. However, the occurrence of this disaster directly changed the climate and environment of the earth, and also changed the fate of mankind and the development process of civilization!

According to the results of geophysical research, 75,000 years ago, the fourth violent volcanic eruption erupted in the Toba Mountains region of the Indonesian island of Java!

This supervolcano is accompanied by powerful earthquakes and tectonic plate shocks, as well as shocking and terrifying natural disasters such as super hurricanes and tsunamis. This natural catastrophe caused the earth to shake and tear apart, the land to rise and sink in large areas, and the rivers to divert and flood. The action of volcanic eruptions of hot gases triggers forest fires around the world, causing drastic changes in the nature of the Earth's atmosphere and air currents, resulting in global super hurricanes, which sweep seawater, as well as trees, rocks, and mud on land, into the atmosphere and into space. Due to the intensity of the hurricane, a huge hole was formed in the center of the hurricane that penetrated the atmosphere and went straight into space, because the hole went straight to space, so a lot of material and dust on the earth were swept into the vast space by the hurricane.

At that time, the ancients who lived in the vicinity of the incident should have seen this incomparably huge atmospheric hole suspended high in the air caused by the super hurricane, and people could see the bottomless and incomparably dark space from the hole, and at the same time saw the earth debris and dust that were constantly being swept into the hole, and these rising gray debris and dust formed a huge airflow column connecting the space hole and the earth and ocean swept by the hurricane, and the upward churning airflow column was surrounded by thunder and lightning and firelight! Occasionally, this huge space hole also intermittently shot strong sunlight towards the ground and the ocean, illuminating this bleak world where everything has withered and the sea is rotten! These shocking and terrifying disaster scenes and natural phenomena are deeply engraved into the memories of the ancients who personally experienced this catastrophe, so there are mythological allusions such as "the sky is broken, and Nuwa mends the sky" in the ancient classics of mankind!

According to scientists, the eruption of the Toba volcano erupted for several weeks, spewing out 3,200 cubic kilometers of Youngor New Doba tuff. Three days after the eruption, half the world was covered in volcanic ash, which was up to 7 meters thick in Malaysia and 15 centimeters thick in the Deccan Plateau in India. Scientists believe that this volcano is the largest eruption on Earth in 25 million years, and the ash has darkened the sky and caused the Earth's temperature to drop by an average of 5 degrees Celsius for six years. In the north of the planet it even dropped by 15 degrees Celsius.

This catastrophe directly led to the death of animals and plants and the extinction of species in many areas, and scientists believe through scientific analysis and reasoning that this catastrophe has narrowly wiped out human beings, and only a few thousand people have survived.

Scientists believe that after the eruption of Mount Toba for four weeks, the ash effect lowered the global temperature and entered a colder ice age, the sun was blocked by the floating dust of the volcanic eruption in the air, the whole world became dark, and the living environment of the earth became very harsh, this extremely harsh climate environment lasted for 6 years, so only those humans, animals and plants who live and live far away from the hard-hit areas of the Toba volcano can survive.

According to the results of scientists' analysis of the distribution of ancient people, humans who lived in the northern part of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia, southern China, the northern part of the South Asian subcontinent, the central part of the African continent and other areas far away from the site of the Toba volcanic eruption survived.

Most of the surviving humans live in the Indochina Peninsula of Southeast Asia and southwest China, and their ancestors of the modern yellow race are the ancient farmers and herdsmen of Southeast Asia. A small number of survivors live in the southern part of the subcontinent and the Middle East, where Homo sapiens is the ancestor of brown-red and Caucasians; There is also a small number of surviving human beings who have been living in the tropical and subtropical regions of the African continent. These surviving ancient humans, who maintained their original production and lifestyle, continued to live in a safe area where the hazards were less severe.

Due to the colder climate of the earth in the later stage of the volcanic disaster, the human beings living in the cold Southeast Asian region have developed their fire technology, warm clothing making technology, cave dwelling technology, food storage and production technology to a higher level, and these survival technologies have been popularized among the people, at this time human beings have certain knowledge and survival skills, with strong adaptability, adaptability and mutual assistance spirit, and the human beings who survived the disaster have the ability to survive this extreme disaster. Humanity began to survive and develop again.

At present, we are not sure that many ancient people survived this disaster? However, the results of the current analysis of the purity and genetic diversity of human race show that the number of survivors at that time was indeed very limited. The reason for genetic purity can only be the result of inbreeding, so human beings must have gone through a very long period of parenting, and this is how the human race can reproduce. The finite nature of life makes reproduction the main hope of human life, human beings always burst out of infinite courage and wisdom in the midst of thousands of difficulties and dangers, and always find the way to continue to move forward and pursue hopes and dreams in an extremely limited living environment, because of this, human beings will create brilliance and push human civilization to a new peak.

After the eruption of the Toba volcano, the earth's climate gradually stabilized in a new state, and since the earth's climate became colder than before, after the climate and environment stabilized, the surviving humans must have migrated to warmer regions such as the New World of Southeast Asia. In this stage, human beings have entered a very sluggish period of development, and the surviving human beings have inherited most of the achievements of the original human civilization - language, writing, production technology, manufacturing technology, religion, thought, philosophy and early science, etc., and have struggled to maintain the survival, reproduction and civilization development of human beings in a cold, dim and resource-scarce natural environment!

According to paleoclimatologists, the eruption of Mount Toba injected a large amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the earth's atmosphere, and with the deposition of volcanic dust in the air and drifting into space, the earth's air returned to clear and transparent, and the sun's rays shone back on the earth's surface. Because carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have the ability to absorb and conserve sunlight, the earth's surface begins to become warmer, glaciers are melting, the earth's surface begins to become wet, plants grow like never before, plant growth leads to the development of herbivore populations, which also leads to the development of carnivore populations, human gatherings and hunting and other natural economies have developed, and at the same time, human agriculture, animal husbandry and handicrafts have also achieved new development, at this time, human food and living conditions have improved unprecedentedly. The population has also begun to develop rapidly, and human civilization has begun to move towards a high-speed development track again!

30,000 years after the eruption of Mount Toba, the Earth's environment has become very warm and humid. According to the research results of archaeologists, 45,000 years ago, the remains of human activities have been found in Liuzhou, Guangxi and other areas in southern China, and these archaeological results show that the great migration that affects the formation, geographical distribution and civilization pattern of human race today began from 45,000 years ago.

During this period of great migration, human activities first appeared in large numbers in southern China and the entire Indochina Peninsula, as well as in the south-central, northern, and northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent.

Due to the warming climate, the sea level began to rise, and many islands and landmasses in areas such as the Indonesian archipelago in the New World of Southeast Asia were submerged by the sea. At that time, the land bridge between the Indonesian archipelago and the Australian mainland was submerged by the sea, and since then, the Australian red race has been cut off from the rest of humanity. It wasn't until 1606, when the Spanish navigator Tollers discovered Australia, that they resumed human contact and interaction with other regions, but the lonely and long process of the red race took more than 40,000 years. Today's anthropologists have shown that the Australian red race still maintains the life and civilization of early humans 45,000 years ago.

According to data from the 2001 census, Australia's Race Protection Policy helped to produce 413,000 indigenous Australians, known as the Red Race. It can be seen that natural production methods such as primitive gathering and hunting did not provide sufficient and stable food for humans. At the same time, the long-term food shortage directly leads to the belief that human beings spend most of their time and energy on obtaining food, thus restricting the development of human intelligence and civilization.

The history of human development shows that only those who have mastered advanced production technologies such as fisheries, agriculture and animal husbandry can obtain sufficient and stable food. At the same time, the races and nationalities that master the manufacturing technology of tools and daily necessities, the technology of building houses, the technology of fire, the technology of kilns, the technology of sintering, the technology of smelting and the manufacturing technology, can improve the living conditions and environment of human beings, and improve the efficiency and happiness of the races and nationalities, they can obtain the full right to survival, the right to development, the right to civilization and the right to progress in this natural struggle and human war, and those races and nationalities with backward modes of production will be ruthlessly eliminated and drowned in the long river of human development history!

The prosperity and development of fisheries in southern China, the South China Sea and the Indonesian archipelago gave rise to early human shipbuilding and navigation technology, and with the warming of the earth's climate and the rise of sea levels, the maritime peoples of Southeast Asia who made a living by fishing first began their great migration at sea.

Archaeological results show that the islands of Southeast Asia, the southern coast of China and the coast of the Indochina Peninsula were the first areas where human beings developed navigation technology and marine fisheries. As sea levels rose, their villages and ports were flooded, so families began to migrate by boat to higher islands and mainland coasts, where they resettled in mainland estuaries with easy access to fresh water and food on land.

During the migration process of the maritime peoples of Southeast Asia, they first reached the mainland coastal estuary areas of the South China Sea and the East China Sea, as well as the coastal islands of the South China Sea and the East China Sea.

As sea levels rise further, the maritime peoples of Southeast Asia continue to migrate to the islands of the Pacific Ocean, as well as to the South American continent and other parts of the Americas. At the same time, they migrated to high-latitude coasts and islands such as the coast of the Indochina Peninsula, the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea of Chinese mainland.

At this stage, the maritime peoples of Southeast Asia also migrated by sea to the coastal areas of the South Asian subcontinent, the coastal areas of Pakistan, the coastal areas of Iran, the coastal areas of Arabia, the coastal areas of the African continent, the coastal areas of the Mediterranean, etc.!

During this period, the farmers and herdsmen who settled in the Indochina Peninsula and southwest China, due to the improvement of the global environment, their food supply increased rapidly, and this region became the richest area of human beings at that time, which led to the rapid expansion of the population in the region.

Of course, the migration of farmers and herders was followed by land peoples engaged in gathering, fishing and hunting, and they supported each other to begin the difficult and long overland migration.

These land-based migratory peoples first went north and east into the whole of Chinese mainland and Siberia, and from then on through the Hexi Corridor into the Middle East, until northern Africa and the Mediterranean coast, according to archaeological research, traces of migratory human life appeared in the rivers, swamps, grasslands and forest areas of these regions.

During this period, the ancient pastoralists of Southeast Asia moved westward along the valleys of the southern foothills of the Himalayas into the subcontinent, where they established colonial settlements in rivers, swamps, grasslands, and forest areas to develop agriculture and animal husbandry. At the same time, they entered the Indus Valley and the entire Middle East through the northwest valley of the subcontinent to southern Europe. Perhaps many years later, this migratory people should meet their kindred people here—farmers and herders who migrated from the Hexi Corridor and other eastern regions to the Middle East!

As global warming intensifies and sea levels rise further, the maritime peoples of Southeast Asia, as well as pastoralists around the world, continue to embark on the final great migration, migrating to colder and more remote areas.

Eventually, the maritime peoples of Southeast Asia settled on the west coasts of the northern and southern continents of the Americas, as well as the islands of Central America, and developed marine fisheries, and they became the first human inhabitants of the Americas. These immigrants left behind a large number of stony round anchors on the west coast of the Americas, such as the Chilean and Peruvian coasts, which were discovered by archaeologists in the mid-to-late last century, and scientists identified the stones used to make the anchors to be found in the southern coastal areas of China.

By overland migration of Southeast Asian pastoralists and pastoralists, they eventually crossed the Siberian permafrost to the coast of the Arctic Ocean, while they entered North America eastward via the Bering Land Bridge, which was not submerged at the time. In the mid-to-late last century, archaeologists found the remains and activity of these migrants on the North American continent, and according to scientific determination, they first arrived on the American continent 25,000 years ago. At the same time, archaeological results show that human migration through the Bering Strait stopped after 15,000 years ago, indicating that the Bering land bridge was completely submerged by the sea 15,000 years ago, and humans could no longer reach North America by land. These migrates to North America became the first human inhabitants of North America.

Eventually, humans from North America and humans from South America converged in Central America, and they formed the yellow race of South Americans, who developed their societies and civilizations independently. It wasn't until the Italian navigator Christopher Columbus helped the King of Portugal cross the Atlantic Ocean westward and open a sea route to India and China in the East that humans in the Americas were restored to contact with humans outside the Americas. Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic in August 1492 and reached the Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti and other places, and in mid-1493 arrived in Jamaica, the Puerto Rico Islands, and the coastal areas of Central and South America. After the discovery of the American continent, Columbus and others found that the Americans had typical yellow characteristics, so Columbus thought that he had arrived in India and called these humans Indians.

This time, which took place between 45,000 and 15,000 years ago, was a known global human migration through the sea and land. The Asian maritime and terrestrial peoples, i.e., the Asian yellow race, were the main body of this great migration, and they not only migrated to the high latitudes of the Americas and Siberia in Asia, but also to the interior and coast of the entire Indian subcontinent, the interior and coast of the Middle East, the interior and coast of northern Africa, the Mediterranean coast, the inland sea region of Asia Minor, and the coastal areas of the Black Sea. It also brought their language, writing, ideology, religion and social management system to these areas.

Between 45,000 and 15,000 years ago, the earth's climate continued to warm, the sea level continued to rise, and many landmasses and islands were submerged by the sea.

The legend that the once highly civilized continent sank to the bottom of the sea, written in the Western classics, is believed to be because a group of humans migrated north along the Malaysian peninsula witnessed the terrifying scene of a bustling continent in the Indian Ocean to the west of their industry being swallowed up by the choppy waters in an instant.

In the middle and late stages of glacial melting, many new rivers, freshwater lakes and swamps were created on land, so there are many myths and stories related to the Great Flood in Chinese mythology, and the various ethnic groups in the East Asian continent have a history of tens of thousands of years of river control and flood control.

The series of climate and environmental changes caused by the Toba volcano have had a profound impact on the survival, development and progress of human civilization.

After the last ice age gradually passed, the earth's environment became more and more suitable for the survival and development of human beings, and since then human civilization has entered a stage of rapid and prosperous development!