The history of mankind is created by human beings, so if we want to understand the history of mankind, we must first understand that man is the nation, and the nation is the main body that creates human history and civilization. Therefore, in order to understand Chinese history and civilization, we must first study the ethnic origin and development of the East Asian continent.

Peace, food, clothing, and freedom are the basis for human beings to obtain happiness and happiness, but it was very difficult for the ancients who lived in the middle and late stages of the last ice age, when floods and geological disasters were frequent, to achieve peace. During the Ice Age, human beings could only live in warm tropical and subtropical regions, and the areas where human beings lived were often crowded and lacked resources, and it was very difficult for human beings to obtain basic living security. The early human society was a primitive matrilineal clan society, and the social management system of the matrilineal clan society had the characteristics of barbarism, cruelty, and inhumanity, and the human beings living in the primitive matrilineal clan society had no freedom in spirit and action, and they lived a life that was inferior to pigs and dogs. Therefore, the great migration of human beings has provided an opportunity for the middle and lower classes to change their destiny and pursue their dreams in life.

The extremely cold and arid climate of the ice age turned most of the land in the region into ice cover areas and barren areas, which are basically uninhabited areas, therefore, in the early stage of the great migration of human beings, it is difficult for human beings to encounter the natural enemies of nature, and the natural enemies of human beings are only human beings themselves, so as long as the migratory peoples avoid densely populated areas, migration activities can be carried out smoothly. Therefore, in the process of human migration, in order to avoid conflicts between ethnic groups, migratory groups always choose uninhabited areas and sparsely populated areas for migration, and in the middle and late stages of the last ice age, East Asia, America, Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe and other continental regions are uninhabited or sparsely populated areas suitable for human survival where the natural environment has been greatly improved, so these areas have become the main migration areas of human beings.

In the process of human migration, because the mobility of the marine peoples, gatherers and hunters is stronger than that of the farming peoples, they migrated earlier than the farming peoples, but the early migrating peoples were independent of each other and had little contact with each other in the process of migration, and the purpose of the migration of the marine peoples was to find new places of residence, water sources, land food, fishing areas and other natural resources, which were concentrated in the coastal estuarine area, so the coastal estuarine area was the migration destination of the marine people; The purpose of migration of the gathering peoples was dense vegetation, deep forests and valleys; The destination of the migration of hunter peoples was the savannah, where animals could grow freely.

In the process of human migration, because the agricultural peoples needed to carry out agricultural production more harshly, the migration of agricultural peoples was later than that of the maritime peoples, gatherers and hunters. However, the farming peoples can get a lot of late-mover advantages, if they get rich geographical and climatic information from the gatherers and hunters, and get the guides and helpers for migration, etc., it is easy for the farming peoples to find suitable places to establish villages and develop farmland and pastures in the vast inland areas, because the farming peoples have production skills in farming, breeding and animal husbandry, so they can provide stable food to their collaborators, so the gatherers and hunters also like to join the ranks of the farming peoples. and gradually merged with the agrarian nation into a new nation.

In the middle and late last glacial period, southern China, the Indochina Peninsula, Southeast Asia, and the South Asian subcontinent were the main living areas of modern humans, with the largest population of farmers and pastoralists at that time settling in western Guangxi, southern Yunnan, northern Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar, while brown and white people mainly lived in the south and northwest of the subcontinent.

After the migration of farmers and herdsmen from the original areas of southwest China and the Indochina Peninsula, one of the farmers and herdsmen in this region moved westward into the northeast of the South Asian subcontinent, and then suffered from brown people and whites living in the South Asian subcontinent, in order to avoid direct and large-scale ethnic conflicts, the westward migration of farmers and herdsmen can only be carried out through the no-man's land of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is the reason why there are yellow farmers and herdsmen in the northeast of the South Asian subcontinent and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau today, and these yellow people are the ancestors of the Tibetan and Qiang peoples. Today, Tibetan and Qiang cultures still have many commonalities and homologous characteristics with Thai and Vietnamese cultures

G means elephant in Thai, and the elephant is the totem and idol worship of the Thai nation, so the Tibetan Thai family is close, and the Tibetan people once lived in Nibul, Bhutan, Nalanda, etc., in Thai Nibul (the hometown of Buddha Shakyamuni)

IBO means "good dad", Bhutanese buda

It is the "red-clothed people, the red-clothed people", and Nalanda (the place where the Buddha Shakyamuni preached) is "a school with a family and a field"; Qiang qia

G means strong and friend in the ancient Yue language, and the Qiang and Thai and Vietnamese people used to be good brothers who fought side by side.

After the complete conquest of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau by farmers and herdsmen, these farmers and herdsmen continued to migrate westward, crossing the Pamir Plateau into the Indus Valley region, where the yellows, reds and whites merged to form a new people, these new peoples were the ancestors of Central Asians and Middle Easterners, and since then the Indus Valley has appeared agricultural civilization, and there are still many ancient Vietnamese place names such as Nalan in the region

ala

, in the Old Vietnamese language

A is farmland, la

is home (generally spelled la in Western languages

d), Nalan means farmer. At the same time, the plateau farmers and herdsmen also entered the Tarim Basin, developed the Tarim River and the Lop Nur agricultural area, and established the great Loulan State

It is home, and Loulan is our home. Therefore, plateau farmers and herdsmen are the main ancestors of various ethnic groups in Xinjiang and Central Asia.

The overland migration of farmers and herdsmen in Southeast Asia was mainly carried out in the East Asian continent, that is, Chinese mainland, and then developed into Siberia and the American continent, as well as Central Asia, the Middle East, the Mediterranean coast and Europe. In order to reveal the origins of ethnic groups in East Asia, we will focus on the origins and development of ethnic groups in mainland East Asia.

In previous chapters, we have described the migration of Southeast Asian farmers and herders from the birthplace and base areas of agriculture and animal husbandry in the Indochina Peninsula to Guangdong, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu, and then to Hubei, Henan, Jianghuai, Shandong, Hebei, and other regions of China.

In short, after the completion of the great migration of Southeast Asian farmers and herdsmen in southern China and the Central Plains, they migrated to the southeast coastal areas of China, and merged with the maritime peoples who arrived in the region first, forming a new ethnic group that made a living by engaging in mixed economies such as sea agriculture and industry and commerce, namely the Hepu people, the Leizhou people, the Zhanjiang people, the Chaoshan people, the Minnan people, the Wenzhou people, the Bohai people and other ancient peoples. Together with some ethnic groups such as the Yao, Miao, and She who first arrived in the inland areas of Chinese mainland, they merged into the Baiyue ethnic groups such as Yangyue, Minyue, Donou, and Xiou, and the Yao, Miao, and She who were not integrated were transferred to the mountainous areas to hunt, fish, and gather for a living.

After careful scientific research, we believe that the migration of Southeast Asian farmers and herdsmen from the northwestern part of Guangxi and southeastern Yunnan, that is, the Baise Basin and the Wenshan region, across the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the Sichuan region, the area north of the Qinling Mountains, and the north, west and east of the Qinchuan region is of great significance and important role in the formation and development of Chinese and world peoples and cultures. Below, we will focus on this migration process.

Between 45,000 and 30,000 years ago, farmers and herders from Southeast Asia successfully migrated to southwest China and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.

According to archaeological discoveries and research, Guangxi Ningming Balai petroglyphs record in detail the scene when ancient humans entered the Zuojiang River basin area of Guangxi, from the scene analysis of rock paintings, of course, ancient humans have a certain form of organization, they carry weapons and tools, will use canoes and wheels and other means of transportation, they raise cattle, pigs, sheep, dogs and other animals, these ancients have a full understanding of the mountains and rivers and other geographical phenomena, the sun and other celestial phenomena, indicating that they have a certain geographical knowledge and astronomical knowledge, Balai petroglyphs of the human-shaped squatting style, It is formed in a vein of ancient rock art styles found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam in Southeast Asia. This shows that Southeast Asian farmers and herdsmen have entered Guangxi from here, and the pigment of rock paintings is generally cinnabar (mainly containing mercury sulfide HgS, cinnabar is not only used for painting, but also a thing for religious ceremonies to ward off evil spirits), rock art is a kind of religious ceremony of the ancients to commemorate their ancestors, and it is also a signpost for the ancients to mark the migration path of their ancestors.

After the successful settlement and development of Southeast Asian farmers and herdsmen in Guangxi and Yunnan, the farmers and herdsmen continued to move northward, they first developed the agricultural and pastoral areas on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and they left a large number of petroglyphs and hanging coffins in Yibin Jue County on the south bank of the Jinsha River, and the style of the rock paintings in Jue County is very similar to the style of the Balai petroglyphs, indicating that these ancients belonged to the same cultural group. Based on the plains and hills of the south bank of the Yangtze River from Luzhou to Chongqing, these ancient humans crossed the Yangtze River in the Chongqing area, and developed the eastern part of the Sichuan Basin along the Jialing River to the north, establishing the Cuban state in this area. Another ancient Yue ethnic group crossed the Yangtze River in the Luzhou area, marched north along the Tuojiang River and entered the Chengdu Plain, developed the western part of the Sichuan Basin and the southern foothills of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and established the ancient Shu state in this area. Therefore, the Ba and Shu people are the oldest ethnic groups in Sichuan, and they are all descendants of the ancient Yue people.

After the ancient Yue people completed the migration and settlement in Sichuan, about 30,000 years ago to 25,000 years ago, the ancient Yue people migrated, immigrated and settled in the Songpan Plateau, Qinling, Qinchuan, Hexi Corridor, Loess Plateau, Mongolian Plateau, Northeast Plain, Siberia, the Arctic, North America and other regions, and the ancient Yue people who migrated to these areas became the ancestors of the future ethnic groups in these areas.

One of the greatest achievements in this stage is that the ancient Yue people adapted to the alpine environment and northern climate in the Songpan Plateau and Qinchuan region, and they successfully developed a new agricultural and animal husbandry production mode and lifestyle that adapted to the alpine environment and northern climate, successfully domesticated and planted barley, barley, wheat, millet, sorghum and other crops, and successfully domesticated and raised yaks, cattle, donkeys, sheep, pigs, dogs, chickens, ducks, geese and other livestock and poultry, and finally they developed into a new ethnic group different from the Ba and Shu people - the Di people living in the Songpan Plateau and Hexi region; the Qiang people who live in the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; The Chinese people live in the Qinchuan area and the Yellow River Loop.

Later, the Huaxia people developed into the leading and main ethnic groups in the East Asian continent, and the ruling class that established the state in the East Asian continent, especially in the Yellow River Valley, regarded themselves as the Huaxia people. Therefore, we will focus on the Huaxia people in the next section.

We have talked about the clan names of the Huaxia people in the above chapters, and we will not repeat them here. According to Chinese historical records, the Chinese nation arose in the Qinchuan region of Shaanxi Province and developed in the plains of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.

The earliest historical records in China began in the Zhou Dynasty, because the early ethnic groups had the characteristics of semi-agriculture and semi-pastoralism, so they had to move frequently to develop new farmland and new pastures, this production and living characteristics made it difficult for many ethnic groups to establish a stable social and cultural development mode, so many ethnic groups did not establish their own cultural systems, let alone record their own history. Therefore, the court historians of the Zhou Dynasty may not know the origin and history of the Huaxia people, and the court historians of later dynasties do not know the origin of the Huaxia people, so they can only tell things according to the records of the Zhou Dynasty. When the past documents cannot answer the question of nationality, historians can only determine and divide ethnic relations according to the appearance, language, culture and customs of the ethnic group under study.

At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, perhaps the entire East Asian continent was a yellow race, and these yellow people would all speak a language similar to the ancient Yue language, and the Huaxia people could still communicate with these peoples smoothly; These ethnic groups are similar to the Chinese people in terms of production methods, living methods, social systems, and religious customs, so the historians of the Zhou Dynasty classified all the yellow ethnic groups in the East Asian continent as the Chinese people, and all these ethnic groups were regarded as the objects of Zhou Dynasty rule.

Here we can't blame the historians of the Zhou Dynasty, there is no problem with their ethnic and cultural concepts dividing the ethnic group, the problem is only that the ethnic groups have disputes over their ethnic names, of course, if the analysis of the cultural characteristics of Thailand and Vietnam, the yellow ethnic groups in the East Asian continent are called Huaxia, there is no problem, the problem is just that other ethnic groups are unwilling to give up the names of their ancestors and use the names of other people's ancestors. However, the voice of the imperial court is the law of the country, which will affect the livelihood and life of every countryman, therefore, many weak and small ethnic groups quickly accepted the title and co-optation of the Zhou Dynasty, and many powerful ethnic groups stood on the opposite side of the Zhou Dynasty because of the issue of ethnic names.

Since the Zhou Dynasty, the yellow race is the birthplace of the Chinese people, and even the birthplace of all mankind, this cultural concept that was created by rigidity eventually became the traditional and sacred ideology of Chinese history, and the Yellow River basin region became the birthplace of the yellow race and the birthplace of oriental civilization. Nationalities that do not agree with and do not conform to this historical concept are all alien races, and alien races are equivalent to enemies. "Those who offend me will be punished even if they are far away!" Of course, it is not too much for the imperial court to formulate any policy, but the country does not have so much cost and energy to deal with contradictions, conflicts and wars.

Now let's discuss the question of whether the Huaxia is the general family name of the East Asian yellow race? There is no longer any point, because it is no longer necessary to recognize national identity to take the imperial examination, or to serve as a court official or do court business, and most societies no longer have a caste system and a sense of family lineage.

After the formation of the Huaxia people, they developed agriculture and settled in the Weihe and Jinghe river basins, and at the same time developed agricultural areas and animal husbandry areas in northern Shaanxi and the Hetao Plain to the north. They then crossed the Yellow River east into Shanxi to develop agriculture and animal husbandry in the Wei River Valley. They developed Henan along the Yellow River to the east, in order to develop Henan region, they established a military fortress in the area of Shaanxi County (now Shaanzhou District, known as Shaanyi in ancient times) in Sanmenxia City, and at the same time, the Huaxia people built a world-famous pit cave city area here, and the cave dwellings in these cities are warm in winter and cool in summer, which is very livable; The villages and cities here have good water supply and drainage systems and functions, which shows that the Chinese nation has had superb civilization wisdom in ancient times.

Later, Shaanyi became the dividing line between Shaanxi, that is, the Qinchuan region and the Henan region. From here, the Chinese nation walked out of Qinchuan and comprehensively developed the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, making the Chinese civilization the only civilization in the Yellow River basin and the great civilization of the Asian continent.

In matrilineal clan societies, there are widespread customs and social customs of female worship and fertility worship, people regard sex and reproduction as beauty, and there is no shame in today's society, and the artistic image of fertility worship is still preserved in temple sculptures and paintings in India and Nepal. The Qinchuan region is referred to as "Shaanxi", and in today's Qinchuan dialect, "Shaanxi" xia

、sa

or se, in the ancient Vietnamese language, se, sa

or xia

Equal pronunciation is the meaning of female genitalia.

In the matrilineal clan society, there was no family form today, and people in that era only knew the mother, and the mother was the sole parent, raiser, teacher and guide of the children born to them, so it was generally popular in the society at that time to like and worship women, and gave women a very high status and power.

After the completion of the last ice age migration, human beings settled and developed in various parts of the world for a very long time, all parts of the world were in a matrilineal clan society, so more or less traces of matrilineal clan society were retained in all parts of the world, such as in ancient times Thailand was once called Siamese xia

Luo, in Old Thai and Old Vietnamese, xia

Equivalent to Our Lady, luo means to know, knowledge, and wisdom, so Siam means Our Lady of Wisdom; There is a sacred mountain in Jerusalem, the holy place of Western religion, called "Zion Xia."

(Exactly the same as the Qin pronunciation of Shaanxi), believers who come to Jerusalem must go to worship Mount Zion, or the Upper City, where "Zion" means Mary. In Old Chinese, "Shaanxi xia."

The corresponding ancient Chinese character is "仙xia."

”。 Oracle "Xianxia."

"The word, the description is a person standing in a pregnant mother's womb, and a pair of hands to deliver a lying baby!" The word "immortal" is a comic book with anatomical significance!

The amount of information contained in the hieroglyphs is too amazing, and the logical processing methods and abilities of the oracle bone inscriptions in pictographic, abstraction, and characterization are very ingenious, accurate, and easy to understand. There are also ancient Chinese characters preserved in the matrilineal clan society, such as "hao hao" and "hao hao" for women; "Xianxia

"It's also goodness."

”；“ The act of "feminine ya" is called "yaya", and in ancient Chinese, ya means noble behavior.

However, after humans entered the patrilineal clan society, xia

、sa

Ancient Chinese words related to women, such as se, ya, etc., have become evasive words and forbidden words, and these female words have gradually become swear words in the folk.

The Chinese people and culture have extensive influence in both the Yellow River and the Yangtze River Valley, and there is a Xiayi County in the area where Henan meets Jiangsu and Shandong, which indicates that the Chinese people once settled and farmed in this area. In the south of the Yangtze River, there are many place names related to "Xia", such as Xiamen, Xiajia, etc., which shows that perhaps the Huaxia people have entered these areas, or these areas have experienced the era of worshipping women, and the ancients here also worshiped "Huaya", that is, the Virgin of Childbirth.

This indicates that the worship of Xia xia (i.e., Yaya) and Xianxia in matrilineal clan societies is widespread in East Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe

Cult and other female worship phenomena and social institutions.

In the historical story, there is a Xia Dynasty, this court is the first court established by the Huaxia people, but due to the lack of historical documents of the Xia Dynasty, it is difficult for us to discuss the Xia Dynasty and the Shang Dynasty before the cycle in detail at present, and here we can only make a general statement of the Xia Dynasty based on limited historical stories.

According to ancient records, after the rise of the Huaxia and Xia Kingdoms, they first developed in Shaanxi, Shanxi, the Northern Desert Grassland and other regions, at first their production methods were also agriculture and animal husbandry, they developed agricultural areas in the Qinchuan region and the Hetao area, and raised cattle, sheep, donkeys and horses in the Northern Desert Grassland.

After the development of the Qinchuan region and the Yellow River Loop, the Huaxia people established the Yanmen Pass in the northern part of Shanxi as the last line of defense against other nomads, ensuring the stability of the northern border of the Xia Kingdom. According to the documents of the Zhou Dynasty, the alien race in the north of the Zhou Dynasty is "Beidi", "Di" and "Di" have the same sound, the pictographic meaning of the word Di is "the barbarian who can play with fire", and the use of fire is the habit of production and life of the Di people, so Beidi is the Di people, and the Xia Dynasty and the Zhou Dynasty want to defend against the northern alien race is the Di people who live in the Mobei region. This shows that at that time, the Di people mainly lived in the Songpan Plateau and Hexi region at the intersection of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, and at the same time, the Di people had migrated to the Loess Plateau, the Mongolian Plateau, Siberia and other regions to develop their economies, and these Di people gradually derived and evolved into agricultural peoples and nomadic peoples in the northeast of the East Asian continent.

The western border of Xia is the Hexi Corridor area, the historian of the Zhou Dynasty called this place "Xirong", here is the area of the fusion of ethnic groups such as Diqiang, Rong refers to the military uniform, because the Hexi Corridor is the place where the economy and culture of the East and the West meet, there are many ethnic groups here, the fish and dragons are mixed, social conflicts and wars are frequent, so the farmers and herdsmen here have the habit of wearing military uniforms and carrying weapons.

The southern border of the Xia Kingdom is the northern part of Hubei, Jianghuai and other areas on the north bank of the Yangtze River, and the historians of the Zhou Dynasty called the foreign races in the south of the country "Nanban", so the "Nanban" is the ancient Yue people south of the Yangtze River. "Barbarian

/ba

In the ancient Yue language, it means village and city, and perhaps when the historians of the Zhou Dynasty went to the area south of the Yangtze River to collect style, the historians of the Zhou Dynasty asked the locals, "Where do you live?" The locals all pointed to the village and said, "Barbarian."

Therefore, the historians of the Zhou Dynasty called the ancient Yue people in Jiangnan barbarians. Barbarism and barbarism are equal because the ancient Yue people have bare chests and arms, tattoos and broken hair, strong temperament, and bravery, which makes the historians of the Zhou Dynasty feel that the ancient Yue people are very alternative, unreasonable, rough and barbaric, so the southerners have the derogatory name of Nanban. The Han Dynasty called the people south of the Yangtze River Baiyue, and after the Han Dynasty, all Baiyue became Han people, that is, today's Han nationality.

The eastern frontier of the Xia kingdom was the regions of Hebei and Shandong, which had long coastlines, and the maritime peoples of Southeast Asia were supposed to migrate to these areas by sea, and later they joined the Baiyue farming peoples who migrated from the south, and these peoples were collectively called "Dongyi" by the historians of the Zhou dynasty.

The historians of the Zhou Dynasty called Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi and other regions of the alien race as "barbarian", in the ancient Yue language, "Yi yi" is the meaning of women and girls, and it is also the self-title when individuals need to indicate their female identity, in ancient times, men and women dressed almost the same, if you do not indicate the gender will cause a lot of misunderstandings. The historians of the Zhou Dynasty who did not understand the customs of the Yue people and the ancient Yue language, because they heard too many names with "Yi yi" in these ethnic groups, so they called these ancient Yue people barbarians, of course, barbarians are not a beautiful word, it contains the arrogance of the rulers, as well as the contempt and slander of foreign races.

Today, it is impossible for us to restore the original historical appearance of the Xia Dynasty, but we understand a truth: the process of human development will change the way of life and production of human beings, and change the customs, culture, ideas and religions of human beings, so that human beings will be estranged, divided, antagonistic, conflicted and warned. Therefore, it is our responsibility to reveal the fact that human beings have the same roots, and to expose the ugly events that deliberately cover up the facts with sinister intentions and create divisions, conflicts and hatred among human beings. In this way, human conflicts and wars are reduced, and human beings love and help each other.

Essentially, human conflict is rooted in the scarcity of resources for life and development in this world, and the human demand for resources is inexhaustible. This objective contradiction will inevitably lead to the subjugation and snatching of those who do not have access to resources. The role of civilization is to solve human conflicts and disasters, and the solution to this problem is to increase the supply of society through the development of agriculture, animal husbandry, tool and equipment manufacturing, etc., to meet the needs of human beings, and to essentially improve the environment and foundation for human survival and development. At the same time, it is necessary to establish a social system and mechanism to oppose the monopoly and monopoly of natural and social resources, to ensure that social values such as equality, justice, kindness, benevolence and righteousness and the spirit of the law are ensured, and that everyone has a sense of gain, happiness and freedom.

However, there are always evil forces in this world that are working against civilization, and the values of these evil forces are full of selfishness, and they do unscrupulous things in order to obtain selfish interests, and these evil forces are the public enemies of mankind and civilization, and our responsibility is to expose them, and people will recognize their sinister intentions and ugly faces, so that they can be prevented and eliminated by human beings like a plague.

After nearly 100 years of unremitting efforts, the Chinese nation has repelled the aggression and oppression of the evil forces of the West, restored the Chinese nation's self-confidence and the right to develop civilization, and since then the Chinese nation has embarked on the road of civilization development of liberation, self-improvement, rejuvenation, transcendence, win-win and sharing.

Through the historical facts listed above in this article, it can be proved that the Chinese ethnic groups do have a single clan source, and this source is those ancient humans who lived in the tropical and subtropical regions of the last ice age, that is, the southern part of the East Asian continent and the Indochina Peninsula.

After the ancient Yue and other ancient humans completed the great migration, the migratory humans merged with the local humans, and formed the Tai, Dai, Shan, Khmer and other ethnic groups in Southeast Asia. In the area south of the Yangtze River in China, the Baiyue ethnic group was formed; In the north of the Yangtze River and the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the Dongyi tribe was formed; In Sichuan, the Baipu, Ba, Shu and other ethnic groups have been formed; In the Songpan Plateau, the Hexi Corridor and the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Di and Qiang ethnic groups are formed; In the Qinchuan area and the Yellow River Hetao area, the Huaxia ethnic group was formed. At the same time, the She, Yao, Miao, Yi and other ancient ethnic groups were partly integrated into the new ethnic group, and some were transferred to the mountainous areas to live and develop independently.

Subsequently, the Di, Qiang and Huaxia ethnic groups in northwest China derived the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Turkic, Tubo, Khitan, Mongolian and other northern nomadic peoples, which made the Chinese imperial court suffer a lot.

Today, all ethnic groups in China have given up that narrow national view, gathered under the banner of civilization of the Chinese nation, and jointly created a great civilization and a happy life for mankind facing the future, which is a blessing for China and the world!