With the development of the plot, the proportion of Liu Han's regime will become larger and larger, and the introduction of some background knowledge is not suitable for being placed in the text, so a single chapter will be sent to enrich it.

First, the number of the Huns.

Chapter 94 of the first volume has already been introduced, and there are about 30,000 people and more than 100,000 mouths during the Cao Wei period.

What about the Western Jin Dynasty? The following only includes the nineteen types of Xiongnu who migrated inward.

Opening lightning strike - the year of the founding of the Western Jin Dynasty (265 in the first year of Taishi), "more than 20,000 people such as mud and black difficulties were naturalized, and the emperor regained it, so that he lived in the city of Yiyang in Hexi." Later, he lived together with the Jin people, and the counties of Pingyang, Xihe, Taiyuan, Xinxing, Shangdang, and Leping were not in the past. ”

In the first year of the founding of the country, more than 100,000 Huns were relocated.

In the third year of Xianning (277): "More than ten generations before and after the three kingdoms of Northwest Miscellaneous and Xianbei, Xiongnu, Wuxi Barbarians, and Dongyi, and each handsome tribe is attached" - the number is unknown.

In the fifth year of Xianning (279): "In March, the Xiongnu governor Ba Yi Xushuai tribe was naturalized" - the number is unknown.

In the fifth year of Xianning (279): "In the winter and October of Wuyin, the Xiongnu Yuqu Governor Duyong and other handsome tribes were naturalized" - the number is unknown.

In the fifth year of Taikang (284): "Hun Hu Tai'a Hou led his tribe of 29,300 people to naturalize".

In the seventh year of Taikang (286): "There are more than 100,000 mouths of Xiongnu Hudu Dabo and Withered Shahu and other types of various rates, and Wang Jun of Yongzhou Thorn Shi Fufeng was attached."

In the eighth year of Taikang (287), "the Huns were the governor of the Xiongnu and the capital of the Xiongnu were 11,500 of soybean and Yuju and other compound rate of 11,500 mouths, 22,000 cattle, 105,000 sheep, and the Chelu and other things were invincible.

The tenth year of Taikang (289): "Xi Ke came with 100,000 men and women."

The above is only the internal migration during the Sima Yan period, not counting the previous "accumulation", nor counting the period when Emperor Hui of Jin and Emperor Huai of Jin were lured south by Liu Yuan.

Some readers don't believe it, thinking that there are not many Xiongnu.

I'm not good at math, do you have a big hand to help me do the math?

During the Sima Yan period, Shi Xihe Guo Qinshang said: "In the early Wei Dynasty, there were few people, and the counties in the northwest were all Rongju, and Jingzhao, Wei County, and Hongnong were often there. Although obeyed today, if there is a police of wind and dust a hundred years later, Hu Qi will come to Mengjin from Pingyang and Shangdang in three days, and Beidi, Xihe, Taiyuan, Fengyi, Anding, and Shangjun will all be Di Ting. ”

Looking at the description at that time, Bingzhou and Guanzhong were full of Xiongnu, and Bingzhou was relatively the most concentrated.

This is only the Xiongnu, not counting the Qianren, Wuhuan, and Xianbei.

Wuhuan is second only to the Xiongnu in the number of internal migrants.

Second, the production methods of the Xiongnu.

The Xiongnu did not have the habit of farming, as early as the Western Han Dynasty, but because of the environment of the grassland, only a specific area is suitable for planting, so the scale is not large.

After moving south, they brought millet grown in the northern grasslands with them and cultivated it as a traditional crop.

Millet is very suitable for the environment of the grassland, in fact, until the Liao period, the Khitan people also particularly like to grow millet seeds, and the scale of planting in the Huangshui (Xilamulun River) basin is very large.

Of course, their so-called planting industry is very different from that of the Han people.

Don't think that after moving to the Han land, their way of life and production will gradually move closer to the Han people, which is really not necessarily.

The Turks who moved to Huaixi in the Tang Dynasty did not do anything to grow crops, but took nomadic herding and hunting as their business, and the entire Nanyang Basin and Huaixi were full of Turkic people who drove cattle and sheep to graze.

After the fusion of Hu and Han, the local atmosphere was wild, creating the famous "Cai thief".

The internal migration of the Xiongnu and Wuhuan people is a semi-settled form.

When planting, it is common to scatter the seeds, then leave them alone, and come back in the autumn to harvest them and store them in the cellar.

This habit is still reflected in later generations.

After the Tubo people in the Tang Dynasty occupied Helong, they planted barley and wheat in the local area, which was the same way of operation, and the sowing was finished, and there was no field management.

The Xi people of the five generations "borrowed the barren fields of the border people in the spring to plant, and the autumn ripening was to harvest, and the cellar was at the foot of the mountain." ”

Even when it came to the Mongols, it was still the case - "Mongolia used to farm and sow seeds, which is said to be harvested by the sky, and returned to harvest in autumn." It goes not without cause, or hunting or shepherding. ”

Farming only strengthens their resilience to risks and allows them to feed more people, in fact they are a form of production that is part-farming and half-pastoral.

This can be seen from their food and clothing - they do not grow mulberry and linen weaving, they mainly wear fur, and there are a lot of cow and sheep milk and meat in their food.

Third, the military of the Huns.

Some people have a big misunderstanding, that is, they think that soldiers should be kept all the time.

In fact, before the large-scale recruitment (professionalization) began during the Tang Xuanzong period, China had always been in the form of a small number of recruits + a large number of conscriptions.

What is Conscription?

It is to bring peasants from the field to fight, disband after the war, and go back to farming.

The next time you need to go to war, I'll requisition you.

But what about recruitment?

There is a military salary for recruitment, and there is a huge maintenance cost.

How many soldiers did the Tang Dynasty have when large-scale professional recruitment began?

Tang Xuanzong Tianbao's troop strength data was placed there, and there were 90,000 people in Fanyang Town alone, and there were about 56-600,000 troops in the country at that time.

But please note that the army at this time was not completely out of production, and some of the people were tuntian.

Some book friends mentioned the Battle of Talas, but in fact, Gao Xianzhi did not have many soldiers.

In the entire four towns of Anxi, there are more than 20,000 soldiers.

At that time, he should have selected a few thousand or 10,000 soldiers - it was impossible to transfer them all, and the localities had to be garrisoned - and then requisitioned more than 10,000 "Tutuan villagers" (peasants who practiced during the slack time), and gathered enough 20,000 Tang troops (regular army within 10,000 + more than 10,000 Tutuan soldiers).

In addition, he also requisitioned 50,000 people from the Tibetan tribe - Qarluq and Turkic tribes.

Back to the Tang Dynasty troops.

How many people were there during the secession of the Tang Dynasty?

During the Muzong and Xianzong periods, there were reports from the prime ministers, more than 990,000 people - I wrote the specific data in the last book, I can't remember clearly, more than 997,000 or more than 8,000, accurate to single digits.

The prime minister's official recitals are accurate to single digits, and they cannot be faked, at least there are so many people in the military registers, and the financial budget must be formulated according to so many people.

There are more than 300 states in the Tang Dynasty, and each state has state soldiers. Several states form a feudal town, with town soldiers and tooth soldiers.

Some important locations, as well as county and town soldiers.

It is worth noting that at this time the soldiers were reluctant to settle the fields.

Except for a few remote military states, where it is difficult to transfer materials, there is also the phenomenon of tuntian, and the rest are professional soldiers.

In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, a soldier spent 20-24 guan stones, when the national fiscal revenue was at its most 36 million guan stone - different from the Ming and Qing dynasties, the two tax laws in the middle and late Tang Dynasty (tax based on the amount of property, not according to the household, the rich are overcharged, the money is less collected, a bit similar to the Qing Dynasty's apportionment into the mu), the commercial tax (salt, tea, iron, lacquer, etc.) accounted for half of the fiscal revenue at most.

At that time, the Tang court set the number of troops for each domain, such as 100,000 people in Xuanwu Town, 35,000 people in Huainan Town, 50,000 people in Youzhou Town, and so on......

The data is well documented.

The feudal towns that could not support the soldiers were subsidized by the central government, and these feudal towns were generally relatively obedient and willing to fight for the central government and crusade against the disobedient feudal towns.

As for the mention of how many soldiers Spain struggled to raise.

My first book was written during the Age of Discovery, so I know more about what it was about.

First of all, it was conscription, that is, professional soldiers.

Secondly, in the age of firearms, spending skyrocketed.

Third, the king didn't really have much money.

In order to fight the Anglo-Dutch war, the king of England sold his wife's dowry and owed a lot of debts.

Who did you borrow these debts from?

Aristocrats, churches, bankers.

This is the difference between the East and the West.

Military and diplomatic affairs belong to the king, and the king fights wars, and the nobility and the church do not necessarily pay for it.

The king could only collect taxes or borrow money in his immediate domain.

Bankers in London or Amsterdam also gave usury to the king, such as the discredited Spanish royal family, which had a borrowing cost of 20% per annum and went bankrupt several times. Gold and silver shipped back from the Americas were often used in the form of silver bars and bullion to pay off debts before they had time to be minted.

In addition, 60% of Spain's income is spent by the royal family's extravagance, and is not used for military purposes.

It seems to be far away.

Let's go back to the Huns.

The Hu regime, you are very wrong to measure by the standards of Han land.

In fact, the form of conscription in the Hu regime was much the same.

In the well-documented Khitan, it is the norm for one household to pay one ding, and it is not uncommon for three households to pay two dings, and those who go out on the expedition also have to prepare their own weapons and some grain, jerky, and cheese.

They don't care about it after planting, they only harvest in autumn, and they don't need to be busy in the middle, anyway, they "rely on the sky to harvest".

After the men went on the expedition, the women and children could barely graze and maintain production.

Under Dafa, all adult males go into battle together, which will certainly affect agricultural and animal husbandry production, but the negative impact is far less than that of the Han people - of course, until the moment of life and death, no leader has nothing to do to play "Dafa".

In peacetime, for the people, in wartime, for the soldiers, there is almost no maintenance cost, so there is no such thing as whether they can afford to support them, because they don't raise soldiers.

After the Hu people were regularized, they would also try to form professional soldiers, such as the Khitan leather room army, which was supported by people in peacetime, and they didn't need to work much, just concentrate on training.

Let's also talk about the form of organization.

At this time, it was basically a tribal and clan form.

Historically, the organizational form of the Hu people has been qualitatively improved, and it is the Tubo of the Tang Dynasty.

Tubo implements the "Ru-Dongdai system".

Wing Commander, 10,000 Households, 1000 Households, 100 Households, Junior General - Wing Commander leads at least 10,000 households.

This is the first time in history that such a tight organizational structure has emerged.

Under the Ru-Dongdai system, officials at all levels managed the army and the people, and the military ruled the people, and the degree of organization was very high. Moreover, the military equipment was very good, and a large number of craftsmen were captured from Central Asia and Tianzhu, and there were formed armored horses.

To tell the truth, if it weren't for the bad luck of a mixed farming and pastoral country like Tibet, it would have been very powerful when it encountered the rising Tang Dynasty, after all, after the Anshi Rebellion, they went deep into Central Asia, fought fiercely with the Arabs, and often went south to India to rob.

Of course, Tibet was also lucky.

During the reign of Xuanzong Tianbao of the Tang Dynasty, Tubo suffered defeats and suffered heavy losses, and the land of Jiuqu was lost, and there was a worry of losing the country. But dramatically, the Anshi Rebellion of the Tang Dynasty was over, and Tubo was alive again......

The system of Tibet is similar to that of the Jurchen Meng'an and the Mongolian system of 10,000 households.

That is, the Hu people broke the barriers of tribes and clans, mobilized their human and material resources in a more organized form, and improved cohesion.

This kind of organization did not exist in the Huns.

Finally, it's my personal opinion, but it's not necessarily true.

On the whole, conscription is better than conscription, but the disadvantage is that the maintenance cost is too high.

If you don't fight, you have to pay a salary for conscription, and if you recruit a soldier to farm at home, you are a peasant.

In the case of war, the recruitment of troops must be doubled or even triple the salary - in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the feudal towns sent troops to the border to help the central government guard the border, and the imperial court gave two salaries, and the feudal towns gave one salary and three times the salary.

And conscription for war, there is still no salary, or only a very small reward.

Before the large-scale conscription system was launched, there was no concept of military pay at all.

In addition, many people have heard of the saying "one man is ten hu".

Yes, this is the Western Han Dynasty.

Later, Chen Tang said that it was not possible now, and he could only "be a man and a five-hu".

What is the reason?

The Hu people are also improving.

During the Western Han Dynasty, there was a huge gap between the civilization and productivity of the Central Plains and the Xiongnu, which was reflected in the war, that is, the Western Han army was armed to the teeth, while the Xiongnu could only arm a very small number of elite soldiers, and the vast majority of people actually used bone arrows, not to mention large-scale equipment with armor.

In addition, at that time, horse harness was not good, and the cavalry was not powerful enough.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, this gap narrowed.

The equipment of the Hu people has been improved a bit, and horse harness that can improve the combat effectiveness of cavalry has appeared.

In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, because the Hu people moved south, the gap narrowed even more.

Moreover, the appearance of bilateral stirrups and Takahashi saddles allowed the cavalry to borrow their strength to do more complex movements on the horse, and the cavalry's power increased dramatically.

In the Tang Dynasty, the equipment advantage of the Han army was even smaller, what should I do at this time?

It can only rely on martial arts.

Speaking of a typical example, Tang Zhongzong was in Yinshan to repair the three surrendered cities, intending to build urn cities, horse faces, and set up guards, which was opposed by many people.

You can't imagine the reason for the opposition: they think that if the city is too well built, it will make the soldiers dependent and reluctant to go out of the city to fight.

There were more than 60,000 Shuofang troops in the Tang Dynasty, but in fact, there were not many horses, and most of them were infantry.

The Hu cavalry is coming, and the infantry must dare to go out of the city to fight.

After all, Xue Yantuo can rely on infantry to dominate the grassland, right-Xue Yantuo is probably the only overlord in the Mongolian steppe who relies on infantry to dominate, wonderful.

The writing is a bit scattered, and some of it is still focused on answering the reader's doubts.

Let's do it first, continue to codeword.