During the Zhao period, Lin Xiangru recruited many craftsmen to study Zhu Xiang's improved papermaking skills, which he did not remember very clearly; After entering the Qin Dynasty, the King of Qin also strongly supported paper manufacturing.

Zhu Xiang is not very clear about the history of the development of paper, but since the Qin State has replaced bamboo slips with paper as the main carrier of official documents, and the schools in various places also use a large number of books made of paper, the paper manufacturing technology at this time should have reached at least the extent that it could be popularized in the late Wei and Jin dynasties.

However, it is still too difficult to disseminate knowledge at this level.

Even in modern times, handmade gift paper is aided by modern tools, but it is also very expensive, and ordinary people do not use it to write.

Not to mention the ancient times.

Ink, brushes, etc. are also money. In ancient times, the so-called family of cultivators and scholars, at least 100 acres of land in the family, plus the family has a famous scholar who can exempt the field from taxation, in order to support the generations of sons in the family to study.

Zhu Xiang could only comfort Ying Xiaozheng and said: "At least it's better than when you use bamboo slips and wooden slips." ”

Ying Xiaozheng said: "I know. At least now as long as you have a little money, everyone can be a scholar. ”

Ying Xiaozheng hugged his arms and said: "I still remember when I was a child in Handan, those people came to my uncle to debate, and they all laughed at my uncle for not having a family heirloom, and wanted to borrow Lin Weng and Xun Weng's books to read. ”

Zhu Xiang thought about it, and his memories at that time were blurred.

He was very helpless. Zheng'er's excellent memory, is it used to hold grudges?

Bian Que sighed: "Yes, if there is no paper and there are a few books at home, it will be passed down from family to family." ”

Zhu Xiang nodded. Isn't it?

The origin of the honor of the family gate lords of the Wei and Jin dynasties actually did not come from the genealogy they made up with their eyes closed, but from the "heirloom of poetry and books".

The Eastern Han Dynasty gate valve has been solidified, and the basis of solidification is the "Five Classics and Fourteen Families" officially recognized by the Han Dynasty.

The so-called "Fourteen Families of the Five Classics" refer to the 14 families that have a complete version of the "Five Classics" and the most complete version of the "Five Classics" annotated version.

Later, the "Fourteen Families" changed several times, and through the expansion of the disciples and former officials, a huge network of relations was formed in the Eastern Han Dynasty, monopolizing the officialdom of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the Yuan family was the most important family inheriting the "Five Classics and Fourteen Families".

The "Five Classics and Fourteen Schools" are orthodox Confucian heirlooms with the highest status. Other families that have inherited "miscellaneous studies" will have a slightly inferior status.

For example, at that time, the Eastern Han Dynasty was not destroyed, and Sun Jian, who wanted to squeeze into the central elite group, was located, and there were fragments of Sun Wu's art of war in his family; Guo Jia, who has blown the sky in modern society, is located in the Yingchuan Guo family, and his family was originally heirloom by law.

Both the Sun family and the Guo family were not able to squeeze into the first-class families of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and they needed to worship under the "Five Classics and Fourteen Families", or form an alliance with them in order to enter the court as high-ranking officials.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when you study the commentaries of the "Five Classics and Fourteen Schools", you have to accept the "right of commentary" and "leadership" of the other party, which is more old-fashioned than the later generations.

As an official in the Eastern Han Dynasty, he either promoted filial piety and honesty, or entered those big families as former officials, and most of the channels for raising filial piety and honesty were also held in the hands of the "Five Classics and Fourteen Families". Therefore, the Yuan family is powerful all over the world, and this is the case.

Some people control the academic and official promotion channels, and some people want to replace them.

Because it was the official literature of the Han Dynasty, the "Five Classics and Fourteen Schools" were written in official scripts and called "Jinwenjing", such as the "Spring and Autumn Period" of Gu Liang and Gongyang, and the "Poems" of Qi, Lu and Han.

There is a group of scholars on the grounds of "archaeological discovery of the real classics buried by the sages in the ground and in the wall", relying on the ancients to re-annotate the scriptures, and recommend "Zuo Chuan Spring and Autumn" and "Mao's Poems" to fight against it.

Because the top bureaucracy could not squeeze in, they followed the example of the sages, opened private schools in the local area, recruited a large number of disciples, and lowered the knowledge of the "ancient scriptures" to compete with the "modern scriptures" that only refused to pass on their families and caused their thinking to be rigid.

Liu Bei's teacher, Lu Zhi, is an important person in the "Ancient Classics".

When the struggle between the "Ancient Wenjing" and the "Modern Wenjing" was at a fever pitch, the Yellow Turban Uprising destroyed the foundation of the Han Dynasty's rule. Then it became a warlord scuffle, and no one mentioned any academic battles.

However, because the "ancient scriptures" opened up private learning, broke the academic monopoly, and diluted the relationship between teachers and students, the number of officials was dominant when the three kingdoms were juxtaposed.

At that time, Cao Cao opened the world to seek talents, and he also had the idea of breaking the monopoly of the scholars in the Han Dynasty.

It's just that he couldn't control the sleeping aunt in the lower half of his body, and killed the carefully cultivated heir Cao Ang, and the subsequent heir Cao Pi's governance talent and prince status were not as good as Cao Ang, and he compromised and accepted the Jiupin Zhongzheng system.

The academic struggle between the ancient and modern classics has been unified, but the shuffle has become another kind of academic valve, creating a more important family.

In order to make money, the archaeological community in later generations has rekindled the debate between the ancient scriptures and the modern scriptures.

There is a thesis when there is an argument, and everyone understands it. This has nothing to do with politics, only with funding and job titles.

Zhu Xiang and other business trips that have nothing to do with the Four Books and Five Classics have been exposed to it and have heard a lot of gossip.

When Ying Xiaozheng talked about family heirloom books and classics, Zhu Xiang remembered this matter, and changed the dispute between ancient and modern scriptures throughout the Western Han Dynasty to the entire Eastern Han Dynasty, and chatted in a speculative tone, giving Ying Xiaozheng a preventive shot.

Ying Xiaozheng's face was full of disgust: "Hey, there are a few broken bamboo scrolls hidden at home, and you have to claim the right to interpret these scriptures." If others can't explain to him, it's wrong, and if others don't understand him, they learn from him. Then the people who are studying and becoming officials in the Manchu Dynasty are not all his subordinates. Does the monarch want to be him? ”

Zhu Xiang blinked and said, "Why not?" ”

Ying Xiaozheng's nose snorted: "I burned his book, people are pitted, I think he can't do it!" ”

Bian Que: "Ahem, cough, ahem!" He choked with fright.

Zhu Xiang laughed and pressed Ying Xiaozheng's head into his arms, rubbed it vigorously, and rubbed Ying Xiaozheng's nondescript high ponytail when he didn't like to wear a crown.

"You, don't say such angry words. You and Xunzi have learned such skills? Can people cut it, can it cut people's hearts? It's the same as your uncle doesn't let you eat candy with Cheng Chan, and you and Cheng Chan have to hide in the bed and eat it. The more forbidden it is, the more people want to learn. ”

Ying Xiaozheng was too lazy to protect his head, so he let his uncle rub it casually: "Ah, what did my uncle say?" ”

Zhu Xiang let go of Ying Xiaozheng's messy head and said, "Think for yourself." You are the future King of Qin, don't expect anything from others. ”

Ying Xiaozheng muttered: "I don't have hope." Well, forget it, my uncle was always like this, asking me a lot of questions and never giving me answers. ”

After Ying Xiaozheng finished speaking, he quickly took advantage of Zhu Xiang's inattention and pulled Zhu Xiang's hair bun crookedly: "Poofhaha!" ”

Bian Que was originally frightened by Ying Xiaozheng's angry words, and cold sweat came out, but when he saw that this uncle and nephew were making trouble again, the anxiety in his heart eased slightly.

He looked at Zhu Xianggong, who was playing a childish battle with his nephew regardless of outsiders.

With Zhu Xianggong here, even if the prince is a tyrant like King Qin Zhaoxiang in his bones, he will not bring too terrible tyranny to the world.

When Xue Ji came back with Cheng Chan, who was crying and her eyes were swollen, Zhu Xiang and Ying Xiaozheng were helping each other comb their hair.

As soon as Yukihime looked at the strands of hair flowing on the ground, she knew what these two naïve guys were doing.

She sighed and pretended not to notice: "Cheng Chan's throat is hoarse, and the patients are scared to cry." ”

Zhu Xiang asked with a smile: "Xiao Cheng, can't you hide in the bed to eat?" ”

Xiao Cheng's voice was hoarse: "If you don't eat it, you won't eat it." ”

Ying Xiaozheng scoffed.

Zhu Xiang leaned into Ying Xiaozheng's ear and lowered his voice: "I have also taken you to see the scene of other people's teeth extracting before, so I scared you who love to eat sweets." How do you teach Xiao Cheng to not learn from your uncle directly? ”

Ying Xiaozheng rolled his eyes: "Uncle, you taught me too many tricks, where do I remember to come over?" I'm too busy with government affairs to get out of the way, and I'm still wondering how to coax me into a cockroach? Wouldn't it be more appropriate for me to let my uncle teach me directly? ”

Ying Xiaozheng is right. I am the prince of Qin, how can I spend such thoughts!

Zhu Xiang and Xue Ji left with one child and one child, and Bian Que said to his grandson who was standing behind him to add tea and water: "How, do you understand what Zhu Xianggong said?" ”

Sun Er replied honestly: "Zhu Xianggong's words are concise and concise, but the truth contained is very far-reaching, as if standing on a very high place, the distant past and future can be seen by him. The grandson was dizzy to hear it, and seemed to understand, but it seemed that he didn't understand anything. ”

Bian Que sighed and said, "When I was still alive, I would take you with me when I chatted with Zhu Xianggong." When you can understand the truth in Zhu Xianggong's words, I will give up this old face, although Zhu Xianggong will not accept apprentices, I can also let Zhu Xianggong take care of you more in the future. ”

He took his grandson's tea and moistened his throat, then sighed, "If you are dull, I will not bother with these thoughts." Only virtuous and virtuous people can approach Zhu Xianggong, understand? ”

The grandson said with a gloomy face: "Yes, the grandson will work hard." ”

Bian Que loosened his frowning brows and said with a smile: "It doesn't matter if you can't meet my requirements after working hard, how many people in this world can hear so many teachings from Zhu Xianggong like you?" After listening to Zhu Xianggong's teachings in this world, there are many people who secretly walk the world in the name of Zhu Xianggong's disciples, and you can also become one of them. ”

Sun Er immediately nodded vigorously: "Yes!" ”

Bian Que narrowed his eyes, recalling Zhu Xianggong's words when he taught the prince.

Even though he was a physician, he also studied the scriptures that these scholars must learn. In addition to writing medical books, he wrote some miscellaneous talks to record the words and deeds of Zhu Xianggong that he had heard with his own ears to educate future generations, and it was also a book that could be passed down to the family.

After Ying Xiaozheng went back, he meditated while working, and then kicked open Zhu Xiang's door with what he had thought of.

Zhu Xiang was chatting with Bai Qi about planting sweet potatoes, and when he saw Ying Xiaozheng hurriedly coming in, he said speechlessly: "Zheng'er, even if you don't knock on the door, can you push the door open with your hand?" ”

Ying Xiaozheng, who was holding a bunch of manuscripts, raised his eyebrows: "Your hands are not empty!" ”

Zhu Xiang said: "Is the person behind you an ornament?" You can ask them to help you with your things and knock on the door. ”

The people waiting behind Ying Xiaozheng showed a look of panic.

Ying Xiaozheng said: "If I didn't tell them to do things, they didn't dare to do things." ”

Zhu Xiang took the manuscript in Ying Xiaozheng's arms and said, "I still want to let them have a little initiative." Otherwise, be careful that when you are assassinated, everyone else will shout and cheer behind you, and they will not dare to come forward to help. ”

Ying Xiaozheng's face changed, and he stared at his uncle with puffed eyes.

Does my uncle know something, or does it happen to be right in a joke?

Forget it, no matter.

Ying Xiaozheng, who had already had a tacit understanding with his uncle, put this matter behind him and said to Zhu Xiang: "Uncle, take a look at the homework I wrote." ”

Zhu Xiang was puzzled: "What homework?" ”

Ying Xiaozheng slapped the table and said, "Uncle! You gave me homework, but you forgot what homework you assigned? ”

"What kind of table, doesn't your hand hurt? Oops, why are you getting more and more grumpy, it's not good. Zhu Xiang first stopped Ying Xiaozheng from slapping the table, and then picked up the manuscript, "Homework? How come I don't remember...... Ah, this. ”

Zhu Xiang was speechless. He just chatted casually with Ying Xiaozheng, how did it become a successful class?

However, Ying Xiaozheng is now considering the trade-off between ideological unity and the resonance of a hundred schools, which is not bad. Book burning is still too rude, and it is to put all the people who read in the world on the opposite side. Pulling one faction and fighting another faction can not only unify thinking, but also prevent the contradictions from becoming too acute.

The feudal dynasty needed scholars to be officials, and the emperor and scholars were complementary and mutually restrictive, and could not be really hostile.

After hostilities, who will govern the country?

There are two main solutions that Ying Xiaozheng has come up with.

Unity of thought is indispensable. Ideological unity must be academic unity, so that it is impossible to avoid a school based on the relationship between master and apprentice.

Ying Xiaozheng believes that first of all, in the name of the Qin official, increase the investment of local colleges and universities, and dilute the "kindness" of mentoring and apprenticeship.

When investing in local colleges and universities, the government should print more approved commentaries, and prohibit the private sector from printing scriptures without permission. In this way, the scriptures disseminated by the people are all officially recognized ideas, and even if the books are not burned, they can slowly die out of ideas that do not conform to his wishes.

After doing this, Ying Xiaozheng believes that it should be supplemented by a broader channel for King Qin to directly select talents.

At present, the three-level examinations and recommendations of colleges, institutions, and academic palaces, and the power of professors is too great, and it is easy to form the "protégés" and "old officials" mentioned by Zhu Xiang. If the selection is made directly from the first level of the examination, and the examiners who are evaluated are rotated, the "promotion favor" can also be further weakened.

Zhu Xiang smiled and sighed.

Ying Xiaozheng's two measures are to start from the "kindness", the "grace" of the master and apprentice when conferring and promoting the profession is replaced by the monarch's reward for officials, which is the reason for the implementation of the imperial examination system in later generations.

However, the imperial examination system is not the only role.

The misunderstood "Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty first opened the imperial examination" is actually wrong.

Emperor Wen of Sui abolished the nine-product Zhongzheng system, opened a sub-subject examination system, and set up the Ming Economics Department and Xiucai Department. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty only added the Jinshi Branch.

If the Sui Dynasty wanted to take the exam, it was necessary to have officials above the fifth rank to nominate it, and it was not allowed to refer to it on their own, which was essentially to change the nine-grade Zhongzheng system of the Wei and Jin dynasties back to the probationary system of the Han Dynasty.

An important feature of the "imperial examination" is the "self-bootstrapping", and this system was only formed in the Tang Dynasty.

However, this is not to say that the Sui Dynasty's subject-based examination system was not progressive. The meal is not the last bite to eat, and without Emperor Wen of Sui opening a sub-subject examination, there would be no Tang permission to "throw himself into the bush".