Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to destroy Japan, but Liu Bowen refused, and what he said is still worth pondering

In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang sat on the throne of the Central Plains and announced the establishment of the Ming Dynasty. In order to consolidate the position of the new dynasty and win the submission of the surrounding vassal states, Zhu Yuanzhang decided to send letters of state to various countries, inviting them to send envoys to pay tribute.

With the accession of Emperor Hongwu to the throne, in 1369, Zhu Yuanzhang sent seven envoys to Japan in the Eastern Islands, carrying national letters across the sea, in order to induce Japan to follow suit, recognize the imperial power of the Ming Dynasty, and pay tribute to it. A few months later, the court was greeted by two exhausted and frustrated emissaries.

Zhu Yuanzhang was furious after looking at the Japanese national letter, and he was so angry that he got up and announced that he would use troops to attack Japan. The strategist Liu Bowen stood up against it and skillfully persuaded Zhu Yuanzhang to give up this idea. His arguments made Zhu Yuanzhang think deeply, and he finally chose to abandon the military action against Japan. Subsequent facts proved that Liu Bowen's exhortation was wise and wise.

In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to consolidate the prestige of the new dynasty, and sent invitations to the Quartet, expecting all countries to come to pay tribute. In 1369, he paid special attention to the Dongying Islands and sent two brave men, Yang Zai and Wu Wenhua, to Japan as envoys.

Holding the national letter of the Ming Dynasty, they crossed the turbulent sea and came to the residence of Prince Huailiang, the ruler of the Southern Dynasty of Japan at that time. In Zhu Yuanzhang's letter of state, he deliberately recognized Prince Huailiang's dominance, intending to send a friendly signal. Things did not develop according to Zhu Yuanzhang's expectations.

Prince Huailiang's attitude towards the Ming envoys was surprisingly arrogant, not only ordering the beheading of five envoys, but also putting Yang Zai and Wu Wenhua under house arrest and torture them every day. Two months later, the two were finally released, and a letter of reply was thrown to them, and they were directly expelled from Japan.

Yang Zai and Wu Wenhua, who returned to Nanjing, were full of wind and frost, and when they saw Zhu Yuanzhang, tears fell like rain, and they recounted Japan's disobedience with grief and indignation, and presented the letter of state from Prince Huailiang. This is not a friendly reply, but a mockery of Da Ming.

In the letter, Prince Huailiang spoke harshly, first asking whether the Ming Dynasty believed that the world belonged only to China, not to the world under common heaven. Then, he made it clear that although Japan is small, it has its own monarch and is unwilling to bow to the Ming Dynasty. He even bluntly said that the Ming Dynasty was greedy and excessive, and his ambition to encroach on Japan was despicable.

Prince Huailiang ridiculed Zhu Yuanzhang, calling him "Lord Ma" and laughing at the force of the Ming Dynasty. In the end, he met with great pride, faced the king of the Ming Dynasty in a challenging tone, and asked Zhu Yuanzhang if he dared to come. These words are like a battle of words, which is close to how Zhu Yuanzhang responds.

Zhu Yuanzhang held the letter in his hand, was furious, and threw the Japanese national letter to the ground. He declared that he would send troops to destroy Japan in order to demonstrate the prestige of the Ming Dynasty. At this time, Liu Bowen stepped forward and resolutely opposed the proposal to send troops to Japan.

Zhu Yuanzhang angrily asked Liu Bowen whether he should tolerate Japan's arrogance and not impose sanctions? Liu Bowen affectionately told Zhu Yuanzhang that now it is the beginning of the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, internal and external troubles, and sending troops to Japan will only cost the people and money, which is not conducive to the long-term peace and stability of the country.

Zhu Yuanzhang listened, although the anger in his heart did not subside, but he also thought deeply. He knew that Liu Bowen's wisdom outweighed his restlessness, so he finally gave up the idea of sending troops. This decision may be the wisdom of the Ming monarch and the master, and it is also the success of Liu Bowen's foresight. In this battle for the national letter, the Ming Dynasty showed wisdom and restraint, which became a good story in the long river of history.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the invitation of tribute made the Ming Dynasty's eyes far away to the Dongying Islands. Liu Bowen was a wise strategist, and he believed that there were two main reasons for attacking Japan -- one was that it was difficult to fight, and the other was that it could not be attacked.

First of all, Japan's terrain was steep, with mountains and rivers, and its geographical conditions were quite threatening to the Ming army. The mountainous terrain of the island nation made the battle easy to defend and difficult to attack, and the familiarity of the Japanese army on the mainland would give them the upper hand. Liu Bowen said to Zhu Yuanzhang that just crossing the sea is a huge difficulty, not to mention that on the other side's territory, the Ming army will face countless obstacles and uncertainties. Once landed, it was impossible to set up effective offensive and defensive points in an unfamiliar environment, which would provide great convenience for the Japanese army, and then it would be easy to fail.

Secondly, the Ming Dynasty has just been established, and there are many internal and external troubles. Zhu Yuanzhang listened to the government and needed a lot of human resources to restore the social structure damaged by the war. The number of men who had already been exhausted by the war was already quite large, and the need to recruit a large number of soldiers into the country again would inevitably cause discontent among the population and increase the risk of civil unrest. Liu Bowen explained to Zhu Yuanzhang that the most urgent enemy at the moment was not Japan, which was far away in the east, but the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty in China and the border areas that had not yet been completely pacified, and the threat of these two to the Ming Dynasty was the top priority.

The anger in Zhu Yuanzhang's heart has not subsided. He sat on the dragon chair, holding a mocking letter from Prince Huailiang of Japan, and was furious. He declared that he would send troops to destroy Japan in order to deter the arrogant island nation. Liu Bowen still persuaded that the stability of the country should be the most important. When Zhu Yuanzhang heard this, he felt more and more displeased.

The provocation of Prince Huailiang of Japan made Zhu Yuanzhang decide not to be outdone, and he angrily threw down Prince Huailiang's credentials, claiming that he would send troops to conquer Japan. At this time, Liu Bowen stepped forward, revealing firmness and wisdom between his eyebrows, and said to Zhu Yuanzhang: "The minister thinks that attacking Japan is not suitable for the master." We might as well sit back and wait for its internal contradictions to intensify and for Japan to be in turmoil. ”

Zhu Yuanzhang finally put down the talisman in his hand at Liu Bowen's insistence. In the face of Japan's national credentials and ridicule, he chose restraint and chose to wait and see. The turmoil subsided, and Liu Bowen's strategy made Daming keep his sanity in this diplomatic turmoil, which eventually became a good story in the long river of history.

In 1265, Emperor Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty sent a series of letters to Japan expressing his expectations for the submission of the island nation. To Kublai Khan's surprise, none of these letters received any response.

Five years later, a retainer named Zhao Liangbi volunteered and decided to go to Japan himself to solve the mystery. With the national credentials in hand, he embarked on this journey full of unknowns.

Zhao Liangbi stayed in Japan for three full years, but he never found the ruling center of the country, nor did he see the ruler of Japan. Upon his return, he reported to Emperor Kublai Khan what he had seen in Japan. It was a chaotic country, with bandits rampant and the people miserable. He learned of the terms shogunate, shogun, emperor, etc., but he was unable to sort out the jurisdiction and relationship of these powers.

Kublai Khan was so curious about this mysterious country that he decided to go on his own expedition to find out.

In October 1274, Kublai Khan personally led a large army to the east, and Japan began to prepare for war when they learned of it. When Kublai Khan's army was about to approach Japan, a sudden typhoon swept over and destroyed almost his entire navy. I had to return to China in disgrace.

After a lapse of seven years, Kublai Khan once again found an excuse and decided to attack Japan again. The trick of fate is once again revealed, and a typhoon strikes again. The 140,000-strong army was shattered in the storm, many of them were captured and killed by the Japanese navy, and Kublai Khan was defeated again.

These two miraculous "kamikazes" saved Japan from dire straits, and were praised by the Japanese as the blessing of the gods. In China, this history has also become a legend, known as the "legend of the kamikaze".

Despite the desire for revenge, Zhu Yuanzhang, who had learned the lessons of history, began to understand that this island country was not an easy place to attack. He ordered that the idea of attacking Japan should not be mentioned again, and left an edict that no matter whether Japan paid tribute or not, it should not act rashly.

Japan did not stop harassing the Ming Dynasty, which became a "plague" that lasted for 300 years. Every generation of Ming emperors had a headache over this, and frequently wrote to the king of Japan, asking him to control the pirates. The Japanese government was helpless and could not stop the winds from the East China Sea. Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to destroy Japan, but Liu Bowen refused, and what he said is still worth pondering

In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang sat on the throne of the Central Plains and announced the establishment of the Ming Dynasty. In order to consolidate the position of the new dynasty and win the submission of the surrounding vassal states, Zhu Yuanzhang decided to send letters of state to various countries, inviting them to send envoys to pay tribute.

With the accession of Emperor Hongwu to the throne, in 1369, Zhu Yuanzhang sent seven envoys to Japan in the Eastern Islands, carrying national letters across the sea, in order to induce Japan to follow suit, recognize the imperial power of the Ming Dynasty, and pay tribute to it. A few months later, the court was greeted by two exhausted and frustrated emissaries.

Zhu Yuanzhang was furious after looking at the Japanese national letter, and he was so angry that he got up and announced that he would use troops to attack Japan. The strategist Liu Bowen stood up against it and skillfully persuaded Zhu Yuanzhang to give up this idea. His arguments made Zhu Yuanzhang think deeply, and he finally chose to abandon the military action against Japan. Subsequent facts proved that Liu Bowen's exhortation was wise and wise.

In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to consolidate the prestige of the new dynasty, and sent invitations to the Quartet, expecting all countries to come to pay tribute. In 1369, he paid special attention to the Dongying Islands and sent two brave men, Yang Zai and Wu Wenhua, to Japan as envoys.

Holding the national letter of the Ming Dynasty, they crossed the turbulent sea and came to the residence of Prince Huailiang, the ruler of the Southern Dynasty of Japan at that time. In Zhu Yuanzhang's letter of state, he deliberately recognized Prince Huailiang's dominance, intending to send a friendly signal. Things did not develop according to Zhu Yuanzhang's expectations.

Prince Huailiang's attitude towards the Ming envoys was surprisingly arrogant, not only ordering the beheading of five envoys, but also putting Yang Zai and Wu Wenhua under house arrest and torture them every day. Two months later, the two were finally released, and a letter of reply was thrown to them, and they were directly expelled from Japan.

Yang Zai and Wu Wenhua, who returned to Nanjing, were full of wind and frost, and when they saw Zhu Yuanzhang, tears fell like rain, and they recounted Japan's disobedience with grief and indignation, and presented the letter of state from Prince Huailiang. This is not a friendly reply, but a mockery of Da Ming.

In the letter, Prince Huailiang spoke harshly, first asking whether the Ming Dynasty believed that the world belonged only to China, not to the world under common heaven. Then, he made it clear that although Japan is small, it has its own monarch and is unwilling to bow to the Ming Dynasty. He even bluntly said that the Ming Dynasty was greedy and excessive, and his ambition to encroach on Japan was despicable.

Prince Huailiang ridiculed Zhu Yuanzhang, calling him "Lord Ma" and laughing at the force of the Ming Dynasty. In the end, he met with great pride, faced the king of the Ming Dynasty in a challenging tone, and asked Zhu Yuanzhang if he dared to come. These words are like a battle of words, which is close to how Zhu Yuanzhang responds.

Zhu Yuanzhang held the letter in his hand, was furious, and threw the Japanese national letter to the ground. He declared that he would send troops to destroy Japan in order to demonstrate the prestige of the Ming Dynasty. At this time, Liu Bowen stepped forward and resolutely opposed the proposal to send troops to Japan.

Zhu Yuanzhang angrily asked Liu Bowen whether he should tolerate Japan's arrogance and not impose sanctions? Liu Bowen affectionately told Zhu Yuanzhang that now it is the beginning of the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, internal and external troubles, and sending troops to Japan will only cost the people and money, which is not conducive to the long-term peace and stability of the country.

Zhu Yuanzhang listened, although the anger in his heart did not subside, but he also thought deeply. He knew that Liu Bowen's wisdom outweighed his restlessness, so he finally gave up the idea of sending troops. This decision may be the wisdom of the Ming monarch and the master, and it is also the success of Liu Bowen's foresight. In this battle for the national letter, the Ming Dynasty showed wisdom and restraint, which became a good story in the long river of history.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the invitation of tribute made the Ming Dynasty's eyes far away to the Dongying Islands. Liu Bowen was a wise strategist, and he believed that there were two main reasons for attacking Japan -- one was that it was difficult to fight, and the other was that it could not be attacked.

First of all, Japan's terrain was steep, with mountains and rivers, and its geographical conditions were quite threatening to the Ming army. The mountainous terrain of the island nation made the battle easy to defend and difficult to attack, and the familiarity of the Japanese army on the mainland would give them the upper hand. Liu Bowen said to Zhu Yuanzhang that just crossing the sea is a huge difficulty, not to mention that on the other side's territory, the Ming army will face countless obstacles and uncertainties. Once landed, it was impossible to set up effective offensive and defensive points in an unfamiliar environment, which would provide great convenience for the Japanese army, and then it would be easy to fail.

Secondly, the Ming Dynasty has just been established, and there are many internal and external troubles. Zhu Yuanzhang listened to the government and needed a lot of human resources to restore the social structure damaged by the war. The number of men who had already been exhausted by the war was already quite large, and the need to recruit a large number of soldiers into the country again would inevitably cause discontent among the population and increase the risk of civil unrest. Liu Bowen explained to Zhu Yuanzhang that the most urgent enemy at the moment was not Japan, which was far away in the east, but the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty in China and the border areas that had not yet been completely pacified, and the threat of these two to the Ming Dynasty was the top priority.

The anger in Zhu Yuanzhang's heart has not subsided. He sat on the dragon chair, holding a mocking letter from Prince Huailiang of Japan, and was furious. He declared that he would send troops to destroy Japan in order to deter the arrogant island nation. Liu Bowen still persuaded that the stability of the country should be the most important. When Zhu Yuanzhang heard this, he felt more and more displeased.

The provocation of Prince Huailiang of Japan made Zhu Yuanzhang decide not to be outdone, and he angrily threw down Prince Huailiang's credentials, claiming that he would send troops to conquer Japan. At this time, Liu Bowen stepped forward, revealing firmness and wisdom between his eyebrows, and said to Zhu Yuanzhang: "The minister thinks that attacking Japan is not suitable for the master." We might as well sit back and wait for its internal contradictions to intensify and for Japan to be in turmoil. ”

Zhu Yuanzhang finally put down the talisman in his hand at Liu Bowen's insistence. In the face of Japan's national credentials and ridicule, he chose restraint and chose to wait and see. The turmoil subsided, and Liu Bowen's strategy made Daming keep his sanity in this diplomatic turmoil, which eventually became a good story in the long river of history.

In 1265, Emperor Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty sent a series of letters to Japan expressing his expectations for the submission of the island nation. To Kublai Khan's surprise, none of these letters received any response.

Five years later, a retainer named Zhao Liangbi volunteered and decided to go to Japan himself to solve the mystery. With the national credentials in hand, he embarked on this journey full of unknowns.

Zhao Liangbi stayed in Japan for three full years, but he never found the ruling center of the country, nor did he see the ruler of Japan. Upon his return, he reported to Emperor Kublai Khan what he had seen in Japan. It was a chaotic country, with bandits rampant and the people miserable. He learned of the terms shogunate, shogun, emperor, etc., but he was unable to sort out the jurisdiction and relationship of these powers.

Kublai Khan was so curious about this mysterious country that he decided to go on his own expedition to find out.

In October 1274, Kublai Khan personally led a large army to the east, and Japan began to prepare for war when they learned of it. When Kublai Khan's army was about to approach Japan, a sudden typhoon swept over and destroyed almost his entire navy. I had to return to China in disgrace.

After a lapse of seven years, Kublai Khan once again found an excuse and decided to attack Japan again. The trick of fate is once again revealed, and a typhoon strikes again. The 140,000-strong army was shattered in the storm, many of them were captured and killed by the Japanese navy, and Kublai Khan was defeated again.

These two miraculous "kamikazes" saved Japan from dire straits, and were praised by the Japanese as the blessing of the gods. In China, this history has also become a legend, known as the "legend of the kamikaze".

Despite the desire for revenge, Zhu Yuanzhang, who had learned the lessons of history, began to understand that this island country was not an easy place to attack. He ordered that the idea of attacking Japan should not be mentioned again, and left an edict that no matter whether Japan paid tribute or not, it should not act rashly.

Japan did not stop harassing the Ming Dynasty, which became a "plague" that lasted for 300 years. Every generation of Ming emperors had a headache over this, and frequently wrote to the king of Japan, asking him to control the pirates. The Japanese government was helpless and could not stop the winds from the East China Sea.

Yang Jian was born in the Guanlong aristocratic group, and was not called Puliu Rujian before the emperor. Father Yang Zhong, it is said that the ancestor was born in Wuchuan Town of the Northern Wei Dynasty, one of the twelve generals of the Western Wei Dynasty, worshiped under Dugu Xin, and was the official of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty to the general of the Zhu State, and was named the Duke of the Kingdom. In 556, Yang Jian married Dugu Jialuo, the daughter of Dugu Xin, who was the famous Dugu Empress of the Sui Dynasty, and was of great help and influence to Yang Jian.

Don't look at Yang Jian, who was born in a famous and noble family, his career is also very bumpy. In the early days, Emperor Wu of Zhou was suspicious and murdered by the powerful minister Yuwen Hu and tried to kill him many times, and was almost killed. In 568, his father Yang Zhong died, and Yang Jian succeeded him as the Duke of Suiguo. After that, Emperor Wu of Zhou hired his daughter Yang Lihua as the crown princess, and Yang Lihua was the empress of Emperor Xuan of Zhou. But soon, with the improvement of his status, Yang Jian was slandered again and was suspicious of Emperor Wu of Zhou. Although Emperor Wu of Zhou didn't do anything to him, he has been cautious since then, walking on thin ice.

Emperor Wu of Zhou, Yuwen Yong, was eloquent, and after destroying the Northern Qi Dynasty, he had the ambition to unify the world. If Emperor Wu of Zhou had not died young, it can be said that it would be difficult for Yang Jian to have a bright future. In 578, Emperor Wu of Zhou died of a sudden illness during his northern expedition to the Turks, and the desolate Emperor Xuan of Zhou, Yuwenyun, succeeded to the throne, and Yang Jian's opportunity finally came.

Emperor Xuan of Zhou was extravagant, indiscriminately punished, crowded out the clan, and loved to go on patrol, which made the Northern Zhou state decline day by day. In 579, Emperor Xuan of Zhou passed on the young Emperor Jing of Zhou, Yu Wenyan, who was drunk and dreamed of death. In the second year of Emperor Jing's accession to the throne, Yang Jian became the prime minister and accelerated his plan to usurp the power of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 580, Emperor Xuan of Zhou, who was only 22 years old, died, and Yang Jianjiao became an auxiliary minister, who always knew the affairs of Chinese and foreign soldiers and horses, and seized the military and political power of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

Yang Jian then wantonly cut off the Northern Zhou clan to prepare for the change of dynasty. However, his actions aroused the discontent of some Northern Zhou elders and important ministers, the most famous of which were three: Wei Chi Hui, Sima Xiaonan, and Wang Qian.

Wei Chi Hui is the governor of Xiangzhou, and his granddaughter is a queen of Emperor Xuan of Zhou, and she is the master of Emperor Xuan of Zhou; Sima is the governor of Yunzhou, the old soldier of Emperor Jing of Zhou, and the battle of the country; Wang Qian was the governor of Yizhou, the son of Wang Xiong of the Guanlong aristocratic group, the son of martyrs, and loyal to the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Therefore, Wei Chi Hui and Sima Xiao thought that it should be their own to change the dynasty, and it was not Yang Jian's turn, while Wang Qian had a deep affection for the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

In June 580, the three governors led by Wei Chi Hui launched a rebellion against Yang Jian, known as the "Three Rebellions" and the "Three Governors' Rebellion". The rebels are strong, and Yang Jian is still very jealous, especially Wei Chi Yuan. However, Yang Jian "coerced the Son of Heaven to order the princes", and his division became famous, and he won the support of Li Mu, the governor of Bingzhou, and the nobles of Guanlong, and began to put down the rebellion.

Yang Jian is very good at employing people, and attacked Wei Chi Hui with the famous general Wei Xiaokuan as the commander, eliminated Wei Chi Hui, and burned Yecheng. Subsequently, Yang Jian sent Wang Yi and Liang Rui to attack Sima and Wang Qian respectively, Sima fled south to Chen State, and Wang Qian was killed. So far, it only took more than 4 months for Yang Jian to put down the three-party rebellion.

In 581, Yang Jian was crowned King of Sui, and with the support of the Guanlong aristocratic group, the preparations for the change of dynasty were all ready. In the same year, Emperor Jing of Zhou was forced to give Yang Jian the "Zen position", which was established with the dynasty, changed to the Yuan Emperor, and later set the capital Daxing City, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty perished. Because "with" contains "go", it is unlucky, so it is changed to "Sui". Yang Jian is Emperor Wen of Sui. After Yang Jian established the Sui Dynasty, in order to prevent future troubles, he slaughtered the Northern Zhou clan and almost slaughtered them.

After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wen of Sui changed the Northern Zhou Dynasty's policy of peace and pro-tribute to the Turks, behaved coldly, and cut off tribute. The Turks were anxious at first sight, and with the instigation of the princess of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Turks did not want the Sui Dynasty to be strong or even complete unification. So, in 581-582, the Turkic Shabalu Khan led his army south and plundered the Hexi states. At the same time, Gao Baoning, the remnant of the Northern Qi Dynasty, also cooperated with the Turks to commit crimes.

Emperor Wen of Sui was also not a vegetarian, believing that sooner or later there would be a war with the Turks, so it was better to fight now, and immediately launched a counterattack and launched wars against the Turks many times.

The Turks are not monolithic, and there are many khans inside, and there are gaps to take advantage of. Therefore, Sun Sheng, a famous diplomat of the Sui Dynasty, divided and disintegrated the Turks with the strategy of "distant friendship and close attack, separation from the strong and weak together". In 583, the Turks split into Eastern and Western Turks. In the same year, Gao Baoning of Liaoxi was killed by his subordinates, and the Sui Dynasty incorporated Liaoxi into its territory.

In 584, Shabalu Khan fought against the Western Turks in the west and the Great Sui in the south, and was forced to sue for peace with the Sui Dynasty due to internal and external difficulties. After that, his wife, Princess Qianjin, was given the surname Yang, and Princess Feng Dayi represented the Sui Dynasty and relatives, and began to pay tribute to Sui.

Emperor Wen of Sui, like Emperor Wu of Zhou, also had the ambition to unify the world. In 587, Emperor Wen of Sui abolished the vassal state of Western Liang Xiao Cong, and Western Liang perished and was incorporated into the territory of the Sui Dynasty. At this point, the Sui Dynasty was left with only one Nanchen left to unify the country.

In 588, Emperor Wen of Sui appointed Yang Guang, the king of Jin, to take full charge of the affairs of destroying Chen. In the same year, with Yang Guang, Yang Jun, and Yang Su as marching marshals, and He Ruobi and Han Baohu as generals, the Sui Dynasty sent 500,000 troops south to destroy Chen. The queen of Nan Chen is indecisive, and the six gods have no owner, and they cannot parry. In 589, the Sui army broke through Jiankang, captured the queen of Chen, and Southern Chen perished.

In 590, Xian Ying, the female leader of the Lingnan slang, knew that the Chen Dynasty had died, and led the people to submit to the Sui Dynasty, and was named the Lady of the State of Chen, and opened the mansion. After that, Yang Su put down the rebellion of the Jiangnan Shi clan.

So far, the Sui Dynasty ended the division of more than 280 years since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, re-realized the great unification of the country, and laid the foundation for the prosperity of the Sui and Tang dynasties.

The southwestern region was out of control during the civil strife in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and in 584 Emperor Wen of Sui established the Nanning Prefecture Governor's Office to exercise feudal rule over the local clans. In 595, the Fu clan rebelled. In 596, the Sui Dynasty sent an army to conquer and set up Xiezhou and Gongzhou for defense.

In the same year, Kumoxi was attached and lived in Anzhou. In 597-598, the Goguryeo army invaded Yingzhou, and Emperor Wen of Sui sent an army to attack, occupied the west of the Liao River, penetrated deep into the Khitan, and then withdrew.

In 599, the Turkic Khan could not bear the harassment of Dulan Khan, so he had to move south and was named Qimin Khan by Sui. Houdu Lan Khan was killed, and with the help of the Sui Dynasty, Qimin Khan became the Turkic leader and declared himself a vassal to the Sui. In 600, the Western Turkic Datou Khan invaded the border of the Sui Dynasty, and Emperor Wen of Sui sent Yang Guang and Yang Su out of Lingwu, and Yang Liang and Shi Wansui out of Mayi, breaking it and expanding the land for thousands of miles.

In 604, Emperor Wen of Sui died of illness, and was killed by Yang Guang, and Yang Guang, the king of Jin, succeeded to the throne as Emperor Yang of Sui. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was also an ambitious monarch, not satisfied with the current status quo, and intended to expand the territory and reproduce the prosperity of the Han Dynasty.

Emperor Yang of Sui

In 605, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang, the eastern capital, and built the Grand Canal to prepare for his grand conquest of the Quartet. In the same year, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Liu Fang to attack the restless Linyi State, breaking through its capital and occupying the city, destroying it in one fell swoop. Fan Fanzhi, the king of Linyi, fled to the sea and apologized to the Sui Dynasty. The Sui army withdrew shortly after, and Linyi soon recovered.

Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty wanted to open up the Silk Road since the Han Dynasty and bring the countries of the Western Regions into submission. However, at that time, the countries of the Western Regions were either under the orders of the Western Turks or under the orders of Tuyuhun. Therefore, if Emperor Yang of Sui wanted to pass through the Western Regions, he first had to solve the Western Turks and Tuyuhun.

Tuyuhun was built by a branch of Murong Xianbei who moved westward, and the early Sui Dynasty committed many offenses. Later, Murong Fuyun, the Khan of Tuyuhun, married Princess Guanghua, the daughter of the Sui Dynasty, and became the son-in-law of the Sui Dynasty, calling him a minister. However, Tuyuhun was not at ease, and used this identity to often spy on the intelligence of the Sui Dynasty and have illicit relations with the Western Turks, which greatly annoyed the Sui Dynasty.

Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Pei Ju as an envoy to the Western Regions, and after returning to China, Pei Ju suggested that in order to unblock the Silk Road, Tuyuhun must be eliminated. Coincidentally, in 608, the Gaoche tribe of the Western Regions invaded Dunhuang in the Sui realm, and then regretted it and asked Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty for guilt. So, Emperor Yang of Sui sent Pei Ju to persuade Gao Che to attack Tuguhun and make up for his mistakes.

Faced with the surprise attack of Gao Che from the west, Tuyuhun was caught off guard, fled east in a hurry, and asked the Sui Dynasty for help. In 609, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty took the opportunity to personally lead a large army to the west to conquer Tuyuhun, destroyed Tuyuhun in one fell swoop, incorporated Qinghai and the southeast of the Tarim Basin into the territory, and set up four counties: Xihai, Heyuan, Shanshan, and Jimo. The incorporation of Qinghai was the first time in the history of the Great Unification Dynasty. However, Murong Fuyun, the king of Tuyuhun, fled the party and was not caught.

In 608, Emperor Yang of Sui sent Xue Shixiong to attack the Yiwu Kingdom and establish the city of Yiwu. In 610, Yiwu was incorporated into the territory of the Sui Dynasty and Yiwu County was established.

In 611, Emperor Yang of Sui sent people to lobby Luo Khan, a Western Turk who was in trouble. In the face of internal and external difficulties, Luo Khan had no choice but to submit to the Sui Dynasty, call him a minister, and no longer interfere in the exchanges between the Sui Dynasty and the countries of the Western Regions.

So far, the territory of the Sui Dynasty has been greatly expanded, reaching its peak, starting from the end of the west, reaching the Liao River in the east, starting from the desert in the north, and surpassing Jiaozhi in the south, covering an area of about 4.37 million square kilometers. Moreover, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty finally opened up the Western Silk Road and strengthened the connection between the Central Plains and the Western Regions.

In addition to passing through the Western Regions, Emperor Yang of Sui also made moves in the southeast. In 607, Emperor Yang of Sui sent two people to Liuqiu, hoping that he would be able to submit to him. However, the Ryukyu lord did not obey, so Emperor Yang of Sui sent a large army to crusade in 610, killed the Lord, and captured thousands of men and women and returned. It's just that the Sui Dynasty did not incorporate Liuqiu into the territory.

After the subjugation of all sides, only Goguryeo in the northeast remained entrenched in Liaodong and the Korean Peninsula, outside the suzerainty system of the Sui Dynasty. In 611, Goguryeo crossed the Liao River and invaded western Liao. Emperor Yang of Sui is also a violent temper, where can he bear it.

As a result, in 612-614, Emperor Yang of Sui launched three wars against Goguryeo, but all of them ended in failure. For the first time, the Sui Dynasty recovered Liaoxi and set up Liaodong County, but because Emperor Yang of Sui swaggered through the market, talked about pomp, leaked secrets, and blindly commanded, he threw down 300,000 corpses and returned; The second time I saw that it was about to succeed, but Yang Xuangan's rebellion broke out, so I had to withdraw my troops; The third time was the continuous campaign, the Sui army fled seriously, and Goguryeo could not bear the war for many years, so he begged to surrender, and Emperor Yang of Sui just borrowed a step to withdraw his troops.

Emperor Yang of Sui is a typical "workaholic", who loves to go out on patrol and is very capable of tossing. However, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was anxious for quick success, and the common people couldn't stand it, so they moved east to Luoyang, which offended the Guanlong aristocratic group. In fact, long before the three expeditions to Goguryeo, there were already ordinary people who rose up. In 615, although the third Goguryeo failed, the world was already full of beacon fires and wolf smoke. In the same year, Tuyuhun took the opportunity to restore the country, and Yiwu also regained its independence and was controlled by the Western Turks.

In 617, Emperor Yang of Sui's cousin Li Yuan raised troops in Taiyuan and invaded Chang'an, appointing Wang Yang Yu as the puppet emperor and Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, who was far away in Jiangdu, as the emperor. In March 618, Emperor Yang of Sui was killed by his subordinate Yu Wenhe in Jiangdu. In May, Yang Yu was forced to take the throne, Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty, and the Sui Dynasty fell and enjoyed the country for 37 years. However, some forces loyal or ostensibly loyal to the Sui dynasty still existed.

In 625, the Tang Dynasty flattened the separatist forces and basically unified the whole country. However, in the north, there are still Liang Shidu and Yang Zhengdao, a remnant of the Sui Dynasty clan and the grandson of Emperor Yang of Sui.

In 630, the Tang Dynasty united with Xue Yantuo to attack the Turks, captured the Turkic leader Jieli Khan, and sent them to Chang'an, where the Turks perished, and the remnants returned to the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, due to the demise of the Sui Dynasty, Yang Zhengdao, the remnant of the Sui Dynasty, and his grandmother, Empress Xiao, also returned to the Tang Dynasty, and like Jieli Khan, they were properly settled. At this point, the last remnants of the Sui Dynasty died.

The Sui Dynasty ended nearly 300 years of division and secession since the Western Jin Dynasty, once again realized the great unification of China, and laid the foundation for the prosperity of the Sui and Tang dynasties. Moreover, the Sui Dynasty created the system of three provinces and six ministries, the imperial examination system and other systems, and also built the Grand Canal, which had a far-reaching impact on the Tang Dynasty and subsequent dynasties. However, the Sui Dynasty, especially during the reign of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, excessively used the people's power and was eager for quick success, resulting in a large number of military and civilian casualties. At the same time, the Sui Dynasty was not very thorough in expanding its territory, and it was often too short-lived, like a meteor, and this problem was not solved until the Tang Dynasty.

Yang Jian was born in the Guanlong aristocratic group, and was not called Puliu Rujian before the emperor. Father Yang Zhong, it is said that the ancestor was born in Wuchuan Town of the Northern Wei Dynasty, one of the twelve generals of the Western Wei Dynasty, worshiped under Dugu Xin, and was the official of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty to the general of the Zhu State, and was named the Duke of the Kingdom. In 556, Yang Jian married Dugu Jialuo, the daughter of Dugu Xin, who was the famous Dugu Empress of the Sui Dynasty, and was of great help and influence to Yang Jian.

Don't look at Yang Jian, who was born in a famous and noble family, his career is also very bumpy. In the early days, Emperor Wu of Zhou was suspicious and murdered by the powerful minister Yuwen Hu and tried to kill him many times, and was almost killed. In 568, his father Yang Zhong died, and Yang Jian succeeded him as the Duke of Suiguo. After that, Emperor Wu of Zhou hired his daughter Yang Lihua as the crown princess, and Yang Lihua was the empress of Emperor Xuan of Zhou. But soon, with the improvement of his status, Yang Jian was slandered again and was suspicious of Emperor Wu of Zhou. Although Emperor Wu of Zhou didn't do anything to him, he has been cautious since then, walking on thin ice.

Emperor Wu of Zhou, Yuwen Yong, was eloquent, and after destroying the Northern Qi Dynasty, he had the ambition to unify the world. If Emperor Wu of Zhou had not died young, it can be said that it would be difficult for Yang Jian to have a bright future. In 578, Emperor Wu of Zhou died of a sudden illness during his northern expedition to the Turks, and the desolate Emperor Xuan of Zhou, Yuwenyun, succeeded to the throne, and Yang Jian's opportunity finally came.

Emperor Xuan of Zhou was extravagant, indiscriminately punished, crowded out the clan, and loved to go on patrol, which made the Northern Zhou state decline day by day. In 579, Emperor Xuan of Zhou passed on the young Emperor Jing of Zhou, Yu Wenyan, who was drunk and dreamed of death. In the second year of Emperor Jing's accession to the throne, Yang Jian became the prime minister and accelerated his plan to usurp the power of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 580, Emperor Xuan of Zhou, who was only 22 years old, died, and Yang Jianjiao became an auxiliary minister, who always knew the affairs of Chinese and foreign soldiers and horses, and seized the military and political power of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

Yang Jian then wantonly cut off the Northern Zhou clan to prepare for the change of dynasty. However, his actions aroused the discontent of some Northern Zhou elders and important ministers, the most famous of which were three: Wei Chi Hui, Sima Xiaonan, and Wang Qian.

Wei Chi Hui is the governor of Xiangzhou, and his granddaughter is a queen of Emperor Xuan of Zhou, and she is the master of Emperor Xuan of Zhou; Sima is the governor of Yunzhou, the old soldier of Emperor Jing of Zhou, and the battle of the country; Wang Qian was the governor of Yizhou, the son of Wang Xiong of the Guanlong aristocratic group, the son of martyrs, and loyal to the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Therefore, Wei Chi Hui and Sima Xiao thought that it should be their own to change the dynasty, and it was not Yang Jian's turn, while Wang Qian had a deep affection for the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

In June 580, the three governors led by Wei Chi Hui launched a rebellion against Yang Jian, known as the "Three Rebellions" and the "Three Governors' Rebellion". The rebels are strong, and Yang Jian is still very jealous, especially Wei Chi Yuan. However, Yang Jian "coerced the Son of Heaven to order the princes", and his division became famous, and he won the support of Li Mu, the governor of Bingzhou, and the nobles of Guanlong, and began to put down the rebellion.

Yang Jian is very good at employing people, and attacked Wei Chi Hui with the famous general Wei Xiaokuan as the commander, eliminated Wei Chi Hui, and burned Yecheng. Subsequently, Yang Jian sent Wang Yi and Liang Rui to attack Sima and Wang Qian respectively, Sima fled south to Chen State, and Wang Qian was killed. So far, it only took more than 4 months for Yang Jian to put down the three-party rebellion.

In 581, Yang Jian was crowned King of Sui, and with the support of the Guanlong aristocratic group, the preparations for the change of dynasty were all ready. In the same year, Emperor Jing of Zhou was forced to give Yang Jian the "Zen position", which was established with the dynasty, changed to the Yuan Emperor, and later set the capital Daxing City, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty perished. Because "with" contains "go", it is unlucky, so it is changed to "Sui". Yang Jian is Emperor Wen of Sui. After Yang Jian established the Sui Dynasty, in order to prevent future troubles, he slaughtered the Northern Zhou clan and almost slaughtered them.

After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wen of Sui changed the Northern Zhou Dynasty's policy of peace and pro-tribute to the Turks, behaved coldly, and cut off tribute. The Turks were anxious at first sight, and with the instigation of the princess of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Turks did not want the Sui Dynasty to be strong or even complete unification. So, in 581-582, the Turkic Shabalu Khan led his army south and plundered the Hexi states. At the same time, Gao Baoning, the remnant of the Northern Qi Dynasty, also cooperated with the Turks to commit crimes.

Emperor Wen of Sui was also not a vegetarian, believing that sooner or later there would be a war with the Turks, so it was better to fight now, and immediately launched a counterattack and launched wars against the Turks many times.

The Turks are not monolithic, and there are many khans inside, and there are gaps to take advantage of. Therefore, Sun Sheng, a famous diplomat of the Sui Dynasty, divided and disintegrated the Turks with the strategy of "distant friendship and close attack, separation from the strong and weak together". In 583, the Turks split into Eastern and Western Turks. In the same year, Gao Baoning of Liaoxi was killed by his subordinates, and the Sui Dynasty incorporated Liaoxi into its territory.

In 584, Shabalu Khan fought against the Western Turks in the west and the Great Sui in the south, and was forced to sue for peace with the Sui Dynasty due to internal and external difficulties. After that, his wife, Princess Qianjin, was given the surname Yang, and Princess Feng Dayi represented the Sui Dynasty and relatives, and began to pay tribute to Sui.

Emperor Wen of Sui, like Emperor Wu of Zhou, also had the ambition to unify the world. In 587, Emperor Wen of Sui abolished the vassal state of Western Liang Xiao Cong, and Western Liang perished and was incorporated into the territory of the Sui Dynasty. At this point, the Sui Dynasty was left with only one Nanchen left to unify the country.

In 588, Emperor Wen of Sui appointed Yang Guang, the king of Jin, to take full charge of the affairs of destroying Chen. In the same year, with Yang Guang, Yang Jun, and Yang Su as marching marshals, and He Ruobi and Han Baohu as generals, the Sui Dynasty sent 500,000 troops south to destroy Chen. The queen of Nan Chen is indecisive, and the six gods have no owner, and they cannot parry. In 589, the Sui army broke through Jiankang, captured the queen of Chen, and Southern Chen perished.

In 590, Xian Ying, the female leader of the Lingnan slang, knew that the Chen Dynasty had died, and led the people to submit to the Sui Dynasty, and was named the Lady of the State of Chen, and opened the mansion. After that, Yang Su put down the rebellion of the Jiangnan Shi clan.

So far, the Sui Dynasty ended the division of more than 280 years since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, re-realized the great unification of the country, and laid the foundation for the prosperity of the Sui and Tang dynasties.

The southwestern region was out of control during the civil strife in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and in 584 Emperor Wen of Sui established the Nanning Prefecture Governor's Office to exercise feudal rule over the local clans. In 595, the Fu clan rebelled. In 596, the Sui Dynasty sent an army to conquer and set up Xiezhou and Gongzhou for defense.

In the same year, Kumoxi was attached and lived in Anzhou. In 597-598, the Goguryeo army invaded Yingzhou, and Emperor Wen of Sui sent an army to attack, occupied the west of the Liao River, penetrated deep into the Khitan, and then withdrew.

In 599, the Turkic Khan could not bear the harassment of Dulan Khan, so he had to move south and was named Qimin Khan by Sui. Houdu Lan Khan was killed, and with the help of the Sui Dynasty, Qimin Khan became the Turkic leader and declared himself a vassal to the Sui. In 600, the Western Turkic Datou Khan invaded the border of the Sui Dynasty, and Emperor Wen of Sui sent Yang Guang and Yang Su out of Lingwu, and Yang Liang and Shi Wansui out of Mayi, breaking it and expanding the land for thousands of miles.

In 604, Emperor Wen of Sui died of illness, and was killed by Yang Guang, and Yang Guang, the king of Jin, succeeded to the throne as Emperor Yang of Sui. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was also an ambitious monarch, not satisfied with the current status quo, and intended to expand the territory and reproduce the prosperity of the Han Dynasty.

Emperor Yang of Sui

In 605, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang, the eastern capital, and built the Grand Canal to prepare for his grand conquest of the Quartet. In the same year, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Liu Fang to attack the restless Linyi State, breaking through its capital and occupying the city, destroying it in one fell swoop. Fan Fanzhi, the king of Linyi, fled to the sea and apologized to the Sui Dynasty. The Sui army withdrew shortly after, and Linyi soon recovered.

Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty wanted to open up the Silk Road since the Han Dynasty and bring the countries of the Western Regions into submission. However, at that time, the countries of the Western Regions were either under the orders of the Western Turks or under the orders of Tuyuhun. Therefore, if Emperor Yang of Sui wanted to pass through the Western Regions, he first had to solve the Western Turks and Tuyuhun.

Tuyuhun was built by a branch of Murong Xianbei who moved westward, and the early Sui Dynasty committed many offenses. Later, Murong Fuyun, the Khan of Tuyuhun, married Princess Guanghua, the daughter of the Sui Dynasty, and became the son-in-law of the Sui Dynasty, calling him a minister. However, Tuyuhun was not at ease, and used this identity to often spy on the intelligence of the Sui Dynasty and have illicit relations with the Western Turks, which greatly annoyed the Sui Dynasty.

Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Pei Ju as an envoy to the Western Regions, and after returning to China, Pei Ju suggested that in order to unblock the Silk Road, Tuyuhun must be eliminated. Coincidentally, in 608, the Gaoche tribe of the Western Regions invaded Dunhuang in the Sui realm, and then regretted it and asked Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty for guilt. So, Emperor Yang of Sui sent Pei Ju to persuade Gao Che to attack Tuguhun and make up for his mistakes.

Faced with the surprise attack of Gao Che from the west, Tuyuhun was caught off guard, fled east in a hurry, and asked the Sui Dynasty for help. In 609, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty took the opportunity to personally lead a large army to the west to conquer Tuyuhun, destroyed Tuyuhun in one fell swoop, incorporated Qinghai and the southeast of the Tarim Basin into the territory, and set up four counties: Xihai, Heyuan, Shanshan, and Jimo. The incorporation of Qinghai was the first time in the history of the Great Unification Dynasty. However, Murong Fuyun, the king of Tuyuhun, fled the party and was not caught.

In 608, Emperor Yang of Sui sent Xue Shixiong to attack the Yiwu Kingdom and establish the city of Yiwu. In 610, Yiwu was incorporated into the territory of the Sui Dynasty and Yiwu County was established.

In 611, Emperor Yang of Sui sent people to lobby Luo Khan, a Western Turk who was in trouble. In the face of internal and external difficulties, Luo Khan had no choice but to submit to the Sui Dynasty, call him a minister, and no longer interfere in the exchanges between the Sui Dynasty and the countries of the Western Regions.

So far, the territory of the Sui Dynasty has been greatly expanded, reaching its peak, starting from the end of the west, reaching the Liao River in the east, starting from the desert in the north, and surpassing Jiaozhi in the south, covering an area of about 4.37 million square kilometers. Moreover, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty finally opened up the Western Silk Road and strengthened the connection between the Central Plains and the Western Regions.

In addition to passing through the Western Regions, Emperor Yang of Sui also made moves in the southeast. In 607, Emperor Yang of Sui sent two people to Liuqiu, hoping that he would be able to submit to him. However, the Ryukyu lord did not obey, so Emperor Yang of Sui sent a large army to crusade in 610, killed the Lord, and captured thousands of men and women and returned. It's just that the Sui Dynasty did not incorporate Liuqiu into the territory.

After the subjugation of all sides, only Goguryeo in the northeast remained entrenched in Liaodong and the Korean Peninsula, outside the suzerainty system of the Sui Dynasty. In 611, Goguryeo crossed the Liao River and invaded western Liao. Emperor Yang of Sui is also a violent temper, where can he bear it.

As a result, in 612-614, Emperor Yang of Sui launched three wars against Goguryeo, but all of them ended in failure. For the first time, the Sui Dynasty recovered Liaoxi and set up Liaodong County, but because Emperor Yang of Sui swaggered through the market, talked about pomp, leaked secrets, and blindly commanded, he threw down 300,000 corpses and returned; The second time I saw that it was about to succeed, but Yang Xuangan's rebellion broke out, so I had to withdraw my troops; The third time was the continuous campaign, the Sui army fled seriously, and Goguryeo could not bear the war for many years, so he begged to surrender, and Emperor Yang of Sui just borrowed a step to withdraw his troops.

Emperor Yang of Sui is a typical "workaholic", who loves to go out on patrol and is very capable of tossing. However, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was anxious for quick success, and the common people couldn't stand it, so they moved east to Luoyang, which offended the Guanlong aristocratic group. In fact, long before the three expeditions to Goguryeo, there were already ordinary people who rose up. In 615, although the third Goguryeo failed, the world was already full of beacon fires and wolf smoke. In the same year, Tuyuhun took the opportunity to restore the country, and Yiwu also regained its independence and was controlled by the Western Turks.

In 617, Emperor Yang of Sui's cousin Li Yuan raised troops in Taiyuan and invaded Chang'an, appointing Wang Yang Yu as the puppet emperor and Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, who was far away in Jiangdu, as the emperor. In March 618, Emperor Yang of Sui was killed by his subordinate Yu Wenhe in Jiangdu. In May, Yang Yu was forced to take the throne, Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty, and the Sui Dynasty fell and enjoyed the country for 37 years. However, some forces loyal or ostensibly loyal to the Sui dynasty still existed.

In 625, the Tang Dynasty flattened the separatist forces and basically unified the whole country. However, in the north, there are still Liang Shidu and Yang Zhengdao, a remnant of the Sui Dynasty clan and the grandson of Emperor Yang of Sui.

In 630, the Tang Dynasty united with Xue Yantuo to attack the Turks, captured the Turkic leader Jieli Khan, and sent them to Chang'an, where the Turks perished, and the remnants returned to the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, due to the demise of the Sui Dynasty, Yang Zhengdao, the remnant of the Sui Dynasty, and his grandmother, Empress Xiao, also returned to the Tang Dynasty, and like Jieli Khan, they were properly settled. At this point, the last remnants of the Sui Dynasty died.

The Sui Dynasty ended nearly 300 years of division and secession since the Western Jin Dynasty, once again realized the great unification of China, and laid the foundation for the prosperity of the Sui and Tang dynasties. Moreover, the Sui Dynasty created the system of three provinces and six ministries, the imperial examination system and other systems, and also built the Grand Canal, which had a far-reaching impact on the Tang Dynasty and subsequent dynasties. However, the Sui Dynasty, especially during the reign of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, excessively used the people's power and was eager for quick success, resulting in a large number of military and civilian casualties. At the same time, the Sui Dynasty was not very thorough in expanding its territory, and it was often too short-lived, like a meteor, and this problem was not solved until the Tang Dynasty.