When it comes to Zhang Tingyu, the first word in most people's hearts is to enjoy the Taimiao, which is enough to show that this Hanchen has a high status, strong ability, and deep contribution in the Qing Dynasty.

Zhang Tingyu, the word Hengchen, is the son of Zhang Ying, a university scholar. Kangxi was born in Beijing in the 11th year, and died in his hometown on March 20, 20th year of Qianlong, at the age of 84.

Zhang Tingyu was a Jinshi in the 39th year of Kangxi, changed to a Jishi, awarded a review, and joined the South Study. Since then, he has been awarded a bachelor's degree, a bachelor's degree in the cabinet, and a lecturer at a banquet. He successively served as the right attendant of the Criminal Department, the left attendant of the Ministry of Officials, the Scholar of the Ministry of Rites, the Scholar of the Household Department, the scholar of the Baohedian University and the Scholar of the Household Department, and also served as the president of the Chronicle of the Classics for many times. After experiencing the three dynasties of Kang Yongqian, he can be described as a veteran, and has won the trust of the three emperors Xuanye, Yinzhen and Hongli.

In the middle of Kangxi, it can also be said that it was the early stage of Kangxi's prosperity, and Zhang Tingyu began to enter the official career. In the forty-third year of Kangxi, Xuan Ye summoned him to Changchun Garden, asked about the recent situation of his father Zhang Ying, a university scholar, and ordered him to write poems. On the same day, he was ordered by Xuan Ye to enter the south study, with a special purpose to bring a few beads and wear a four-grade official uniform. As a result, Zhang Tingyu lived in the inner court and inherited his father's business. Zhang Tingyu himself said: "The poor side is deserted, and Yu Jieer follows the pen."

The era in which Zhang Tingyu lived can be said to be the entire period of the "prosperous Kangqian era": the absolutist centralized rule was further strengthened; The various political systems of the late feudal society have matured and perfected. It is mainly manifested in the fact that the monarch is shrewd and capable, diligent in government affairs, must bow down to everything, and his authority is not fake. Xuanye's wisdom captures Aobai, pacifies the three times, reunifies Taiwan, resists Tsarist Russia, and pacifies Junggar garia; Yinzhen's secret storage position, the implementation of the secret folding system, the establishment of the military aircraft department, the reform of the Eight Banners system, the crackdown on the "friends party", the implementation of "paving into the mu", the implementation of "changing the land and returning to the stream", etc.; Hongli's "leniency as the policy", "strike reclamation, stop donations, heavy agriculture and mulberry", rejuvenate the border, "perfect martial arts", and operate and develop the border.

Kangxi collapsed in Changchun Garden on the outskirts of Beijing in the 61st year, and the fourth son of the emperor, Yinzhen, succeeded to the throne. He carefully selected Zhang Tingyu as the minister to assist him. As for Zhang Tingyu, who Yinzhen values, first, because of his excellent knowledge, "dignified bearing, clear response"; The second is because he is the son of his mentor Zhang Ying, and he has such a friendship. At the turn of Kang Yong, government affairs can be described as busy, and dozens of edicts are issued every day, all of which are handled by Zhang Tingyu. If there is an urgent matter, Yinzhen ordered him to enter the inner hall, dictate the general meaning, and ordered him to draft an edict, and issue it after the imperial review was unhindered. Since then, Zhang Tingyu has become one of the cardinals.

In the early days of Yinzhen's administration, he continued to adjust the Eight Banners system in depth and weakened the forces of the Five Banners. Then it is to start cleaning up those brothers who are like wolves and tigers, for the princes like Yinyu, Yinyu, and Yinyu, kill those who should be killed, and change the trap ban, which is the follow-up to the original "seizing the heir".

In the later years of Kangxi, the political struggle continued, especially the princes fought openly and secretly with each other, competing for the throne, and the political situation was turbulent. In the first year of Yongzheng, Yinxi, Yinxiang, Ma Qi and Long Keduo, who left the Minister of Prime Minister's Affairs, hid the secret box behind the plaque of "Zhengda Guangming" in the Qianqing Palace. In September of the eighth year of Yongzheng, Yongzheng gave Zhang Tingyu the content of the secret decree to read, and in the first month of October, he showed Ortai again.

On August 23, the thirteenth year of Yongzheng, Emperor Yongzheng collapsed in the Old Summer Palace, and Zhang Tingyu and Ortai informed the ministers of the kings, "Emperor Daxing personally wrote a secret decree because of the great event of succession." He showed me that there is no one outside the two of them. This purpose is to collect the palace emergency. Please be orthodox. Yongzheng was able to let Zhang Tingyu know in advance about the extremely important matter of the prince, which means that Zhang Tingyu has been regarded by Yinzhen as a minister. Especially in the third and fifth years of Yongzheng, after Yinzhen successively dealt with the internal and external powerful henchmen Nian Qianyao and Long Keduo who helped him win the heir, Zhang Tingyu became Yongzheng's chief think tank, "Praise and painting the great politics of the military state are innumerable".

After Hongli succeeded to the throne, he was ordered by Emperor Daxing, and was assisted by Prince Zhuang Yunlu, Prince Guo Yunli, University Scholar Ertai and Zhang Tingyu. Hongli also attaches great importance to Zhang Tingyu, and whenever he goes out to patrol, he always asks him to stay in Beijing as prime minister and stay overnight in the Forbidden City; The imperial examination also participates in the palace examination, selects talents, and examines and reports officials.

Yongzheng reigned for thirteen years, paid great attention to Zhang Tingyu, and was crowned a minister, and thus there was a seemingly impossible situation in the entire Manchu Qing Dynasty (except for the end of the Qing Dynasty): party struggle - the party struggle of Manchu and Han ministers.

Before his death, Yinzhen favored his right-hand men Hanchen Zhang Tingyu and Manchen Ortai, and even gave him the honor of "enjoying the Taimiao" behind him. The formation of the two forces of Zhang Tingyu and Ortai should be said to be directly related to the honor given to them by Emperor Yongzheng. When Yongzheng was ten years old, Zhang Tingyu returned to his hometown to pay tribute to his father Zhang Ying, and Yinzhen wrote on his thanksgiving fold: "In the eleven years since I ascended the throne, I have been in the court and the ministers of the interior, and those who have never been separated for a day are the only one who is the only one, the righteous monarch and the minister, and the same friendship." Even if there are officials who participate in Zhang Tingyu and Ortai, Yinzhen will be preserved and does not have to be discussed.

After Ortai entered the court, because the Qing court "worshiped Manchuria first", under the old system, Ortai, a scholar of Manchurian University, should be in front of Zhang Tingyu in order of rank. In the tenth year of Qianlong, Ortai died of illness, and Naqin replaced him, although Zhang Tingyu said that Naqin should be before him, but it was inevitable that there would be whispers in his heart. Hongli himself said: "If the order of appointment is the order, then Ortai should not be before Zhang Tingyu that day."

If we trace back the Manchu-Han issue, it can even be traced back to the beginning of the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, and the various practices of the Qing court later actually deepened the ethnic contradictions between the Manchus and Hans, making it difficult for them to coordinate and fight openly and secretly. Before the Yongzheng Dynasty, even the Kangxi Dynasty did not have a situation where Hanchen could compare with the Manchurian ministers, and Hanchen saw that Manchus needed to demote themselves by half a level, and even needed to kneel (later, due to the public, it was not suitable, and the etiquette of kneeling was waived).

Zhang Tingyu and Ortai have worked together for more than ten years, "often not saying a word". As long as Ortai makes a mistake, even if it is a small mistake or a small problem, he must be sarcastic, so that Ortai has no place to be ashamed. For example, one day during the summer vacation, Ortai once took off his hat to take advantage of the coolness, muttering to himself: "Where is this hat placed?" Zhang Tingyu smiled slightly and said, "This hat is still on the top of your head." Ortai was immediately displeased, and helpless, and his expression was solemn for several days.

In the early years of Qianlong, Ortai and Zhang Tingyu were in charge of the country, and their subordinates respected each other, and gradually formed a trend of friends. Of course, Hongli was also aware of this, and it was not good to say it to these two elders, so he had to use Sejong's "Theory of Friends" to warn, but he did not get what he wanted.

In fact, the problem of bureaucratic attachment and friends is more related to the imperial examination, the two parties of Niu and Li in the Tang Dynasty, the friends of the Song Dynasty are even more prosperous, and the Donglin party dispute in the Ming Dynasty is still vaguely emerging in front of us. The chief examiner of the township examination, the chief examiner of the examination and the first person who will take the examination have become lifelong teachers and students, and they often promote each other, favor each other, cut off dissidents, and eventually become friends to control the government. Zhang Tingyu has repeatedly presided over the township examination, the meeting examination, and participated in the palace examination, and there are many students under him. As for Ortai, he does not choose whether his protégé is virtuous or not, does not train Yizi to be careful, and knows the henchmen, "taking Zhang Dang as an enemy, and talking a lot of sarcasm". In the imperial court, a situation was also formally formed in which "Manchuria was dependent on Ortai, and the Han people were dependent on Zhang Tingyu".

In the first month of the thirteenth year of Qianlong, Zhang Tingyu Chen Shu begged for rest due to old illness, and Hongli issued a special decree for this: "Qing received the favor of the two dynasties, and was ordered by the emperor to take the examination, and he will enjoy the temple in the future." Is there a reason to return to heaven and old age from the ancestors? ", the message of consolation. In the first month of the second year, Hongli even ordered Zhang Tingyu to take Wen Yanbo of the Song Dynasty as an example, to go to the capital hall once in ten days, and to prepare advisers in the inner court once in four or five days. As a result, in the winter of that year, Zhang Tingyu once again begged to return to old age, and Hongli approved the appointment of the former official. As a result, Zhang Tingyu himself said that before his death, Emperor Yongzheng had said that he was worthy of enjoying the Taimiao and wanted Hongli to write a certificate. When Hongli heard this request, he was really displeased, but he still issued an edict and wrote a poem to give him as a favor. Zhang Tingyu sent his son over to thank him, Hongli was very displeased, blamed Zhang Tingyu for not thanking him personally, and sent a decree to make him understand the echo. As a result, Fu Heng and Wang Youdun, the ministers of military aircraft, wrote an edict, and before the decree arrived, Zhang Tingyu went to the inner court to thank him, and Hongli was even more unhappy, thinking that the military aircraft department had leaked the news and blamed Fu Heng and Wang Youdun. The courtiers convened a meeting and asked to deprive Zhang Tingyu of his official title and remove him from his detachment, and Hongli ordered his earl to be cut off.

Until the 50th year of Qianlong, Hongli personally inscribed Zhang Tingyu's "Three Old and Five Changes", and re-evaluated him: "If you look at it now, then Tingyu's proposal is appropriate." "Fu Tingyu has this insight, what is the insight? I will not move and float up, follow the will of the emperor, and make him worthy of enjoying the temple. So in the end of the Qing Dynasty, among the Han ministers, there was only Zhang Tingyu who enjoyed the Taimiao.

Under the rule of feudal absolutism, an old oilman like Zhang Tingyu was inevitably attacked, and even the power of Hanchen fell again, until the late Qing Dynasty Empress Dowager was forced to be helpless, and gave up power to the local governor Hanchen, from this point of view, Zhang Tingyu is not a victim of the absolute monarchy system?