Emperor Liu Heng of the Han Dynasty (202 BC - 157 BC), the fourth son of Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, his mother Bo Ji, and the younger brother of Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty. After Liu Bang suppressed Chen Feng's rebellion in 196 BC, he named Liu Heng as the acting king, who was tolerant and peaceful, and kept a low profile politically. After the death of Gaozu, Empress Lü was in power, and Zhu Lü grasped the military and political power of the imperial court. In 180 BC, as soon as Empress Lu died, Taiwei Zhou Bo and Prime Minister Chen Ping wiped out Zhu Lu, and welcomed Liu Heng, the king of the dynasty, into Beijing as the emperor, and was the emperor of Han Wen. After Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, he made great efforts to build water conservancy, dress plainly, and abolish corporal punishment, so that the Han Dynasty entered a period of strength and stability. At that time, the people were wealthy and well-off. Liu Heng had a queen when he was the acting king, and he had four sons-in-law, and soon after Liu Heng became the emperor, these four sons-in-law died one after another, and Liu Qi, the son of Dou Yifang, the favorite concubine, was the longest among the remaining sons. [2] Three months after Liu Heng ascended the throne (the first month of the first year before Emperor Jing), Liu Qi was appointed as the crown prince, and Dou Yifang was established as the queen in March of the first year. [4] The reign of Emperor Wen of Han and his son Emperor Jing of Han was collectively referred to as the reign of Wenjing. During the reign of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, there were problems such as the excessive power of the princely kingdoms and the invasion of the Central Plains by the Xiongnu. Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty treated the princes and kings with an attitude of subduing people with virtue. In terms of morality, Emperor Wen also personally tasted medicine for his mother Bo, and was deeply filial. In June of the seventh year of the Later Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty collapsed in the Weiyang Palace of Chang'an, and was buried in the tomb after his death. In ancient times, those who had the merit of seizing the world were called ancestors, and those who had the virtue of governing the world were called zongs. Therefore, its temple name is Taizong, and it is called Emperor Xiaowen. is also the protagonist of "Twenty-four Filial Piety".

Liu Heng is the fourth son of Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, and his mother Bo Ji. Bo Ji was a native of Wu (present-day Jiangsu), at the end of the Qin Dynasty. Wei Bao established himself as the king of Wei and took Bo Ji as his concubine. At the beginning of the Chu-Han War, Wei Bao was defeated by Han Xin and Cao Shen, and she also became a prisoner, and was later sent to the weaving room to weave cloth, while Wei Bao was sent by Liu Bang to guard Xingyang, and was later killed by Liu Bang's subordinate Zhou Jiao. Liu Bang saw that Bo Ji had some appearance, so he included him in the harem. In the fifth year of Gaozu (202 BC), she gave birth to Liu Heng. In the eleventh year of Gaozu (196 BC), Liu Bang led troops to quell the rebellion of Chen Feng on behalf of the land, and appointed 8-year-old Liu Heng as the acting king. All in Jinyang (now Taiyuan, Shanxi).

Liu Bang's former ministers Chen Ping and Zhou Bo died after Empress Lü. worked together to extinguish the power of the Lü clan, and then discussed who would inherit the throne and replace Liu Hong, the little emperor of Lü Houli at that time, who felt that Liu Hong was not a descendant of Emperor Hui. It does not conform to the legal system of succession to the throne. The most rear. They fell in love with Liu Heng, the acting king who was generous and benevolent and had a good reputation. So he sent an envoy to pick up Liu Heng to Chang'an to inherit the throne. Liu Heng saw the messenger. It wasn't very happy at first, on the contrary, it made him suspicious. His subordinates also disagreed, some thought it was a conspiracy, while others analyzed that there would be no falsehood. Liu Heng decided to use divination to determine the good fortune and evil. The result is a "big heng" divination result, which means: The lines of the big heng crack are very legitimate, and I will soon be enthroned as the king of heaven and carry forward my father's great cause, just like Qi Zhiyu. The soothsayers explained to him that the king of heaven was the son of heaven, and that he was one level higher than the average king. Just in case, Liu Heng was careful step by step in the process of marching to Chang'an, and he was afraid that he would fall into the trick again and die on Huangquan Road. The first is to send his uncle Bo Zhao to Chang'an first to inquire about the truth, and the second is to send his subordinate Song Chang to explore the road to the city when he is fifty miles away from Chang'an City. In the end, the careful Liu Heng finally inherited the throne safely under the support of Chen Ping's ministers and lived in Weiyang Palace. Because it was not easy to get the throne, Emperor Wen first appointed his henchmen to be responsible for guarding the palace and the capital after ascending the throne, so as to fundamentally ensure his personal safety. Then, for the heroes who supported him as the emperor, they were rewarded one by one, and the title and fief of the king surnamed Liu, who was belittled by Empress Lu, were also restored, and at the same time, the heroes who followed his father Liu Bang to open the country were also rewarded and divided. These measures consolidated Emperor Wen's throne. In addition to consolidating power by means of co-optation, it is also a very effective measure to crack down on important ministers. This aspect is mainly the treatment of the great hero Zhou Bo. Zhou Bo was meritorious in supporting Emperor Wen, so every time after the end of the dynasty, he always looked very arrogant when he came out, and he didn't seem to take Emperor Wen seriously. And Emperor Wen was even more polite to him, and often watched him leave. Some ministers persuaded Emperor Wen that he should not be so polite to Zhou Bo, and he would lose his status as a monarch. From then on, Emperor Wen's expression became more and more serious, while Zhou Bo became more and more awe-inspired. Zhou Bo's subordinates reminded him in time: Be careful of the master and set himself on fire. Zhou Boru was enlightened and suddenly woke up. So he resigned from the position of right prime minister (in the Han Dynasty, the right was the top, and Chen Ping was the left prime minister at that time, which was equivalent to a deputy position), and Emperor Wen soon agreed. A year later, because Chen Ping was gone, Emperor Wen appointed him as prime minister, but only ten months later, Emperor Wen dismissed him from his post on the pretext that the princes returned to the country. At that time, many princes lived in Chang'an, which added a lot of burden to the food supply in the capital, so Emperor Wen issued an edict ordering the princes to live in their own feudal country, even if the imperial court allowed them to stay in the capital, they also had to send their sons to the feudal country. But many people found all kinds of excuses to stay in the capital, which made Emperor Wen very angry, so he asked Prime Minister Zhou Bo to take the lead and removed him from his position as prime minister. Later, when someone reported that Zhou Bo often wore armor at home and had the intention of rebellion, Emperor Wen immediately arrested him. Zhou Bo hurriedly explained the truth to Emperor Wen through Emperor Wen's uncle Bo Zhao: after being removed from the post of prime minister, he was afraid of being arrested, so his family was a little guarded, but he had no heart to rebel. After Emperor Wen re-investigated, he did not find the fact that Zhou Bo had rebelled, so he released him. Compared with many emperors in the feudal era, Emperor Wen was indeed very tolerant.

Emperor Wen Liu Heng entered Beijing and only brought Song Chang, Zhang Wu and other six people. Emperor Wen of Han was determined to integrate the imperial power system as soon as possible in order to restore and strengthen the functioning capacity of state power. Military power is the greatest power, Emperor Wen is well aware of this, so on the night he entered the Weiyang Palace, he ordered Song Chang to be the general of Wei to pacify the southern and northern armies, and ordered Zhang Wu to be the commander of Lang Zhong to patrol and defend the palace. There are Si Yamen who killed the Young Empress Emperor and his three younger brothers in their own mansions. The emperor returned to the front hall and issued an edict overnight to grant amnesty to the world. Emperor Wen knew that he did not have a strong political foundation in the Han court, and some clans believed that he was a "peach picking faction", and only relied on the support of a group of old ministers to ascend to the throne, and he was faced with the growing and increasingly arrogant princes and kings, so his first task was to adopt a two-handed strategy of grace and power to consolidate the imperial power. After Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, he first conferred the title of meritorious minister of Zhu Lu. In October of the first year of Emperor Wen (179 BC), Zhou Bo was appointed as the right prime minister, Chen Ping was the left prime minister, and Guan Ying was the chief lieutenant to form a new Han court center. The officials who followed Liu Heng into the court, some of them were even the secretaries. In addition to retaining the old princes and kings, Emperor Wen of Han set up a new group of princes and kings. In December of the same year, Liu Sui, the son of Liu You, the king of Zhao You, was the king of Zhao, and Liu Ze, the evil king of Lang, was named the king of Yan. Later, Liu Qiang, the younger brother of Liu Sui, was appointed as the king of Hejian; Liu Zhang, the marquis of Zhuxu, was the king of Chengyang; Liu Xingju, the marquis of Dongmu, was appointed as the king of Jibei; Liu Wu, the son of the emperor, was appointed as the acting king, and then migrated to be the king of Huaiyang, and later migrated to be the king of Liang; Liu Shen was named the king of Taiyuan; and Liu Yi was the king of Liang. In the first month of the same year, three months after Liu Heng ascended the throne, according to the advice of the ministers, Emperor Wen appointed his eldest son Liu Qi as the crown prince. In this way, since the time of Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, the pre-ordained prince has become the custom of the Han family. In March, Li Dou became the queen. Because the Han Dynasty vigorously promoted the politics of inaction, it played a catalytic role in the vicious development of the power of the princes and kings. The princes sat big and formed a trend of "the tail is too big to fall", which inevitably caused a sharp contradiction within the Liu clan on the division of imperial power and royal power, and this contradiction began to intensify after Emperor Wen ascended the throne. In the third year of Emperor Wen (177 BC), Liu Xingju, the king of Jibei, rebelled, setting a precedent for the kingdom to rebel against the Han court. Emperor Wen sent troops to suppress it, the rebels collapsed in an instant, and Liu Xingju committed suicide after being captured. Only three years later, Liu Chang, the king of Huainan, raised the flag of rebellion again. But before he could act, he was discovered by the imperial court. Emperor Wen sent someone to summon Liu Chang to Beijing, remove his title, and send him to Shu County. On the way, Liu Chang died of hunger strike. Although Jia Yi's two rebellions were put down, the vicious development of the princes and princes in the early Han Dynasty actually became a separatist force against the central court. Some far-sighted people in the imperial court thought that it was time to solve the problem fundamentally. Jia Yi is one of the prominent representatives. Jia Yi, who was 28 years old at the time, put forward two points in "Chen Zheng Shi Shu" (i.e., "Public Security Policy"): First, intimacy is not the main problem, that is, princes with the same surname are not more reliable than kings with different surnames. Second, the strong rebel first, and the weak rebel later, and under such feudal conditions, the most reluctant will threaten the centralized power. Jia Yi proposed that the solution was to "build all the princes and kings and reduce their strength", that is, to divide the power of the princely kingdoms, so as to achieve the goal of centralizing power. Emperor Wen greatly admired Jia Yi's "Public Security Policy", however, at that time, he was intent on stabilizing the political situation, restoring and developing the social economy, and the situation did not allow him to openly confront the princes and kings. It was not until the sixteenth year of Emperor Wen (164 BC) that Liu Ze, the king of Qi, died and had no heirs, and Emperor Wen divided the largest Qi country into six countries. He also named Liu Chang's third sons, Liu An, Liu Bo, and Liu Ci, as kings, and divided Huainan into three. Jia Yi's proposal on the princes of Zhongjian has only been implemented so far, but the contradiction between imperial power and royal power has not been fundamentally resolved, and the problem of decentralization and centralization of power still exists. Because Emperor Wen basically adopted a policy of appeasement towards the princes and kings with the same surname, it led to the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms of Wu and Chu during the Jingdi period.

Liu Heng personally practiced frugality and hard work, and finally created the "rule of Wenjing" to govern the world. On the first day of June and June in the seventh year of the Later Yuan Dynasty (157 BC), Emperor Wen of Han died in Weiyang Palace at the age of forty-seven. The group of ministers on the temple number is "Taizong", nicknamed "Emperor Xiaowen", on the seventh day of June of the same year, buried in Baling (located in the northeast corner of Bailuyuan in the eastern suburbs of Xi'an, Shaanxi). (To be continued......)