In ancient times, of course, there would have been no construction companies.

After all, a company refers to an enterprise legal person that is generally established in accordance with the law, with all capital contributed by shareholders and for the purpose of profit. According to the current Chinese Company Law (2005), the two main forms are a limited liability company and a company limited by shares. Both types of companies are legal persons (Article 36 of the General Principles of the Civil Law) and investors are protected by limited liability. According to Professor Fang Liufang's research, the company was once called "Gongban Ya", which was the exclusive name of the British East India Company. Over the course of more than 100 years of history, the meaning of the word "company" in Chinese has gradually become clear to its current meaning through continuous misreading and reinterpretation. ] is a completely modern word.

Therefore, in ancient times, some of them were just institutions of similar nature to construction companies.

In my country, there is a saying that "the master leads the door and cultivates by the individual......

Many people's understanding of "the master leads the door and the cultivation depends on the individual" is like this.

The master teaches you the basic knowledge, and if you want to achieve something, you have to rely on your own efforts.

However, in fact, many people have a wrong understanding that "the master leads the way to practice by the individual". For what?

Because of the background of "the master leads the door to practice by the individual...... It was the guild system [the industrial and commercial organization in the old urban commodity economy. There are handicraft guilds and commercial guilds. When the commodity economy has developed to a certain extent, in order to adjust the relationship between the industry, solve the contradictions between the industry, protect the interests of the industry, and coordinate the relationship with the government, the industry or related industries jointly adopt guilds, which have the dual nature of region and industry. Guilds arose in the Sui and Tang dynasties. Most of the industrial and commercial organizations in the Tang Dynasty were called "xing", which originated from the vendors in the streets and alleys. Often, the shops on a street are of the same kind, so they are called "lines", such as "brocade shops", "gold banks" and so on. By the Song Dynasty, the guild organization was more developed. There were dozens of Guilds in Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty and Lin'an Guilds in the Southern Song Dynasty, and there were hundreds of people who entered the industry. After the Ming and Qing dynasties, guilds further developed into guilds and public offices. The organization has also become more rigorous, and there are systems such as trade rules, business rules, and gang rules, forming a kind of monopoly power. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was in decline. The European guild system. Guild organization in the cities of feudal European society. Craftsmen or merchants of the same trade, feudal groups established to protect the interests of their own trade. The guild has a strict and meticulous constitution to ensure the equality of rights and obligations of members internally and monopolize externally. The guilds commonly referred to mainly refer to the handicraft guilds. Guilds in Western Europe. It was born in the 12th~13th century during the uprising of the city commune. In the 13th century. There were about 100 guilds in Paris, and by the middle of the 14th century, the number had grown to around 350. At that time, guilds in Western Europe were most common and developed in some medium-sized cities with a population of more than 10,000, while in small cities with a population of only 1,200,000, and in large port cities with developed foreign trade. Guilds are not common. The trade in crafts gave rise to medieval markets, which were small and local. Urban handicraftsmen in order to eliminate competition with each other and from rural handicraft products. In order to resist the oppression and extortion of the feudal lords, they gradually united to strengthen their power and position, and they followed the traditions of the rural communes. Guilds were organized according to different trades. The members of a guild include all the craftsmen of the same trade in the city. The craftsman is a small producer with his own workshop and production tools, two or three helpers and two apprentices. After three to five years, the apprentice is promoted to the rank of helper, and after two to three years, the helper can be promoted to the level of a craftsman, start an independent business, and become a member of the guild. In this way, a feudal guild hierarchy of craftsmen-helpers-apprentices was formed. The craftsmen themselves participate in the labor, but there are varying degrees of exploitation of apprentices and helpers. The guild is governed by a number of people elected by the members, who become the upper echelons of the guild.

Guild system in Western Europe. The guiding principle of the guild is to eliminate competition, to provide equal opportunities for all members by all means, and to achieve a monopoly position in the industry externally. To this end, the guild drew up an extremely detailed constitution that regulated and restricted almost all the actions of its members. In order to achieve equal rights and interests among craftsmen and to prevent the difference between the rich and the poor caused by the imbalance in the growth of assets, the guild constitution often stipulated: (1) controlling the supply of raw materials, that is, the guild uniformly purchased raw materials and distributing them to all craftsmen, (2) stipulating the number of helpers and apprentices, (3) not using any tools and methods other than conventional, (4) strictly controlling the quantity and quality of each member's products, (5) prohibiting members from selling at lower prices, preventing competition in selling prices, and so on. In order to maintain its monopoly position, the guilds adopted the following methods: (1) to make it necessary for the craftsmen of their trade to join the guild, (2) to keep the jurisdiction of the trade in the hands of the guild in terms of technology, (3) to strive to sell their own products or to control the prices of their products so as not to be controlled by merchants, and (4) to strive to participate in the municipal government to protect their own interests. In the later stages of the guilds in Western Europe, new rules and regulations appeared, making it increasingly difficult to obtain the status of a master craftsman. For example, if there is a system for evaluating "masterpieces" for helpers, in order to be promoted to a craftsman, a helper must first make a product of high skill in front of the chairman to show that he has sufficient skills. This regulation reduces the opportunities for helpers to become craftsmen, reduces competition, and also ensures the skill level of workers in the industry and the quality of goods. From the 15th century onwards, strict economic conditions were imposed, stipulating that in order to become a craftsman, a helper must have a minimum amount of fixed assets (workshop houses and production equipment) and working capital, which could be accumulated for at least a few years. In the late guild period, there were also some regulations, such as the expiration of the apprenticeship to work for the master for a period of time. In addition, the guilds often further fixed the number of members of the guild and did not increase it arbitrarily, so as to limit the number of helpers to become craftsmen. When the situation of the helpers became increasingly difficult and they could not be promoted to craftsmen and join the existing guilds, they formed their own organizations, which was the helper's guilds that appeared in England in the 14th~15th centuries. Similar organizations existed in other countries of Western Europe, but such guilds failed to develop. The establishment of the guild system had a certain positive significance and progressive effect in the early stage, protecting the existence and development of the urban handicraft industry.

Internal and external contradictions and disintegration. From the very beginning of its establishment, the guild contained many internal and external contradictions: between the craftsmen within the guild, between the craftsmen, helpers, and apprentices, and between the guild and the guild. In particular, the contradictions between the guilds that were close to or connected to the products, and between the guilds and the feudal lords, with the urban aristocracy, with the merchants, with the rural handicrafts, and so on. These contradictions developed to a certain extent, and the guild system changed from protecting the development of urban handicrafts and their production techniques to becoming an obstacle to development. Guild crafts were small-scale production, and under the strict restrictions of the regulations, they could only stick to the rules, and the traditional methods of production were carried out under the prohibition of the technical division of labor in the production process, so it was difficult to increase labor productivity. Unable to carry out the division of labor in the workshop itself, the guild crafts gradually turned to the various components of the production process, driven by the needs of the market. It was divided into a number of independent handicrafts. For example, the iron industry, which manufactured various types of iron tools, was divided into knife making, scissors, nails, and horseshoe making. The individual nature of handicraft production is precisely suited to the development of this specialization. As a result, the variety of guilds continued to grow. Although this specialization of the guilds created the conditions for the internal division of labor in the future workshops and crafts, the restrictive regulations of the guilds blocked the channels for the transition to capitalism. With the expansion of the market, the production of guild crafts became less and less able to meet the needs of the market. This led to the gradual disintegration of the guild system. Wealthy craftsmen did not comply with the rules at first in secret, and then openly and later. Get rid of the shackles of the guilds. The dominant role of merchants over the guild craftsmen also gradually strengthened with the expansion of the market. Past. The guild system, which resolutely resisted the invasion of merchant capital, was finally broken by the impact of commerce in the process of self-differentiation. The membership of the city guilds gradually polarized. A small part were wealthy craftsmen or capitalists who were also workers and merchants, while a large part gradually became urban proletarians. At the same time, in the countryside, the casual labor system gradually prevailed, and merchant employers (i.e., contractors) gradually dominated the rural cottage industry, transforming it from a feudal individual economy into a decentralized workshop handicraft industry, and the rural handicraftsmen were partly turned into wage laborers who sold their labor power. In order to reduce consumption and improve efficiency, the urban craftsmen who were also engaged in commerce gradually merged the specialized departments that had been subdivided into two parts and brought them under the control of a single capital owner. This merger, together with the above-mentioned casual labor system, prepared the conditions for the creation of handicraft workshops. From the 15th century onwards, capitalist workshop crafts gradually developed to replace guild crafts. By the 16th century, the guild system in England had largely disappeared. The guild system in continental countries survived for a long time, with the French guild system reviving after its dissolution and becoming the royal guild, while the German guild system was gradually eliminated in the 19th century. Merchants' GuildsThe Merchants' Guilds of Western Europe were organizations formed by urban merchants to collectively defend themselves and monopolize a local commerce. In the Middle Ages, bandits were rampant on the European continent and at sea, and the social order was unstable, and it was very risky to do business, and the merchants were often robbed by bandits or intercepted by feudal lords, so it was necessary for merchants to unite and support each other and carry out armed protection of merchants. They either formed partnerships, merchant guilds, or even developed into a union of cities. They also petitioned the king in the name of a group for the privilege of monopolizing trade, so that members would not be affected by competition. Merchants were not allowed to do business in the city without joining the guilds. Merchant guilds often had large guilds, and were powerful enough in the city to control the municipal government. Within the merchants' guild, members must abide by the rules of the trade and buy and sell at a specified time, place and price. Merchant guilds appeared around the 9th century, and by the 12th century, England and Italy were quite developed. In the late Middle Ages, European merchants and merchant guilds relied on their currency to influence and control handicraft production in different ways. The most common way is for the merchant to provide raw materials to the craftsman in exchange for finished or semi-finished products, and to pay the craftsman a processing fee; In order to make a profit, the merchants did everything possible to prevent the artisans from uniting. When the artisan guilds became widespread and grew stronger, merchants either intervened in the guilds through the municipalities or switched to control the scattered rural cottage industries. With the continuous expansion of commercial capital in Western Europe, merchant guilds gradually lost their role and tended to disintegrate. The development of commerce and commercial capital in Western Europe at the end of the Middle Ages gave a powerful impetus to the birth of the capitalist mode of production. 】。

Therefore, the reason why many people have a wrong understanding of "the master leads the disciple to practice by the individual" is because the background of "the master leads the disciple to practice by the individual" is not taken into account.

For example, the website where we publish our works gives us an author account, and for the contracted authors, we can set up VIP works. "A few happy and a few sad" is a portrayal of the real life of the online author.

Does this count as "the master leads the door to practice by an individual"?

Of course, if we can understand that "the master leads the door and the cultivation depends on the individual" ...... "the master leads the door and the development depends on the individual"...... It's even more appropriate. (To be continued......)