Zhuge Liang (181-234), the name Kongming, the name Wolong (also known as Fulong), Han nationality, Xuzhou Langya Yangdu (now Yinan County, Linyi City, Shandong), the prime minister of Shu and Han during the Three Kingdoms period, outstanding politician, military strategist, essayist, calligrapher, inventor. When he was alive, he was named the Marquis of Wuxiang, and after his death, he was posthumously loyal to the Marquis of Wu, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty regime posthumously named him the King of Wuxing because of his military talent. His prose representative works include "The Teacher's Table" and "The Book of Commandments". He once invented the wooden ox flowing horse, Kong Ming lantern, etc., and transformed the crossbow, called the Zhuge crossbow, which can be fired with one crossbow and ten arrows. In the twelfth year of Jianxing (234), he died in Wuzhangyuan (now in Qishan, Baoji). was posthumously called the Marquis of Zhongwu, so later generations often called Zhuge Liang as Marquis of Wuhou and Marquis of Zhuge Wu. Zhuge Liang "did his best and died after his death" in his life, and was a representative figure of loyal ministers and wise men in traditional Chinese culture.

Zhuge Liang was born in the fourth year of Emperor Guanghe of the Han Dynasty (181 AD) in a family of officials in Yangdu County, Langxie County, Zhuge is the Wang family of Langxi, the ancestor Zhuge Feng was a lieutenant of Sili when Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang's father Zhuge Gui did Taishan County Cheng in the late Eastern Han Dynasty; Zhuge Liang's mother Zhang died of illness at the age of 3, Zhuge Liang lost his father at the age of 8, and his younger brother Zhuge Jun followed his uncle Zhuge Xuan, who was appointed by Yuan Shu as Yuzhang Taishou, to Yuzhang to take office, and the Eastern Han Dynasty sent Zhu Hao to replace Zhuge Xuan, Zhuge Xuan went to Jingzhou Liu Biao. In the second year of Jian'an (197), Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan died of illness, and Emperor Xian of Han had escaped from Li Dao in Chang'an and moved to Cao Cao's Xu County. Zhuge Liang was 16 years old at this time, and he liked to read "Liang's Father's Yin" on weekdays, and often compared himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi, and people at that time were disdainful of him. Only his friends Xu Shu and Cui Zhou believe in his talents. He had friends with Xiangyang celebrities at that time, such as Sima Hui, Pang Degong, and Huang Chengyan. Huang Chengyan once said to Zhuge Liang: "I heard that you want to choose a wife, there is an ugly girl in my family, with yellow hair and black skin, but her talent can match you." Zhuge Liang promised this family affair and married her. At that time, people made fun of it as a joke, and the township even made a proverb: "Don't be a Kong Ming to choose a woman, just get an ugly girl."

At that time, at that time, Liu Bei was attached to Liu Biao and stationed troops in Xinye. Later, when Sima Hui met with Liu Bei. said: "Those Confucian scholars are all people with shallow knowledge. How can we understand the affairs and situation of the world? At this time, there were only Wolong (Zhuge Liang) and Phoenix Chick (Pang Tong). Zhuge Liang was recommended by Xu Shu again, Liu Bei hoped that Xu Shu would lead Liang to see him, but Xu Shu suggested: "This person can go to see him, and he can't be bent to come here." Generals should deign to visit. Liu Bei went to visit in person. I went three times to see Zhuge Liang (known as "Three Visits to the Thatched House" in history). After meeting Zhuge Liang. Liu Bei told the others to avoid it. Asked him: "Now that the Han family is in decline, traitorous ministers are doing things under the pretense of the emperor's orders, and the emperor has lost his power. I didn't measure my own virtues and abilities. He wanted to revive the world with righteousness, but his wisdom and strategy were short and insufficient, so he often failed until today. But my ambition is still not settled, is there any plan that can help me?" Zhuge Liang then explained to him the plan of dividing the world into three parts, analyzed the situation in which Cao Cao was not advisable and Sun Quan could come to his aid; he also elaborated on the cowardice of the two prefectures of Jing and Yi, and only by possessing these two states could they win the world; and he also told Liu Bei about the strategy of attacking the Central Plains. This treatise was later called the "Longzhong Pair". Liu Bei praised after hearing this, and invited Zhuge Liang to help, so Zhuge Liang went out of the mountain and entered the scene. Liu Bei often discussed with him, and the relationship became closer and closer. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and the others were very displeased, and Liu Bei explained to them: "I have Kong Ming, just like a fish getting water, I hope you don't talk about it anymore." Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and the others stopped complaining. The "Longzhong Pair" proposed by Zhuge Liang was the basic national policy of Liu Bei and Shu Han in the following decades.

In the thirteenth year of Jian'an (208), Liu Biao's wife Liu Qi's stepmother Cai repeatedly slandered, and Liu Biao gradually became dissatisfied with Liu Qi. Liu Qi asked Zhuge Liang several times for advice on the art of self-peace, but every time Zhuge Liang refused, Liu Qi used the strategy of going to the house to draw the ladder during a banquet to make Zhuge Liang say a solution, and Zhuge Liang asked Liu Qi rhetorically: "Don't you see that Shen Sheng is in danger when he is inside in the Spring and Autumn Period, but Chong'er (referring to Jin Wengong) can be safe outside?" At that time, Huang Zu was killed by Eastern Wu, and Liu Qi recommended Jiang Xia Taishou to seek self-protection. In August of the same year, Liu Biao died of illness, and his second son Liu Cong succeeded him. After Liu Bei learned the road in Fancheng, he led his army and people to flee south, and Cao's army caught up with and broke Liu's army at Dangyang Changsaka. Liu Bei was defeated and left Xiakou, and Sun Quan had sent Lu Su to observe the situation before, and suggested to Liu Bei to ask Sun Quan for help, Zhuge Liang recommended himself to Chaisang as a lobbyist and became friends with Lu Su. After arriving in Chaisang, Zhuge Liang met with Sun Quan and first gave Sun Quan two choices with the dichotomy, "If you can use the military strength of Wu and Yue to compete with the country of the Central Plains, it is better to break off diplomatic relations with Cao Cao as soon as possible"; the other option is to provoke the generals, "If you think you can't resist, why don't you stop the military action and declare yourself a vassal to the north!" Sun Quan asked Zhuge Liang rhetorically, why didn't Liu Bei surrender. Zhuge Liang raised Liu Bei's value, saying that Liu Bei had integrity and would never surrender, in order to show Sun Quan Liu Bei's determination. Sun Quan was furious and vowed not to surrender to Cao Cao, but he was worried about how many troops Liu Bei still had to fight. Zhuge Liang analyzed the situation of the two armies only after the last time, first saying that there were 10,000 people in the return of his own army and Guan Yu's army, plus Liu Qifan's Jiangxia soldiers were no less than 10,000, and then said that Cao's army was tired from afar, and when he chased Liu Bei, he traveled more than 300 miles in a day and a night with light horses, which was exactly "the end of a strong crossbow, and it was impossible to wear Lu Min"; moreover, the northerners were not accustomed to water warfare, and the people of Jingzhou were forced to obey Cao Cao, not convinced; and finally said with certainty that Cao Cao would definitely be defeated. Sun Quan was very happy, and later was persuaded by Lu Su and Zhou Yu to join forces with Liu to resist Cao, and sent Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Su and others to lead 30,000 naval troops to start a war with Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang returned to Liu Bei with the army; in November, Cao Cao's army was attacked by Sun and Liu's army in Chibi, and Cao Cao's army suffered very heavy losses, and at this time, a plague broke out in Cao Cao's army, and Cao Cao had no choice but to lead his army north.

After the Battle of Chibi, Liu Bei pacified the four counties of Jingnan in December of the thirteenth year of Jian'an, appointed Zhuge Liang as the general of the military division, lived in Linhao, and supervised the three counties of Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha, responsible for adjusting taxes and enriching military resources. In the sixteenth year of Jian'an (211), Yizhou Mu Liu Zhang sent Fa Zheng and Meng Da to ask Liu Bei to assist Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others guarded Jingzhou. until December of the following year. Liu Bei broke with Liu Zhang and attacked Chengdu. Zhuge Liang and Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others went to Shu to help, leaving Guan Yu to be responsible for the defense of Jingzhou, dividing troops to pacify the counties and counties, and besieging Chengdu with Liu Bei. In the nineteenth year of Jian'an (214), Liu Zhang surrendered, and Liu Bei became the ruler of Yizhou. Zhuge Liang received 500 catties of gold, 1,000 catties of silver, 50 million catties of money, and 1,000 horses of brocade. and was appointed as a general of the army. Acting as the left general's office. Whenever Liu Bei sent troops to conquer, Zhuge Liang was responsible for guarding Chengdu, providing Liu Bei with enough food and soldiers, such as the Battle of Hanzhong, providing aid for Liu Bei. The first year of Emperor Yankang of the Han Dynasty (220). Cao Pi usurped the Han dynasty and became self-reliant. In the second year of the reign of Wei and Huang (221). The ministers heard the news of the murder of Emperor Han Xian. persuaded Liu Bei, who had become the king of Hanzhong, to ascend the throne as emperor, but Liu Bei did not agree, and Zhuge Liang persuaded Liu Bei with the story of Geng Chun's lobbying of Liu Xiu to ascend the throne. So Liu Bei agreed. In the same year, Zhang Fei was killed, and Zhuge Liang took the post of lieutenant.

In August of the second year of Zhang Wu (222), Liu Bei was defeated on the way to recapture Jingzhou on the way to the east and retreated to Yong'an, Zhuge Liang sighed: "It's a pity that Fa Zheng died, otherwise Liu Bei's eastward expedition would have been stopped." In February of the third year of Zhangwu (223), Liu Bei was seriously ill and summoned Zhuge Liang to Yong'an to entrust the future affairs with Li Yan, Liu Bei said to Zhuge Liang: "Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi, and you will definitely be able to settle the country and eventually achieve great things." If the heir (Liu Chan) can help, then assist him, and if he has no talent, you can do it yourself. Zhuge Liang wept and said: "The minister must do his best to repay the solar terms of loyalty until death!" Liu Bei asked Liu Chan to regard Zhuge Liang as his father. In April, Liu Bei died, Liu Chan succeeded him, named Zhuge Liang as the Marquis of Wuxiang, and opened an official office. Soon, he received Yizhou Mu again, and Liu Chan relied on Zhuge Liang for all major and small affairs in political affairs, and Zhuge Liang decided. Originally, the Nanzhong region took the opportunity to rebel due to Liu Bei's death, and Zhuge Liang did not send troops because the country had just lost its monarch, but sent Deng Zhi and Chen Zhen to Eastern Wu to repair.

In the spring of the third year of Jianxing (225 years), Zhuge Liang led the army to the south, and before leaving, Liu Chan gave Zhuge Liang a golden sword, a curved cover, a front and rear feather Bao preached, and 60 tigers. Later, Zhuge Liang went deep into the barren land to crusade against Yonghong and Meng Shu, Zhuge Liang took the suggestion of joining the army Ma Yan, focusing on attacking the heart, first defeating the Yonghong army, and then capturing seven longitudinal Meng Shu, and calming all the chaos in the autumn. Shu Han settled down in Nanzhong and obtained a large amount of resources, and formed the Wudang Flying Army, a strong army. After a long period of accumulation, there was the basis for the Northern Expedition.

In the spring of the sixth year of Jianxing (228), Zhuge Liang raised his voice in advance to take the Xiegu Road, and asked Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to set up suspicious troops to attract Cao Zhen's heavy troops, and he led a large army to attack Qishan (. The three counties of Nan'an, Tianshui and Anding in Longyou were anti-Wei and attached to Shu, and Guanzhong was resounding. Emperor Wei Ming in the west of Chang'an, ordered Zhang He to lead 50,000 foot riders to go, and broke the horse in the street pavilion. At the same time, Zhao Yun was outnumbered and lost to Keigu. Zhuge Liang is more than 1,000 families in Baxi County and returned to Hanzhong. The First Northern Expedition failed. In the winter of the same year, Zhuge Liang took advantage of the Wei soldiers to go east, Guanzhong was weak, took the opportunity to go north, sent troops to disperse the pass (now southwest of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) to surround Chencang (now the east of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province), but was rejected by Wei general Hao Zhao, Zhuge Liang persuaded to surrender, and the grain and grass did not continue, so he had to return to Hanzhong. Wei chased Wang Shuang and was beheaded. In the spring of the seventh year of Jianxing (229), Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu (around present-day Chengxian County, Gansu Province) and Yinping (around present-day Wenxian County, Gansu Province). Yongzhou assassin Guo Huai led troops to rescue him, Liang went out to Jianwei (now west of Xihe County, Gansu Province), Guo Huai retreated, and then won the two counties. In the autumn of the eighth year of Jianxing (230), the Wei army attacked Hanzhong in three ways, Sima Yi went to Xicheng (now northwest of Ankang City, Shaanxi Province), Zhang He took the Meridian Valley, and Cao Zhen took the Xiegu Valley. Zhuge Liang garrisoned Chenggu (now east of Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province) and Chisaka (now 20 miles east of Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province). After more than 30 days of heavy rain, the Wei army retreated. In the same year, Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan and Wu Yixi into Qiangzhong, and broke the Wei general Fei Yao (Yao) and Yongzhou Assassin Guo Huai in Yangxi (Nan'an County, in the southwest of Wushan in present-day Gansu Province). In February of the ninth year of Jianxing (231), Zhuge Liang led a large army to attack Qishan, and began to transport it with wooden oxen. When Cao Zhen was seriously ill, Sima Yi supervised the generals in the Guanzhong to refuse. Zhuge Liang cut wheat in Shangqi (now Tianshui County, Gansu Province). Sima Yi chased Liang to Lucheng (between Tianshui City and Gangu in Gansu Province today), dug the camp and defended himself, and there was a ridicule of "fearing Shu as fearing a tiger". According to the record of "Spring and Autumn of the Han Dynasty", in May of the same year, Zhuge Liang made Wei Yan, Gao Xiang, and Wu Ban to refuse, and broke Sima Yi, and the Han army won the first 3,000 ranks, 5,000 Xuan armor, and 3,100 crossbows, so Sima Yi returned to the camp. In June, Li Yan was returned due to poor grain transportation. Zhang He chased Liang and retreated to Mumen, and was killed by an arrow - this is the second out of Qishan. In February of the twelfth year of Jianxing (234), Zhuge Liang led the army out of Xiegu Road, according to Wugong Wuzhangyuan (now Qishannan, Shaanxi Province), Tuntian in Weibin, and Sima Yi against Weinan, and about Wu to jointly send troops. During this period, Zhuge Liang repeatedly sent envoys to write war letters, and also sent the ornaments of women to provoke Sima Yi, the king of Xuan, but Sima Yi could not hold on to the humiliation, and calmed the anger with the clever plan of "asking for war for thousands of miles". Zhuge Liang was divided into troops and planted grain for self-sufficiency with the people of Wei in the territory of Wei, and planned to stay there for a long time, but Zhuge Liang was seriously ill due to overwork.

In August, Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan (in Baoji) at the age of 54. Yang Yi and others led the army back, and Jiang Wei and others followed Zhuge Liang's will, kept it secret and slowly retreated. Sima Yi led the army in pursuit, and saw the Shu army's handsome flag fluttering, and Kong Ming's lupine scarf sitting in the car. Sima Yi suspected that Kong Ming was luring the enemy with a trick, so he hurriedly rode his horse and collected his troops, so there was an incident of "Dead Zhuge scared away Living Zhongda". The fourth time was that the Wei army took the initiative to attack, and the Shu army defended, due to the heavy rain for several days, the flash flood broke out, and the plank road was washed away, and Shu and Wei did not fight. Zhuge Liang's last words ordered his subordinates to bury themselves in Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong, and build a tomb according to the mountain, the tomb can only accommodate the coffin, wear the usual clothes to bury, and do not need to use other utensils to bury. Zhuge Liang was buried in the tomb of Wuhou in Dingjun Shanmian County. Zhuge Liang once pointed out that he has no excess property, only 800 mulberry trees and 15 hectares of land, and what he wears is given by the imperial court, even if his son is self-sufficient, he has no extra property. Sure enough, Zhuge Liang was the same until he died, and even before he died, he also instructed him to dig only one hole when he was buried, and the coffin could be put in it, and he could wear ordinary clothes, and there was no need for other burial objects. [20] Thirty years after Zhuge Liang's death, his eldest son Zhuge Zhan and his eldest grandson Zhuge Shang died in battle in the Battle of Mianzhu. (To be continued......)