Primordial nucleosynthesis, a concept in cosmophysics, refers to the process by which the universe produces nuclei of elements other than hydrogen nuclei in the early stages of the universe. Pen ~ fun ~ pavilion www.biquge.info

It is generally believed that this process began ten seconds after the Big Bang and lasted about ten minutes. And in these ten minutes, the first helium element and even isotopes of hydrogen and helium appeared in this universe for the first time.

Later, the temperature and density of the universe decreased, making nuclear fusion no longer sustainable. At this time, the mass of the hydrogen nucleus is about three times that of the helium nucleus, and the other nuclei are only traceable.

The abundance of elements in the universe is also determined by this period. After that, no matter how many light elements are converted into heavy elements by nuclear fusion, it cannot change the fact that hydrogen is the most abundant.

Of course, this stage is already a relatively late stage of the Big Bang - although it may have been only ten seconds away from the original Big Bang, it still existed for at least ten years. To put it more carefully, it can be regarded as the penultimate period of the second stage of the evolution of the universe.

The last stage closest to primordial nucleosynthesis was the "emergence of protoprimortrinos".

These two stages can be said to be closely related.

Of course, if we talk about the influence of the number of neutrino "generations", it is more than that.

The first stage of the Big Bang, the third period - that is, the first stage of the evolution of the entire universe. Approximately between 10^-36 seconds and 10^-12 seconds after the Big Bang. In this period of less than a billionth of a second, the four fundamental forces diverge from the initial great unity, and the various forces separate from each other across the temperature of the transition.

This stage is known as the "electroweak period".

The period of electroweakness is the period when the confinement of color is broken. "Color" or "color lotus" is the power of later generations to pinch quarks into nucleos.

In the Earth universe, there are only three generations of quarks. In the Shenzhou universe, there may be a fourth-generation quark. If there is a fourth generation of quarks, it means that the evolution of the "electroweak period" of the Shenzhou universe is more complex than the universe in which the earth is located.

In other words, as long as the existence of the fourth generation of neutrinos is finalized, then Wang Qi can further speculate on the quark model of the universe based on this conclusion, and even speculate on the initial states of the universe.

According to current mainstream theory, life was not born in the era of unification or electroweakness, which was less than a billionth of a second before the Big Bang. How can life be born so easily?

These two periods are even earlier than the "boom period". In the period of electroweakness, the "space" or "scale" of the universe has not yet unfolded. The universe of that period did not even have the slightest feature that could be called "vast". Only after the "period of electroweakness" followed by the "period of inflation" will the spatial curvature of the universe become flat. It was only then that the universe entered the phase of homogeneous and isotropic expansion.

However, a small space or a short period of time may not be an obstacle to the existence of life.

If the entropy of the universe is also increasing, then at the beginning of the Big Bang, the entropy must be extremely low, and everything will be orderly. At this time, it is not entirely impossible for a living being to be born with this extremely low entropy and a very high degree of order.

If a creature with a will is born at this stage, even Wang Qi can't imagine how strong that creature can be. The existing cultivation system simply can't accommodate such a thing.

Even the lucky creatures that are officially presumed to be "strongest" by the Immortal Alliance should have been created between hundreds of thousands of and 100 million years after the Big Bang.

Perhaps, the ultimate secret of the creation of the universe, as well as the secrets of the ancient immortals and the divine birth, are all in it.

"Such a big project...... Chongbai Yu didn't doubt Wang Qi's ability much now. He sighed: "Such a big ...... No, it should be said that this kind of project, which may involve the nature of the universe, will actually have my share of ......"

"Don't look down on yourself. ”

At this time, Chongbai Yu was able to relax. He crouched on the edge of the black substance, completely taking these dangerous things as scenery. He said: "This kind of project should have been the kind of big project that costs nothing. This kind of project must be at least one school and a number of carefree leaders to start, and with so many carefree monks starting, it is natural that there are many followers below. At my level, it's really hard to squeeze in - besides, the field is not necessarily suitable. ”

"Then don't think too much of our little empirical department. Wang Qi said: "This thing, in addition to being cheap, really has no special advantages." ”

Compared with the existing collision arrays in the Ethereal Palace (excluding the Heavenly Palace Collider), the Gaoling Environment Collision Array designed by Wang Qi is not superior in terms of measurement accuracy and the empirical items that can be undertaken. Its biggest advantage is that it is "cheap".

A large number of "cheap" empirical evidence, while obtaining key data, will also produce a large amount of data of little significance. No one knows if the empirical data makes sense until it is processed. So doing so will undoubtedly consume more computing resources.

This is also the reason why Wang Qi has to build the Shinto calculator first no matter what. If he didn't have that Shinto Calculator, he would have to wait for days or even dozens of days before he could get enough computing resources from the Ten Thousand Immortals Fantasy Realm.

Chong Bai Yu came over again: "By the way, how did you get the possible source of the fourth neutrino? What kind of formation do you use?

There are two main ways to find neutrinos in nature.

First, the sun. Neutrinos were originally a concept that was developed to explain a kind of decay of uranium atoms. This decay is not limited to the decay of uranium. Nuclear reactions are accompanied by the production of neutrinos. And the sun, or star, is the largest nuclear reactor.

Second, the atmosphere. When high-energy rays from the universe enter the atmosphere, they produce various changes that cause neutrinos to be produced in the atmosphere. This kind of research, even more exaggerated than "a drop in the ocean", is to search for some microscopic particles in the entire atmosphere that may not add up to a grain of rice.

However, these two studies have lower infrastructure requirements - at least not as perverted as the large collider.

In countries without large colliders, "solar neutrino disappearance" and "atmospheric neutrino anomalies" can be said to have held up the sky for particle physics.

Wang Qi shook his head and smiled: "The fourth neutrino only exists in the high spirit environment, and the sun is here in the outer environment of an astronomical unit, and the aura is extremely thin and disorderly. Even if the sun continues to produce a fourth neutrino, it is time for it to decay at a distance of one astronomical unit. The world we occupy was still being harvested by ancient cultivation 10,000 years ago, and the aura of the planet was not very high, so it was difficult to naturally produce fourth-generation neutrinos in the atmosphere. Even if there were, it was hard to find. ”

It's possible to go through the entire atmosphere to find a class of particles. But find a particle...... Forget it.

Chong Bai Yu nodded: "That's right...... So what are you going to do?"

Wang Qi reached out to his chest and stabbed it - a scary gesture that may have been a little scary, but in reality, there was no blood. He simply reached into the curl of space created by the beast's trap.

He drew a long sword: "This is the best source of the situation." ”

Chong Bai Yu almost knelt down: "God...... Heavenly Sword?"

"The Heavenly Sword has been undergoing a nuclear reaction in a high-spirit environment. Wang Qi inserted the sheathed Heavenly Sword into the ice and smiled confidently: "On this planet, I really can't think of a better source of occurrence than this - the point is, if you just capture neutrinos, its cost is close to nothing." ”

"You must be the first Heavenly Sword Envoy to use the Heavenly Sword like this......" Chong Bai Yu said speechlessly: "Many seniors of the Heavenly Sword Palace know about it, I don't know what kind of expression it will be......"

That's the right way to use it. Wang Qi said proudly: "If a weapon can be used to seek the Tao, that is the greatest glory of the weapon." ”

On the scale of the "universe", any victory, defeat, honor and disgrace is only a moment, and only the light of "wisdom" is eternal.

-- Wang Qi is definitely not the only one who holds this view. In fact, the original plan of the discoverers of neutrinos on Earth, Reins and Covan, was to detonate several nuclear weapons to capture neutrinos.

They must also resonate with Wang Qi - of course, it is not excluded that they just like to blow up and blow up. Of course, it cannot be ruled out that Wang Qi is just having a bad taste.

The only difference between Wang Qi and the two pioneers is that because the two pioneers really couldn't get the atomic bomb, they had no choice but to give up their great plan and use a more moderate reactor. And Wang Qi, who is the envoy of the Heavenly Sword, can use the Heavenly Sword as much as he wants-as long as he doesn't go crazy to bomb people.

- So, cultivating immortals, it's good.

After capturing the signs of the existence of the fourth neutrino, Wang Qi can further adjust his knowledge based on the Standard Model of the Earth, confirming the difference between the elementary particle level here and the aura-free universe in which the Earth is located.

Combined with some observations from the Xuanxing view, he can even rule out the possibility of more neutrinos and the lower limit of the mass of neutrinos.

In other words, the initial data, combined with some theories on Earth, allowed him to make a judgment about whether there were only four neutrinos in this universe, or whether a fifth neutrino could exist in a higher aura environment.

And this presumption can be fed back to the lepton-antilepton annihilation model, and to the internal structure of nucleons, allowing Wang Qi to speculate whether there are six, eight, ten, or more quarks. (To be continued.) )