The term "condensed matter" refers to a system that consists of a large number of particles and has strong interactions between the particles. Pen ~ Fun ~ Pavilion www.biquge.info There are various condensed matter substances in nature. Superfluidics, superconductivity, Bose-Einstein condensates, ferromagnetic states in magnetic media, antiferromagnetic states, etc., are also condensed states.

On Earth, the so-called "condensed matter physics" is the science that studies the microstructure of condensed matter composed of a large number of microscopic particles, the interaction between particles, the laws of motion, and the properties and applications of matter.

On Earth, condensed matter physics has its origins in solid-state physics and low-temperature physics in the 19th century. It is a discipline formed by taking solid state physics as the backbone, further broadening the research object and deepening the research level. The level of his research includes macroscopic, mesoscopic to microscopic, the material dimension of his research, including three-dimensional, low-dimensional and fractional dimensional, the structure of his research, the period to the non-periodic and quasi-periodic, complete to incomplete and near-complete, and the external environment of his research, from conventional conditions to extreme conditions and the intersection of multiple extreme conditions......

It's just that the discipline of condensed matter is also very young. Although the Bose-Einstein condensate was a mature concept long before World War II, it was not until 1984 that the discipline was fully established. Phonon field theory, the BCS theory of low-temperature superconductivity, the theory of semiconductors, and even the "Mott transition" that turns metals from good conductors to insulators......

These discoveries have made scientists begin to pay attention to the problems related to "phase transition". Solid-state physics gradually became associated with some research in the microscopic field, forming the current condensed matter physics.

The two processes can be regarded as the process of quantum field theory going out of the field of quantum physics and gradually penetrating into all aspects of other disciplines.

Superconductivity and superfluidity are important steps in this process.

The so-called "Bose-Einstein condensate" is a special state of matter. In this state of matter, several atoms come together and are subject to various interactions like a particle. In simple terms, it can be thought of as a "superposition of many particles" - that is, a type of "macroscopic superposition".

Of course, this "macro" is also relative.

Superfluids are phenomenal, essentially quantum statistical phenomena, and a condensative act.

Superconductors, on the other hand, can be regarded as condensed matter composed of electrons inside a crystal that does not interact with the crystal lattice. You can imagine this picture -- there are countless building blocks that form a grid-like frame, and inside this frame, there is water flowing. The building blocks make a framework that does little to impede water – that's the secret of superconductors. [Of course, boson-based low-temperature superconductivity is limited.] The phenomenon of high-temperature superconductivity is similar to that of low-temperature superconductivity, but the principle is very different.

It can be said that low-temperature superconductivity is a special kind of superfluidity, which is the superflow of electrons.

Unfortunately, there is still no good theory to explain the superflow phenomenon. On the other hand, superconductivity has many theories and models.

Of course, at this stage, the study of superconductors and superfluids is a promotion of condensed matter physics.

Wang Qi's words can indeed be regarded as "guiding the way". Unlike superfluids, superconductors are certainly a popular research direction for immortals. Not to mention, the superconductivity theory's gain on a series of electromagnetic spells in the Heavenly Song System alone can drive many monks of the Unification League crazy.

"Superconductivity, we need to add more cold and hot arrays...... Huo Tongqing lowered his head, thoughtful.

Wang Qi seemed to remember something, and added: "Of course, you can also do the other way around-studying the insulation of metal spiritual materials is also a good direction." ”

Topological insulators are quite popular in the 21st century, and the "Mott transition", which transforms metals into insulators through the interaction between electrons, is an important discovery before solid-state physics moves towards condensed matter physics.

Huo Tongqing nodded, and he didn't know how much he listened. He changed the subject and asked, "By the way, Daoist, are you trying to develop any spell by playing with these zero elemental gases like this?"

"Sorcery? Wang Qi nodded, and then asked, "Is there any scrap metal refining material here that you don't need?"

Huo Tongqing pointed to the corner of the wall. In an instant, a few faint red rays pierced it. Even if Huo Tongqing was a cultivator in the Void Refining Period, he almost didn't catch their tracks without paying attention. By the time he came to his senses, the pieces of metal had been cut into pieces.

"This ...... This is ......" Huo Tongqing narrowed his eyes: "What a sharp method...... What a quick move!"

He could see it at a glance. Wang Qi had just used the Imperial Technique to control the Zero Elemental Gas, which was a superfluid, and gave these superfluids kinetic energy.

Because it is superfluid, element zero gas has the singular characteristics of non-viscosity and non-entropy. And because Element Zero is composed entirely of neutrons, it hardly interacts with air.

Non-sticky, meaning it doesn't lose heat energy due to meaningless movement inside. It has almost no interaction with ordinary matter, which means that it will not be resisted by any foreign object, and can even directly "penetrate" into the object. And no entropy - in this universe, no entropy means that he can make his spiritual power without losing it, and he can fully exert it.

Since there was almost no interaction with the air, the air flow brought by Wang Qi's blow did not even attract Huo Tongqing's attention. Since it is non-sticky, Wang Qi can also easily accelerate it to a speed that is difficult for a Genshin Stage monk to react to.

"Amazing, it's really powerful...... Huo Tongqing was full of praise: "I am a disciple of the Golden Valley, many of them have cultivation methods to improve their ability to control a certain element. Iron resistance, hydrogen resistance, and carbon resistance are relatively common. But if everyone learns how to control Element Zero, everyone will have this skill......"

"Mr. Huo, don't be too busy getting excited. Wang Qi shook his head: "This kung fu is not as simple as you think. ”

"What do you say?" Huo Tongqing calmed down a little from the excitement.

"First of all, there is almost no natural element zero in heaven and earth. In our environment, Element Zero has long since decayed. Wang Qi let go of the zero elemental gas in his hand: "If you want to use it, you have to carry the well-preserved zero-element gas with you." ”

At this time, the entire empirical department was already filled with glowing gas. In a very short period of time, Element Zero kept the temperature of the entire empirical department consistent. Since the outside temperature in Nanming was much lower than the indoor temperature, the superfluid quickly escaped through the crack in the door, even if the door was airtight.

Looking at such a scene, Huo Tongqing pondered: "Well, in fact, the zero element is not expensive, and the price is even lower than that of the high-level rune seal. If it is a disciple of the Yudan period, it is reasonable for each person to carry ten to twenty branches. And the superfluid of a test tube can give a disciple of the Dan stage a blow that is fast enough to surpass the idle primordial god...... Even if you can't jump over the level because of the strength limit, it can still exist as a kill move of the same level. ”

"It's not realistic. Wang Qi shook his head: "Do you know the phrase 'draw a knife and cut off the water, and the water will flow more'?"

Huo Tongqing was taken aback: "You mean ......?"

"Because they are purely neutrons, they have almost no interatomic interaction with conventional matter. Although it is not very difficult to penetrate other objects. However, the kinetic energy that ordinary monks can exert on it is not too strong, and if it falls on a single atom of element zero, it may not be able to withstand the nuclear force of the atom. Even if it were a blade, it would barely cut through anything - it would have seeped in. ”

Of course, vigorously produce miracles. If a monk can accelerate element zero to the point where the relativistic effect needs to be considered, it can still be turned into an air blade, and people can block and kill people and kill Buddhas. But right...... Your old man has such a great ability, why not speed up? Even if it is to accelerate the air, it is more efficient than Element Zero!

Huo Tongqing pointed to a pile of debris in the corner of the wall: "Those are ......"

"That's it. Wang Qi spread his hands: "I used the zero elemental gas to play a heavenly song line. Since gas zero is superfluid and has zero entropy, the electric energy of Tiange Xing has been completely transmitted. In addition, it does not have any electrical properties of its own, so this conduction is not difficult. What really tears these pieces of iron and isolates the electromagnetic interaction between atoms is not the zero elemental qi blade, but my heavenly song line electric energy. Saying that, Wang Qi patted his chest: "It's not me who blows." During the Dan Period, my Heavenly Song Practice was quite authentic, and the monks of the Unified Alliance were generally not as good as me. ”

Huo Tongqing's fiery heart was immediately half extinguished.

What really works is the Heavenly Song Xing Electric Strength, which means that the attack exerted through the zero elemental gas really relies on Wang Qi's own strength. If the enemy's mana surpasses Wang Qi and can neutralize this force, then the Zero Elemental Air Blade will have no effect.

If you have to say it...... At most, this allows a monk to simply break through another monk's talisman and pass his own blow undamaged.

However, considering that some talisman qi has the attribute of "rejecting all substances", it is still unknown how effective this method can be.

"Hmm, so being used as an aura indicator is its biggest use at this stage. Wang Qi shrugged. Many of the methods on his body can cross the level and hurt the enemy, and he naturally can't look down on this kind of small spell of "game work".

"Spell industrial cutting can be considered for a purpose, and in addition, it also has a certain effect as a coolant to maintain a uniform temperature within a certain range......

――If you think about it, it is clear that low-temperature superconductivity is a special kind of superfluid, but it is not unreasonable that the theory of superconductivity is far more advanced than superfluidity itself. After all, there are far more applications of superconductivity than superfluidity.

"It's really a real world, whether it's the previous one or this one. Wang Qi shook his head and sighed in his heart. (To be continued.) )