"Descendants of Yan Huang" and "descendants of Yan Huang" have also become common terms for Chinese to refer to themselves, and the Yellow Emperor is more often mentioned than the Yan Emperor. According to the Classic of Mountains and Seas, Emperor Yan was defeated by the Yellow Emperor at the Battle of Hanquan, and then Chiyou gathered the Yan Emperor's subordinates and then lost to the Yellow Emperor at the Battle of Zhuolu.

It is said that the Yellow Emperor's surname is Gongsun, and he lives in Xuanyuan Hill, so he is called Xuanyuan. He lived in Ji Shui, and later changed his surname to Ji. In the historical books of the pre-Qin Dynasty, the Yellow Emperor is surnamed Ji, and there is no surname of Gongsun, and the country is known as Youxiong, also known as Youxiong. There are also Dihong, Dixuan, Jinyun and other latter to explain historical materials.

Introduction: The birthplace of the Yellow Emperor has two theories: Tianshui, Gansu and Xinzheng, Henan. The first volume of "Hanshu List Examination" contains: (Yellow Emperor) surnamed Ji, the son of Shaodian. Shaodian takes the Qiao family, the name is attached to the treasure, the sense of the big electricity around the pivot, pregnant for twenty-five months, to Wu Si day born Yellow Emperor in Tianshui. [8] [9]。 According to the "Historical Records of the Five Emperors", it is recorded: "The Yellow Emperor, the son of Shaodian, is surnamed Gongsun and named Xuanyuan. ...... The Yellow Emperor resides in the Hill of Xuanyuan". "Xuanyuan Hill" is located in Xinzheng, and it is said that "the unification of the Ming Dynasty". According to legend, the Yellow Emperor was born on the third day of the third month of the summer calendar, and one said that he was born on the second day of the second month of February. "Earlier, Emperor Yan and the Yellow Emperor allied against Chiyou, and Later Yan and Huang launched the Battle of Hanquan, and the Yellow Emperor won the victory,[10]*** Later Yellow Emperor captured and killed Chiyou in the Battle of Zhuolu. [11] , won the victory, and unified the tribes of the Central Plains. After the war, the Yellow Emperor led his troops into the Jiuli region, and then at the top of Mount Tai, he met all the tribes in the world, and held a grand ceremony to seal the Zen and sacrifice heaven and earth. Suddenly, a large worm appeared in the sky, and the color was still yellow, and people said that he took Tude as the emperor, so he called himself the Yellow Emperor [12]. Since then, the status of the Yellow Emperor as the co-ruler of the world has finally been established. Gather the Yan and Huang tribes to defeat Chiyou in the Battle of Zhuolu. [13]。

"Road History: Later Ji I" contains: "The Yellow Emperor began to divide the land and build the country". It is said that after the Yellow Emperor laid the foundation of the world, "the rear of the wind cut thousands of miles, draw the field and divide the territory, and get the small and big country and ten thousand districts", and formulated the country's official system, such as the central official named Yun, the one in charge of clan affairs called Qingyun, and the one in charge of the military called Jinyun, and set up the left and right eunuchs to supervise the tribes in the world. Fenghou, Limu, Changxian, and Dahong were appointed ministers to govern the people. He also often offered sacrifices to the mountains and rivers and ghosts[14]. He calculated and formulated the calendar with the yarrow. He regularly toured various places to learn about the people's living conditions, so he was deeply loved by the people.

In addition, when the Yellow Emperor was the co-master, he went to ancient times, and the people's life was simple and simple, so the Yellow Emperor taught the people to cook and eat cooked food, and created textile technology to make clothes and crowns, and protect the body from the cold. He also ordered his ministers to be responsible for the creation of different technologies, such as Xi He and Chang Xi were responsible for observing the sun and moon respectively, observing the planets in the Xuan area, Ling Lun created the law Lü, Da Luo founded the Jiazi, and the head invented arithmetic, Rong Cheng synthesized the above six techniques to make music and rhythm. The Yellow Emperor also asked Linglun and Vertical to make musical instruments and bells, Fu Chanting and Cangjie to make characters, Shi Huang to make pictures, Yongfu to make pestles and mortars, Yi Mu to make arrows, wave bows, and make drums and goods for boats.

The Yellow Emperor had four concubines and ten concubines. The concubine is the Xiling clan, the name of the ancestor [15], she taught the people to raise silkworms and silk, weaving silk to make clothes, so there is the title of "first silkworm", the second concubine is named the mother-in-law, ugly in appearance, but noble in virtue, deeply respected by the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow Emperor had twenty-five sons, fourteen of whom were given surnames[16]. These fourteen people got a total of twelve surnames, they are: Ji, You, Qi, Ji, Teng, Bao, Ren, Xun, Xi, Yao, Yi, and Yi. And Shaohao, Zhuan, Emperor Yu, Tang Yao, Yu Shun, and the monarchs of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties are all descendants of the Yellow Emperor.

According to legend, the Yellow Emperor was also proficient in medical skills, and the Chinese medicine "Yellow Emperor's Neijing" was compiled in the genre of questions and answers between the Yellow Emperor and Qi Bo to discuss medical issues, and was divided into two parts: "Su Wen" and "Lingshu". But in fact, it may be the work of later generations in the name of the Yellow Emperor [17].

The Yellow Emperor collapsed and was buried in Qiaoshan (there has always been controversy about the location of Qiaoshan, and the more recognized theory in the academic circles today is Qiaoshan in the southwest of Hugou Village, Hot Spring Tun Township, Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province, on which there is still a Yellow Emperor Temple and enjoys sacrifices until the Later Tang Dynasty until Liao ruled northern China, and the worship has been cut off since then). The Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum in Shaanxi is a clothed mound, because it has long been in the Central Plains Han nationality ruling area, therefore, since the Qin unified China, the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum has been paid to the Yellow Emperor every year in all dynasties, and has been raised to a national ceremony by the emperors of the past dynasties, known as "the ****** mausoleum in the world". But in fact, the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum only belongs to a coffin mound, and the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum also shows this matter on the front tablet, in addition, according to the literature, the Yellow Emperor left when there were colorful clouds flying into the sky, and left by the colored clouds. In 2008, the ancestor worship ceremony in the hometown of the Yellow Emperor of Xinzheng was also included in the ********* intangible cultural heritage by the State Council of China.

The deification of the Yellow Emperor in later generations was carried out gradually. The Zhuangzi mentions that the Yellow Emperor became an immortal, and the Records of the Yellow Emperor recorded that "the Yellow Emperor fought and learned immortals." It is not the way to afflict the people, but to cut off those who are not ghosts and gods. More than 100 years old, and then have supernatural powers. The Yellow Emperor in "The Legend of the Immortals" was also able to drive the immortals. The Yellow Emperor is revered as one of the founders of Taoism in Taoism and has a special status.

Influence: The Yellow Emperor is revered as the "ancestor of China". Liu Yimou commented that the era of the Yellow Emperor was the most prosperous era before the flood: "From the time of the Suiren to the time of the Tang and Yu floods, although there is no exact number of years, it is not less than thousands of years. Therefore, if you look at its production together, you will be surprised by the number of ancient saints, and according to its period, you will see the ugliness of the first people. At the time of sacrifice and farming, although there are various things such as qinse, recklessness, plowing, and soldiers, the simplicity of their lives can be imagined. By the time of the Yellow Emperor, all the saints flourished, and the palace, clothes, boats, carriages, bows and arrows, documents, pictures, legal calendars, and arithmetic began to be combined. Therefore, before the flood, it was really the time of the Yellow Emperor as the time of the first prosperous. During the period of the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor, the Huaxia people gradually formed, so they were regarded as the common ancestors of the Chinese people, so Chinese (including some overseas Chinese) called themselves "descendants of Yan and Huang". Every year, Chinese officials hold sacrifices at the Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor in Shaanxi, and there are also ancestor worship activities in Xinzheng, Henan.

In other Ji Xiaolan's "Notes on Reading Wei Caotang", he called "the Yellow Emperor who was a child in miscellaneous"[18], and in "Miscellaneous", he said that the Yellow Emperor was "a good house, a good beautiful maid, a good prostitution, a good horse, a good pear orchard, and a good advocacy". Since the pear orchard only appeared after the Tang Dynasty, this statement may have been echoed by later generations.

Note 1.^ Shen Songqiao. I recommend Xuanyuan with my blood - the myth of the Yellow Emperor and the national construction of the late Qing Dynasty.

2.^ Li Xueqin's "Ancient History, Archaeology and the Two Emperors of Yan and Huang" states: "The Great Dai Li Ji Imperial Lineage contains in detail the genealogy of the descendants of the two sons of the Yellow Emperor,...... Since all kinds of ancient books have basically the same records, the meaning cannot be erased. ”

3.^ Chapter Line. The Classic of Mountains and Seas - Modern Edition.

4.^ "History of the Road" contains: "Shennong used his mother and brother to pass, and he was the king of Shaodian, and he was a prince in the world, and later took Gongsun as his surname. Emperor Xuanyuan was originally named Gongsun, and later changed to Ji. ”

5.^ "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" contains: "The Yellow Emperor lived in Ji Shui, and thought it was his surname. ”

6.^ "Chinese Jin Yu IV" Yun: "Xi Shaodian married Youjiao and gave birth to the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor. The Yellow Emperor was made of Ji Shui, and the Yan Emperor was made of ginger water. Cheng is different from virtue, so the Yellow Emperor is Ji, and the Yan Emperor is Jiang.

7.^ Zhang Shoujie's "Historical Records of Justice" cloud: case, the Yellow Emperor is the monarch of the Xiong Kingdom, the second son of the Shaodian monarch, and the name is the Xiong family. It is also called Jinyun's, also known as Dihong's, and also known as Dixuan's. #p#分页标题#e#

8.^ The father of the Yellow Emperor was King Wu Shaodian of Xiong State, whose mother's name was attached to Bao, and the Yellow Emperor was born in Tianshui on Wuji Day (there are three emperors in Sanmen Township, Qingshui County)

9.^ "Notes on the Book of Water" states: "The Yellow Emperor was born in Tianshui, in the Xuanyuan Valley, seventy miles east of Shangtai City. ”

10.^ "Records of the Five Emperors": "Fighting with Emperor Yan in the field of Hanquan. Three battles, and then get its will. ”

11.^ "Records of the Five Emperors": "The Yellow Emperor was a conscription of the princes, and fought with Chiyou in the field of Zhuolu, and then killed Chiyou. ”

12.^ "Records of the Five Emperors": "There is the Rui of Tude, so he is called the Yellow Emperor." ”

13.^ "Taiping Yulan" volume 79 quotes "Jiang Zi's Treatise on Ten Thousand Machines" and says: "At the beginning of the Yellow Emperor, he raised the people and was not good at fighting, and the four emperors each gave the title of square color and conspired with them...... So he set up a camp to destroy the four emperors. ”

14.^ "Records of the Five Emperors": "The official names are all Yun Ming, and they are Yun Shi. Put the right and left great prisons, and put them in prison for all nations. All nations are harmonious, and the ghosts, gods, mountains and rivers seal Zen and are many. Won the treasure ding, welcome the sun to push. After raising the wind, Li Shepherd, Chang Xian, and Dahong govern the people. Ying Shao said: "The Yellow Emperor was ordered, and there was Yunrui, so the cloud chronicle was also." The spring official is Qingyun, the summer official is Jinyun, the autumn official is Baiyun, the winter official is Heiyun, and the middle official is Huangyun. ”

15.^ "Records of the Five Emperors": "The Yellow Emperor lived in Xuanyuan Hill, and married the daughter of Xiling, who was the ancestor. The ancestor is the concubine of the Yellow Emperor......"

16.^ "Records of the Five Emperors": "The Yellow Emperor had twenty-five sons, and fourteen of them had the surname. ”

17.^ For those who bear the word "Yellow Emperor" in the title of Chinese classics, there are 15 titles in the Hanshu Yiwen Zhi, 26 titles in the Sui Shu Jingzhi Chronicles, 18 titles in the Old Tang Dynasty Books and Art and Literature Chronicles, and 30 titles in the New Tang Dynasty Books and Art and Literature Chronicles, a total of 89 titles.

18.^ "Notes on Reading Wei Caotang", vol. 12