Suona, also known as the horn, the English name souna small suona is called the siren. Suona, eight holes are cut in the wooden conical tube (seven in the front and one in the back), the upper end of the pipe is equipped with a thin copper pipe, the upper end of the copper pipe is covered with a double-reed reed whistle, and the upper end of the wooden pipe has a copper bowl-shaped amplifier. Although the suona has eight holes, (Surna transliteration), in the murals of the Kizil Cave Temple in Xinjiang during the Western Jin Dynasty, there have been paintings of suona performance, and it has been circulated among the Chinese folk in the 16th century at the latest. The sound of suona is bright, the volume is large, the tube body is wooden, into a round cone, and the upper end is equipped with a brass pipe with a whistle, which is called propaganda in Taiwanese folk, and will be called "eight sounds" in Guangdong. Folk musical instruments are widely spread in China. The pronunciation is high-pitched and loud, and in the past, it was mostly used in folk blowing song meetings, Yangge meetings, drum music classes, and accompaniment of local opera and opera. It has become a unique solo instrument, and is used for national band ensemble or opera, song and dance accompaniment.

Suona, a type of musical instrument, was circulated among Chinese folklore in the 16th century. Eight holes were made in the wooden conical pipe, the upper end of the pipe was equipped with a thin copper pipe, the upper end of the copper pipe was covered with a double-reed reed whistle, and the upper end of the wooden pipe had a copper bowl-shaped amplifier. The sound of the suona is bright and loud, and the tube body is wooden and cone-shaped.

2 Basic IntroductionEdit

Suona is a kind of Chinese national wind instrument, introduced by Persia (Surna transliteration), in the Western Jin Dynasty in the murals of the Kizil Cave Temple in Xinjiang has appeared in the painting of suona performance, as early as in the 16th century in the Chinese folk circulation. The sound of the suona is bright and loud, the tube body is wooden, in a round cone, the upper end is equipped with a copper pipe with a whistle, and the lower end is covered with a copper bell mouth (called a bowl), so it is also called a horn. It is called propaganda in Taiwanese folk, and it is also called "eight sounds" in Guangdong. A folk musical instrument that is widely circulated throughout China. The pronunciation of suona is high-pitched and loud, and it has been mostly used in folk blowing songs, Yangge meetings, drum classes, and local opera and opera accompaniment. After continuous development, the performance skills have been enriched, the expressiveness has been improved, and it has become a unique solo instrument, and is used for the ensemble of the national band or the accompaniment of opera, song and dance.

3 Historical origins, edit

The original suona was a musical instrument that spread in Persia and Arabia, and even the name suona is also a transliteration of the ancient Bosno Surnā. Suona appeared in China around the third century AD, and the music murals in Cave 38 of the Kizil Caves in Baicheng, Xinjiang, have been played with suona. In the Jin and Yuan dynasties more than 700 years ago, it spread to the Central Plains of China. It has been translated as "Suona", "Pinna", "Surnai", "Suonai", "Suonai", "Instigation" and other names. As for the origin of suona, it is said that the murals of the Kirkez Grottoes (c. 265-420) in Baicheng, Xinjiang in the third century already have the image of a musician playing suona. Another said that it was introduced to the Central Plains during the Jin and Yuan dynasties, and was also called "horn" and "horn". During the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was widely spread among the people, mostly used in the wind and percussion bands for weddings and funerals, and also used as an accompaniment instrument for folk songs, dances and operas. Suona historical materials were first seen in the Ming Dynasty. Ming Wang Qi's "Sancai Tuhui": "Suo Nai, its system is like a horn, seven holes, the beginning and end are made of copper, and the pipe is made of wood. "The joy of being in the army is also used by the people today. "In the Qing Dynasty, suona was included in the Huibu music in the court, and it was also used in the Dajia Lu book. Because both ends are made of copper, it is also called "Chrysostom". Later, it was derived from large suona, medium suona and small suona. The shape and size of the double-reed musical instruments vary from ethnic group to region and to region, and their names are also different. The relatively small shape is called the "siren". The larger one introduced from Myanmar is called "Nie Dou Jiang". The suona used in Tibetan Buddhism is also known as "pear". The suona is loud, high-pitched, and penetrating. It is suitable for expressing a warm and cheerful musical style, but many folk artists can also use their lips to press the reed, control the breath, and blow soft weak notes (also known as "flute sounds") to express lyrical or mournful emotions. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a record of suona in ancient books: during the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty (1506~1521), suona has been widely used in China. The Ming Dynasty military general Qi Jiguang (1527~1587) once used suona in military music. In his "Ji Xiao Xinshu Wu Bei Zhi", he said: "Whoever holds the horn and flute is playing the suona." Wang Pan of the Ming Dynasty "Chaotianzi Yong Trumpet" is the best article to describe suona: "Trumpet, suo, the song is small, and the cavity is big." The official ships coming and going are chaotic, and it all depends on you to raise your value. When the army listens to the army's sorrows, and the people listen to the people's fears, where can they distinguish between the true and the false? Seeing that this house has been blown over, and that family has been blown up, the goose has only been blown away. "In the late Ming Dynasty, suona has occupied an important position in opera music, used to accompany singing and play cutscenes. In folk instrumental music based on opera music, suona has also become an inseparable instrument. In the Qing Dynasty, suona was called "Surnai" and was compiled into the court's "Huibu Music". Today, suona has become one of the most widely used musical instruments by people of all ethnic groups in China. China attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage, and on May 20, 2006, suona art was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.

4 Widely popular editing

Suona is a folk wind instrument with a long history, wide popularity, rich skills and strong expressiveness. It is one of the national musical instruments loved and welcomed by the people, and is widely used in folk weddings, funerals, marriages, weddings, ceremonies, music, ceremonies, sacrifices and Yangge meetings and other ceremonial accompaniments. According to historical data, suona spread in Persia and was introduced to China during the Jin and Yuan dynasties. According to the written records, during the 1506-1521 snow period of Ming Zhengde's cave, Wang Xilou wrote such a sentence in his lyrics: "Suona instigation, the song is small, and the cavity is big." During the Hongzhi period of the Ming Dynasty, the "Music and Learning Track" of the Korean seal was written: "Suona system and horn...... I don't know where it started, it was a joy in the army, and it is often used by the people today. In the Ming Dynasty, suona was compiled into "Huibu Music", called "Su Ernai". There are more than 20 ethnic groups in China that are popular with suona, and the popular areas are different, and their names are different: the Han nationality has a variety of names such as suona, big flute, siren, trumpet, suona, wurawa, warm son, pear blossom, etc., and in the Ming and Qing dynasties, there are many names such as Surnai, Deli, trumpet, Jinkoujiao, Niedoujiang: the Uygur people call Sunair, the Li people call it Mobang, Bailai, Zainai, Shala, etc., and the Mongolian people call it Sushkul, Naren Shuaige and so on. However, suona is a worldwide musical instrument, distributed in more than 30 countries in Asia, Africa and Europe, and different countries also have different names: Japan in Northeast Asia is called Charumiro; North Korea and South Korea are called Taiping Xiao; Southeast Asian countries are called Sala Sharuna; Dagestan in Central Asia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and other countries are called Zurnai or Surnai; Suona South Asia is called Suona, India, Afghanistan and other countries are called Suona, Shana, Zurna and other countries respectively; Oman, Kuwait and other countries in West Asia are called Syria and other countries are called Sreyi, Egypt and Algeria in North Africa are called Mizmar, Zulna, and Zukhana respectively, while Romania, Yugoslavia, and Albania in Europe are called Surle, and Russia is called Zulna, and so on. And suona is a unified name in modern times. Suona was introduced to China in the Jin and Yuan eras. Suona: commonly known as "trumpet". A folk musical instrument that is widely circulated throughout our country. The pronunciation is high-pitched and loud, and in the past, it was mostly used in folk blowing song meetings, Yangge meetings, drum music classes, and accompaniment of local opera and opera. After continuous development, the performance skills have been enriched, the expressiveness has been improved, and it has become a unique solo instrument, and is used for the ensemble of the national band or the accompaniment of opera, song and dance. The original suona was a musical instrument that spread in Persia and Arabia, and even the name suona is also a transliteration of the ancient Bosno Surnā. Suona appeared in China around the third century AD, and the music murals in Cave 38 of the Kizil Caves in Baicheng, Xinjiang, have been played with suona. In the Jin and Yuan dynasties more than 700 years ago, it spread to the Central Plains of China. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a record of suona in ancient books: during the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty (1506~1521), suona has been widely used in China. The Ming Dynasty military general Qi Jiguang (1527~1587) once used suona in military music. In his "Ji Xiao Xinshu Wu Bei Zhi", he said: "Whoever holds the horn and flute is playing the suona." A more detailed record can be found in the Ming Dynasty Wangqi's compilation of "Sancai Tuhui" (1607): suona, which is made like a trumpet, with seven holes, and the head and tail are made of copper, and the pipe is made of wood. I don't know where it started, and the joy of being in the army. Nowadays, people use it more. Wang Pan of the Ming Dynasty "Chaotianzi Yong Trumpet" is the best article to describe suona: "Trumpet, suo, the song is small, and the cavity is big." The official ships coming and going are chaotic, and it all depends on you to raise your value. When the army listens to the army's sorrows, and the people listen to the people's fears, where can they distinguish between the true and the false? Seeing that this house has been blown over, and that family has been blown up, the goose has only been blown away. "In the late Ming Dynasty, suona has occupied an important position in opera music, used to accompany singing and play cutscenes. In folk instrumental music based on opera music, suona has also become an inseparable instrument. In the Qing Dynasty, suona was called "Surnai" and was compiled into the court's "Huibu Music". Today, suona has become one of the widely used musical instruments by people of all ethnic groups in China.

5 Range Tone Editing

D-key soprano suona uses a treble clef to score according to the actual pitch. It has a total range of a(1)-b(3) and a common range in bands is a(1)-d(3). The sound of the suona in the middle and low registers is bold and strong, and all kinds of techniques are easy to play and very expressive, while the high registers are tense and sharp, so they should be used cautiously in the band.

6 Qinyang suona editor

Qinyang suona is a wooden oboe instrument, its volume is large, the sound quality is bright, rough, easy to play, good at expressing the warm and unrestrained scene and the mood of joy and sorrow. In 1606, Zhu Zaiyu, a musician of Qinyang, used scientific methods to clarify the twelve equal laws, solved the problem of "spiral phase is the palace" that has been discussed by all over the ages, and improved the pronunciation position of suona, and developed the "three-eyed pipe" on the basis of the suona eight-tone hole, which made great contributions to the development of China's national wind music. Zhu Zaiyu also served as the leader of the Qinyang suona performance, and he founded the "Golden Drum Society" in Jiufeng Temple, where suona classes from all over the country gather on the 23rd day of the ninth month of the lunar calendar. Under the influence of Zhu Zaiyu, the suona classes in the Huaiqing Mansion area gradually increased, the "Tongle Club" and "Jiajia Class" in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and the "Majin Class", "Maodan Class" and "Yinhe Class" in the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China had a great influence in the local area. Qinyang has a saying that "the big sedan chair, the hemp gold blows, the hemp gold does not blow and the marriage is not married", and "the aunt and son-in-law arrive, and Mao Dan does not blow the sedan chair". The suona in Qinyang can be divided into four major factions as a whole. With the Qinhe River as the boundary, it is divided into the Qinbei School and the Qinnan School, and the two schools have different playing styles. Suona was introduced to China in the Jin and Yuan eras. Suona: commonly known as "trumpet". A folk musical instrument that is widely circulated throughout our country. The pronunciation is high-pitched and loud, and in the past, it was mostly used in folk blowing song meetings, Yangge meetings, drum music classes, and accompaniment of local opera and opera. After continuous development, the performance skills have been enriched, the expressiveness has been improved, and it has become a unique solo instrument, and is used for the ensemble of the national band or the accompaniment of opera, song and dance.

7 Instrument Feature Editing

The traditional suona tube has a total of eight holes, which are pressed by the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger of the right hand, and the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and ring finger of the left hand (the left and right fingers can be changed if the dominant hand is different) to control the pitch. The way of pronunciation is to hold a reed whistle (i.e. a reed) in the mouth, blow hard to make it vibrate and make a sound, and through the vibration and amplification of the wooden pipe body and the metal bowl, it becomes the sound of the suona. Traditional suona can be divided into small suona (also known as siren), general high-pitched suona, and large suona according to the range and size of the instrument, but it can be divided into various tonal suona (such as G key small suona, F key small suona, D key treble suona, C key high note suona, G key large suona, etc.), the so-called tonality refers to the sound blown when the bottom three holes are released. Generally speaking, the common vocal range of traditional suona is 17 degrees, and the most commonly used soprano suona in D key is concerned. Its vocal range from bass A to treble A (treble B is occasionally used, but it is difficult to blow) modern improved key suona, generally can be divided into, key treble suona, key alto suona, key tenor suona, key bass suona, etc., its characteristics are increased keys and chromatic holes, in order to increase the range and stabilize the pitch. Due to the different regions and manufacturers, the shape and the way of pressing the hole are also different, with the most common keyed alto suona and sound, the commonly used vocal range is generally 18 degrees. The biggest feature of suona is that it can control the whistle with its mouth to make changes in volume, pitch, timbre, and the use of various techniques, which makes it very difficult to control the pitch of suona on the one hand, and on the other hand, it makes the change in timbre volume greatly, and can make a very complete glissandoshi through the control of pitch, which makes suona a very expressive instrument. In addition to the condition of the whistle will affect the labor-saving and intonation, depending on the different tunes and timbre needs, the whistle must also be finely adjusted in different ways.