The pendant is also known as the pendant, the falling string, the Han stringed instrument. It is the main accompaniment instrument of Henan Quyi pendant book. Around the end of the Qing Dynasty, when singing Yingge Liushu (a kind of rap music) falling qin, he held the accompaniment instrument Xiao Sanxian, which reformed and developed into a falling qin. The speaker of the pendant is slightly smaller than the three strings, the drum surface is changed from python skin to paulownia board, and the stem retains the fingerboard of the three strings, which is played with a horsetail bamboo bow, so it is changed to a stringed instrument. The tone is full-bodied. At present, the pendant qin is mainly spread in northern Henan, southern Lunan and southern Hebei, especially in Henan.

Pendant, also known as pendant. Stringed instruments. It is prevalent in all parts of Henan Province. It is the main accompaniment instrument of Henan rap "pendant book", because of the long fretboard, the large portamento is the most distinctive, and the singing cavity can be set off in detail. While the performer plays the pendant, he also pedals on the pendant to accompany the singer.

At the beginning of this century, it was made by the reform of the small three strings, and the original rap music "Sanxian Hinge Zishu" was accompanied by the small three strings, and then the three strings were changed to the second strings in the "Yingge Liushu", and the python skin on the drum was changed to a thin paulownia plank, which was played with a horsetail bow.

The structure is the same as that of the small three strings, mahogany, rosewood, with a total length of 90-95 cm. The stem, headstock, and fretboard are still in their original form. The speaker is smaller, and the drum of the three strings is slightly smaller, and the two sides are covered with plane wood sheets. A shaft is placed on each side of the headstock, and two strings are opened. It rests on the saddle, and the horsetail bow is played between the two strings. Fixed chords a, d1, range a-d3. Folk stringed instruments, also known as pendants and falling strings, are the main accompaniment instruments of Henan Quyi pendant books. Around the end of the Qing Dynasty, when singing Yingge Liushu (a kind of rap music), he held the accompaniment instrument Xiao Sanxian, which reformed and developed into a pendant qin.

The speaker of the pendant is slightly smaller than the three strings, the drum surface is changed from python skin to paulownia board, and the stem retains the fingerboard of the three strings, which is played with a horsetail bamboo bow, so it is changed to a stringed instrument. The tone is full-bodied. At present, the pendant qin is mainly spread in northern Henan, southern Lunan and southern Hebei, especially in Henan. The other is called the pendant hu or erxian, the barrel is slightly longer like the erhu barrel, one side is covered with snakeskin, and the stem is fretboard with three strings. The timbre is high-pitched and soft. It is the main accompaniment instrument for Henan opera music minor tunes and Shandong qinshu and Lv opera. Now it is mainly popular in Henan and Shandong. In addition to being used for accompaniment in opera and opera, the pendant qin is also used for ensemble and solo performances.

The traditional form of playing the pendant is mostly self-playing and singing, when playing, the pendant is placed on the lap, the left hand holds the rod to press the strings, and the right hand holds the bow to play. Tie a hammer to a rack and place it in front of your feet, fix one end of the hammer rod that hits the wooden stick on the frame (the hammer rod can be moved), tie the rope at one end that controls the movement of the hammer stick to the foot, and swing rhythmically to pull the rope to hit the board when you pull yourself and sing.

The main techniques of the falling qin, the left-hand bow method mostly uses the long bow (divided into two kinds of soft bow, hard bow), half bow, short bow, even bow, broken bow, broken bow, double string, etc.;

In modern times, Wang Dianyu, a famous folk artist and pendant player, is good at simulating the important singing passages of famous opera actors of various schools.

Chinese rubbing string instruments. It is also known as Quhu and Erxian. It is mainly spread in Henan and Shandong, and is the main accompaniment instrument of Henan opera, Shandong qinshu and Lu opera. The predecessor of the Falling Hu was the small three strings. When playing for rap and opera, the artist felt that the effect of plucking the instrument was difficult to properly match the singing, so he imitated the huqin, switched to playing with a horsetail bow, and changed the drum to the barrel of the huqin, forming a falling hu. The barrel of the falling huqin resembles four hu, but it is short and thick, made of copper plate or hardwood, and the front mouth is covered with python skin. The stem and headstock resemble three strings. The stem doubles as a fingerboard. Zhang Liangxian. Generally, the strings are A, D1, and the range is A~D3. In addition to accompaniment, it is also used for ensembles and soloists.

The falling hu is a special musical instrument in Chinese folk bands. It was formed at the end of the Qing Dynasty and has a history of hundreds of years. At that time, it was in Henan, Shandong and other places. Spread some local operas, "Yingge Willow", "Three Strings Twisted in the Book" and so on. The instruments that accompany them are small "little three strings". After a long run-in, the artists felt that when playing the small three strings of plucked music, they could not be organically combined with the actors' supporting cavities. So some artists added a horsetail bow between the first and second strings of the small three strings, and it became a string string music. Thus improving the level of singing. This formed the earliest falling beard. Then, in order to improve the pitch, the timbre is perfected. It has undergone many modifications to its speaker. At that time, it was widely spread, so in different places, different dramas. The changes are not the same. There are three main categories of tradition. Quhu pendant. The headstock, stem, fretboard, bow, etc. of these three instruments all retain the shape of the small three strings. The difference is in the barrel.

The pendant is restructured from the small three strings, also known as the pendant or pendant, also known as the second string. It is the main accompaniment instrument for minor tunes, Lv opera and Shandong qinshu. The barrel is made of hardwood or brass and is covered with snakeskin at one end. The stem doubles as a fingerboard. Set two strings, open two strings, and play with a horsetail bow. In addition to accompaniment, it is also used for ensemble and solo. Generally, the strings are set to A, D1, and the range is A-D3. This instrument can be played both solo and ensemble, its vocal range is very wide, the sound is soft, the volume is relatively large, and the difference from other instruments is that it can vividly imitate human voices, singing, speaking, and even the cries of birds and beasts. Popular in the central part of our country, it is the main accompaniment instrument of Henan pendant, Shenze pendant, Shandong qinshu, Lv opera and quyi.

2 Origins of development editing

According to legend, in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1644 - AD 1911) during the Kangxi period, the emperor's imperial decree to remove the court opera troupe, the artists only went to the folk to sell art, one day, an artist's small three strings were bitten by a mouse and broke the skin, but it was about to perform, in a hurry, the artist replaced it with a thin paulownia plank, and the bow of the huqin was sandwiched between the two strings to play, so that a musical instrument that can play music and similar to the human voice was born, which is the falling hu.

According to the facts, Zhu Wanming, an important founder of the opera during the Republic of China, discussed with some "ticket friends" in Datun and Wangtun in the southern suburbs of Luoyang to transform the main instrument of the opera. Referring to the main instrument of the Yue Tune and Henan pendant, they changed the plate resonance of the three strings to a hexagonal barrel based on the three strings, and put python or snake skin on the top to increase the volume, and changed the three strings for plucking to two strings, so they created a new instrument that had never been done before - he and the artists named it "Shenhu". Because of its long stem, large barrel, grand volume, and soft timbre, it is very beautiful, and it adapts to the needs of performances in the square and on the stage. Since then, the falling hu has been set as the main instrument of the opera. At the same time, Zhu Wanming also added percussion instruments such as seven cymbals and eight cymbals to the accompaniment of the opera, which improved the accompaniment effect, so that the "small tone and small key" of the opera suddenly added a grand momentum and expanded the expressiveness of the opera.

There are three kinds of falling Hu that have been developed: Shenze Falling Hu, Sanxian Falling Hu, and Falling Board Hu.

After the Henan pendant was transmitted to Shenze, Hebei, it absorbed the nutrition of Pingju and Hebei Bangzi and combined with local customs and habits, forming a new local opera Shenze Falling Opera, and the accompanying Shenze Falling Hu was also changed from a wooden board to a copper plate, making the vocal range more pure and beautiful, forming a Shenze Falling Hu.

3 Instrument composition editing

The pendant is composed of a stem, a shaft, a barrel, a bow, a string, a horse, etc. The barrel is of hardwood, mahogany or paulownia wood, octagonal, with snakeskin on the front and a hollowed-out border on the back. The stem part is similar to the stem of the three strings, but it is shorter. It is about 90 centimeters long and doubles as a fingerboard, with two strings stretched on a horse and a bow running inside the string. Play with a horsetail bamboo bow. The fourths are fixed with a and a d, and the range is about two and a half octaves. The pendant has a high-pitched, feminine timbre and is used not only for accompaniment, but also for solo and instrumental ensembles.

1. The first and second chords of the moon are the first and second chords of the moon.

2. Refers to a two-stringed instrument. (1) A plucked musical instrument. "Qing Continuation Literature General Examination Le VII": "The two-string main music, camphor wood as the body, the head of the song, the paulownia surface, rectangular, the bottom has a hole, usually three feet. (2) That is, the erhu. "Qing Continuation Literature General Examination Le VII": "The second string is equal to the erhu, but the groove is peeled before and after, the sound is deeper, and the middle part is a musical instrument. See "Erhu".

3. The silk string is thinner than the old string and thicker than the sub-string.

4 Instrument FeaturesEdit

Shape characteristics

The falling hu is very similar to the Xiqin painted in Chen Yang's "Book of Music" in the Song Dynasty, especially the two shafts are placed on the right side of the stem, which is the only stringed instrument of the huqin type popular in the vast Han region of China (the Korean Xiqin is similar to it), and may be its legacy. Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou, Fujian Province (originally built in the Tang Dynasty and rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty) has the image of playing the second string in the wood carving of the Dougong Musician of the Ziyun Hall ("Illustrated Guide to the History of Chinese Music" IV-62).

Playing technique

One of the most noteworthy playing techniques is its imitation function. It can imitate human laughter, roosters, hens, dogs and other animal sounds, and can also imitate the sound of some percussion music. For example, Liang Xianjun's "Big Rising Board" uses the performance technique of the Liandun bow to vividly imitate people's laughter. In Wu Yongping's "Falling Qin and Suona", the falling hu and suona together imitate the calls of many animals, such as roosters, hens, and birds. There is also Mr. Ma Guanglu's "Hanging Flowers Blooming Everywhere in August", which uses the sound of percussion such as gongs and cymbals to set off the atmosphere of the song, which is the climax of the song in an instant. There are also many pieces of music that imitate sounds, so I won't list them all here. There is also the two-string playing technique of the falling hu, because the falling hu is pressed separately, so it can be accompanied by one string, and the melody can be played by one string. This is incomparable to the string music of other peoples.

5 Instrument Structure Editing

The two-string structure used in Cantonese music is different from that used in Fujian Nanyin. In Cantonese music, the two-stringed piano stem is made of wood, the barrel is made of bamboo, the front end is covered with thick python skin, the back end is completely empty, the strings are thicker, the bow is longer, the pronunciation is rough, with sand sound, it is one of the "five heads" of Cantonese music. The overbearing tone in Cantonese opera is also often accompanied by two strings.

The two-stringed stem in Fujian Nanyin is made of bamboo, and the bamboo root is used as the headstock decoration. The barrel is hollowed out from a single piece of wood, with paulownia wood as the soundboard, the back of the barrel is open, and the pins are made of hardwood, and the installation orientation is exactly opposite to the erhu pins, which are installed on the right side of the stem. The bow is made of bamboo and tied to a horsetail, but the tail is softer. To play the second string of Nanyin, the right hand needs to be flexible to grasp the bow. And the outer strings are only allowed to use the push bow, and the inner strings are all used to pull the bow, the pronunciation is weak, simple and elegant.

6 Musical Instrument GenresEdit

At the end of the seventies of the twentieth century, the Shanghai Conservatory of Music successfully developed the three-string pendant. The barrel is made of steel plate, the length and diameter of the barrel are 10 cm, the front mouth is covered with python skin, the stem is 90 cm long, and the 3 strings are set for D, A, D1, using a double-hair bow, the first bow hair is placed between the two strings of A and D1, which is controlled by the middle finger of the right hand, and the second bow hair is tied slightly loosely, placed between the two strings of D and A, and controlled by the ring finger of the right hand, which can play single and double tones. The vocal range extends to the lower register by fifths, from d~d4 to four octaves. The timbre is bright and pure, and the double notes are strong and full.

The three-string pendant not only maintains the original characteristics of the pendant, but also develops and enriches the expressiveness, which is most suitable for playing lively and smooth music, and can simulate sound effects such as percussion instruments, human voices and the chirping of some animals. In the seventies, a new musical instrument was also developed, the Falling Plate Hu. It consists of parts such as the barrel, stem, headstock, pins, passes, strings, strings, strings, and bows. The structure is the use of the treble pendant of the stem and the barrel of the banhu, the total length of the stem is 60 cm, the diameter of the front mouth of the barrel is 10 cm, and the length is 6 cm.

In the accompaniment of Henan opera, the fixed strings are g and c1, and the vocal range is g ~ g3, up to three octaves. The timbre is between the falling hu and the banhu, the bass is soft and similar to the falling hu, and the treble is clear and pure. In addition to being suitable for solo playing, the falling banhu is also integrated and coordinated with other instruments. It has strong local characteristics, and is most suitable for the musical accompaniment of Henan local operas such as Henan opera and opera, and is also suitable for solo performance or accompaniment of song and dance.

7 Instrument Predecessor Editing

Stringed instruments, commonly used in various villages in the county. The small three strings* are made by the user himself, and are carved from the whole piece of Tsubaki tree, chaff tree and Tang pear tree. The total length is about 60 cm, including three parts: the barrel, the chord, and the chord head. The diameter of the string cylinder is 10 cm, the back is carved with a patterned sound window, and the front is stretched with snake skin or toad skin. The string head is twisted like a string, and three old, middle and sub-strings of different thicknesses are used to add string pillows and string yards. The small three strings are used to accompany the sheng and have a grand momentum, and the solo tune is tactful. The feelings are rich in changes, and they are loved by the people.

Legend has it that a long time ago, there was a young man named Ah Re in the Wumeng Mountains, who grazed cattle and sheep for the head man every day and spent his years hard. One day, Agee rescued a white-hoofed foal that had fallen off a hanging rock, and after careful breeding, it grew fat and strong, and people said that this was called a snow-white black horse. The young man rode it every day to herd sheep, and he also practiced good riding skills. One day Age was grazing sheep, and suddenly the horses ran to the racecourse of the Toast's house, where the horse race was going on, and the first cannon had just sounded, and the riders ran forward like arrows from the string, and the black horses rushed through the crowd and ran to the front of the horse team. Toast is overjoyed when he sees that he is his slave, and when he realizes that he is his slave, Age is severely beaten and his beloved pony is taken away by Toast. Soon after, Tusi invited some mountain officials to come to the house, and wanted to ride the black horse to show his majesty, but who knew that the pony kicked his feet indiscriminately, fell off the toast, broke the reins and fled, Tusi ordered the soldiers to shoot the black horse, although the pony was full of arrows but still ran home, Ah Ge pulled out the arrow, while giving medicine to the horse, the pony finally died of his injuries. The young man misses his beloved BMW day and night, and one night, Wu Matuo dreamed to Ah Ge: "Master, don't be sad, use my leather hoop to make a piano case, use the leg bones to make the piano rod, and the tail to rub into strings, let us curse the toast together, and then rejoice together." When the boy woke up, he made a delicate harp out of a cherry tree, masked with horseskin, with a horsetail as strings, and played a ding-dong sound with his hands, which was sad and joyful. Since then, the three strings have been widely spread among the Yi people.

8 Development Circulation Edition

Although the history of the formation of the falling beard is relatively short, it is widely spread. Especially after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the vigorous development of folk music, the falling hu has basically spread all over the country. Therefore, different performance styles have also been formed in different places. Most of the traditional songs are based on local opera and local music. For example, "Da Qiban" is based on Henan opera music, and "Kuashan Shandong" is based on Shandong local music. Traditional songs are characterized by a strong sense of rhythm and cheerful humor. The tunes are mainly based on the fourth-degree strings, the key is relatively fixed, and the key changes are all solved by tuning the tension of the strings. Therefore, the traditional form of performance is confined to a small space. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the musicians made a lot of reforms and innovations in the form and technique of playing the falling hu. From the original single opera accompaniment to solo, ensemble, concerto, etc., multi-form performances.

It played an important role in the national band. For example, the folk music ensemble pieces "Playing the Fishing Drum to Celebrate the Harvest", "Welcoming Relatives" and "Welcoming the Door" are all led by the pendant beard, and they have achieved good synergistic results. There is also the improved falling erhu of the Jinan Military Region Song and Dance Troupe, which also works very well in the accompaniment of the band. But the fastest growing and most changing is the solo. After the reform of folk music, in addition to retaining and sorting out some traditional pieces, performers also created many excellent repertoire. For example, Ma Guanglu's solo piece "Henan Quzi Pai Song" played by Ma Guanglu won the bronze medal at the Fifth World Youth Arts Festival. There are also solo pieces composed by Mr. Ma Guanglu, such as "New Year Music", "Western Henan Style", "Good News of Hometown", etc., which have also won various awards in China. Among them, "New Year Music" was also adapted into a violin piece by the famous violinist Mao Yuan. Mr. Liang Xianjun, a young performer from Henan, arranged and adapted the traditional repertoire "Da Qi Board". He won the Great Wall Cup Invitational Tournament in '96. Mr. Liang Xianjun is a bold and innovative performer and composer. His arrangement of the three-stringed pendant song "Spanish Matador Dance" is a more representative piece, which adopts many new performance methods and techniques, and the accompanying orchestra is also composed of Western music such as "electric guitar", "keyboard" and "Spanish castanets". The work is divided into two parts, the first half is played in the key of C, and the second half is played in D.

The technique of using three chords with one, two, and three chords in unison greatly improves the expressiveness and performance skills of the falling hu, and opens up a new field of falling hu playing skills. There is his solo song "Slow Stack", also known as "Peony Blossom", which is taken from the same material as Mr. Ma Guanglu's song "New Year", but it has its own flavor with Mr. Ma Guanglu's song. His adaptation of the falling hu song "Yi Ju Tune" and "Silver Button Silk" are all very good tunes. Many new methods and techniques are also used. Wu Yongping's song "Praise Shandong" is a piece composed of local music from Shandong. The melody of the whole piece is cheerful and elastic, and fully references techniques such as the glissandos and kneading of the falling hu. There is also Mr. Wu's "Falling Hu and Suona", in which the falling Hu and Suona sing and harmonize to imitate the sounds of people and animals. This is also a new form of performance of the Falling Hu, which fully illustrates the harmony of the Falling Hu. and Mr. Ren Ping's "Celebrating the Harvest" is also a more influential solo piece of Falling Hu. In addition, there are many more famous huqin players who are also proficient in the performance of the falling hu, such as: Liu Mingyuan, Zhao Hanyang, Zeng and Yun Songfei. Among them, Liu Mingyuan and Zhao Hanyang have used Shenhu to score many movies and TV series. The falling hu has become an indispensable instrument for a folk orchestra.