Since the middle of the Warring States period, the idea of immortals has been popular in the Chu and Yanqi regions. After the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, Fang Xiandao was attacked by public opinion due to the lack of experience in square arts, and the theory of yin and yang and the five elements alone appeared to be thin, and at the same time, Huang Lao was increasingly losing power and shrinking politically, and there was indeed a mystic connotation that Fang Xiandao could rely on and play, and Huang Laoxue and immortal magic were gradually combined together. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, the Biography of Yimin, and Prudence" notes: "The word Prudence is Zhongyan, and the people of Fufeng Maoling are also." Less good Huang Lao, hidden in the valley, because the cave is the room, admiring the pine and Qiao guide the technique", his friend Wu Cang was dissatisfied with the prudence of Huang Lao as a fairy Tao, pointing out that "Gai heard Huang Lao's words, took advantage of the void into the underworld, hid far away, and also had the reason to raise people in the country, and to govern the government." As if mountaineering is extinct, God does not see it, and people do not see it. What do I mean by what I want Mr. to do from him?" Ignore it cautiously, "I am more than 70 years old, and I refuse to marry." After returning home suddenly, he said that he would die on the day of his death, and he would die in time. Later generations have seen those who are cautious of Dunhuang, so the previous life is different, or the cloud gods are immortal." This legend about prudent cultivation of immortals clearly points out that Huang Lao has the color of performing guidance techniques and growing into immortals.

"The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Xiangkai" records that Emperor Xiangkai mentioned in the book of Emperor Huan that "or the words of Laozi people raze and turn into Hu". People have said that Lao Tzu is the great divine power that embodies and dominates nature, and the savior who has attained the Tao and is constantly changing, and worships him as a patriarch.

The sacrifice to Huang Lao had already appeared in Chu Di, where Huang Laoxue was prevalent, as early as the Ming Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty Chu Wangying" records that Chu Wangying "prefers Huang Lao in the evening festival, and learns to fast and sacrifice for Futu", and then should send a silk to atone for his sins. On the day of Emperor Ming's edict: "The king of Chu recites the micro-words of Huang Lao, and the temple of Shangfutu." In the month of fasting, swear to God, there is no suspicion, there should be repentance. Yuan Hong's "Later Han Dynasty" volume 10 is also said to be the king of Chu Liu Ying, "the evening festival is happy with Huang Lao, and the Futu Temple is repaired". The worship and sacrifice of Huang Lao's idols, comparing Huang Lao with Futu, has revealed the religious smell of Huang Lao. King Ying of Chu was the king for fifteen years, and he was in the country for twenty-eight years, "a good ranger when he was young, and a traffic guest", and his later years he believed in Huang Lao, which was a personal belief, but it was not unrelated to his influence by local thoughts. At the beginning of the reign of King Ying of Chu, he governed Pengcheng (now Xuzhou) and other eight cities, and later Emperor Ming specially took care of it for its benefit, and the two counties of Changyang, which were located in the north and south of the Huai River, which was the place where the capital of Chu moved east in the late Warring States period and focused on management. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, the Biography of the Eight Kings of Xiaoming, Chen Jing and Wang Xian" contains Chen Xiangwei Qing and Chen Wang Liu Chong "sacrificing Huang Laojun and seeking longevity". Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty was "a good fairy thing", and he was especially diligent in worshipping Lao Tzu. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty and the Biography of Xiangkai" contains: "Wen Gong neutralizes the shrine of Huang Lao Futu. This way is pure and empty, expensive and inactive, good to live and kill, save desire and luxury. "The Biography of Wang Lian" contains: "In Yanxi, Emperor Huan did Huang Lao Dao and destroyed all the ancestral halls. "Emperor Huan Ji" also records that Emperor Huan once sent the first month of the eighth year of Yanxi (165 years) to serve the bitter county of Zuo Qian, the ancestral shrine of Laozi; in November of the same year, he "made the middle often serve the bitter county of the tyrant, the ancestral hall of Laozi"; in the second year, "the ancestral hall of Huang Lao Yu in the Haolong Palace". From the general belief in Huang Lao's micro-dialect to the worship of Huang Lao's idols, this is already almost religious.

Early Taoism directly inherited the tradition of Taoism and Huang Lao worship in the Han Dynasty, and the Tianshi Tao founded by Zhang Ling in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the Taiping Tao founded by Zhang Jiao were all derived from Huang Lao Dao. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Huangfu Song" contains: "At the beginning, Julu Zhang Jiao claimed to be a great sage and good teacher, serving Huang Laodao. "Zizhi Tongjian: Emperor Ling" Guanghe six years: "Julu Zhang Jiao served Huang Lao, taught with witchcraft, and called Taiping Dao. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Liu Tao" said: "When the giant deer opened his horns and pseudo-supported the avenue, he bewitched the people. From a religious point of view, the "Great Dao" entrusted and honored by Taiping Dao is the god Taishang Laojun of "Changzhi Kunlun", that is, the deified Laozi. [1] Zhang Ling was a native of Peiguofeng (now Fengxian County, Jiangsu), originally a student of Tai, and began to learn Taoism in the fourth year of Emperor Yanguang (125 years), and then entered Shu in the Shun Dynasty. According to the "Han Heavenly Master Family" written by Ming Zhang Normal, in the first year of Emperor Shun Han'an (142 years), he claimed to have been ordered by Taishang Laojun in Heming Mountain, and was named the position of Heavenly Master, and founded the Heavenly Master Dao (because it needed to pay five buckets of rice to enter the church, and was later contemptuously called the Five Buckets of Rice Dao). From his worship of Lao Tzu as the Taishang Laojun, it can be seen that Zhang Ling learned the Tao when he was Emperor An of the Han Dynasty, and he should be Feng Huang Lao Dao. "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu, Zhang Lu Biography" said that Wudou Midao "most of them are similar to the Yellow Turban", and the note quoted in the "Dictionary" also said that the religion advocated repairing "making people traitorous order to sacrifice wine, and the sacrificial wine owner uses Lao Tzu's 5,000 Wen to make the capital Xi". (Wudou Midao is actually a contemptuous term for Heavenly Master Dao.) Since ancient times, apprentices from all walks of life have to have a meeting ceremony, which is the minimum rules and etiquette. Confucius also collected his disciples and bundled them, that is, ten pieces of bacon, but Confucianism was not called "bacon teaching" in history. In the entire "Daozang", there is no record that the disciples of the Heavenly Master Dao claim to be the Five Buckets of Rice Dao. And the contemptuous terms of the Five Bucket Rice Dao are all from non-Taoist books:

"Romance of the Three Kingdoms: The Biography of Zhang Lu" cloud: "Zhang Lu is a Gongqi, and Pei Guofeng is also a person." Grandfather's mausoleum, Keshu, learn the Tao in the mountains, make Taoist books to confuse the people, from the recipient of the five buckets of rice, so the world is called the rice thief. Ling died, Ziheng went his way. Heng died, and Lu Fu did it. This passage has obvious contempt and slander. However, there is no such thing as a "five-bucket rice road".

"Interpretation of the Scriptures in Three Days" cloud: "Taishang chose the envoy when Emperor Shun of the Han Dynasty was the emperor, and the rule of the six days was fair, distinguishing the truth from the false, and showing the qi of the three days. On May 1, the first year of Han'an, Lao Jun was in the stone room of Quting Mountain in Shu County, and the Taoist priest Zhang Daoling would rule Kunlun Dazhi and the new Taishang. Taishang said that the people of the world are not afraid of the real and afraid of evil ghosts, because they call themselves the new old king. That is, worship Zhang as the teacher of Taixuan Duzhengyi for three days, and pay Zhang Zhengyi the way of Mingwei...... Establish twenty-four governance, put male and female officials to sacrifice wine, lead the law for three days, turn the people into households, and take five buckets of rice as the letter. In 100 days, 10,000 households came like clouds. It can be seen that Lao Jun awarded the Heavenly Master "the way of righteousness and wisdom". Depose the old spirit for six days and exalt the Dharma for three days. Therefore, the person preached by the Heavenly Master is actually "the way of the righteous alliance", not the "five buckets of rice way" that is contemptuously called. ）

Taoists throughout the ages have called the Tao of Zhang Ling "the Tao of the Heavenly Master", and the scriptures of the Taiping Sutra are written in the form of questions and answers between real people, gods and men, and heavenly masters. The word Heavenly Master was first seen in "Zhuangzi Xu Wu Ghost", which is slightly cloudy: the Yellow Emperor as for the field of Xiangcheng, when he met a horse herding boy, he asked the way of "for the world", and replied that there was nothing to do, "and also go to the one who harms the horse." So "the Yellow Emperor bowed to the head again, called the heavenly master and retreated".

During the reign of Emperor Shun of the Eastern Han Dynasty (126-144), Zhang Ling, a native of Peiguofeng (present-day Fengxian County, Jiangsu Province), left his hometown and came to Shudi, where the people were pure and the mountains and rivers were beautiful, and settled in Heming Mountain (in present-day Dayi County, CD City, Sichuan Province) to cultivate in order to seek the way of immortality. Zhang Daoling's book is familiar with the Five Classics, and he is familiar with the prevailing Huang Lao's learning, Wei Wei thought and immortal magic, and according to this, he claims that Taishang Laojun gave the new way of Zhengyi Alliance, and founded the Heavenly Master Dao, he took Lao Tzu as the leader, and took Lao Tzu's "Five Thousand Texts" (that is, "Tao Te Ching") as the main classic. Its Taoist techniques such as summoning gods and impeaching ghosts, talismans and forbidden spells are directly inherited from the magic of the Han Dynasty alchemists.

In the first year of Emperor Shun's Han An (142), Zhang Ling began to practice medicine and preach in the Bashu area, and the people learned from many people. After Zhang Ling's death, his son Zhang Heng succeeded him, and when Zhang Heng died, his son Zhang Lu still preached his teachings. The world is called "three zhang", and the road is called "three divisions", that is, "heavenly master" Zhang Ling, "heir teacher" Zhang Heng, and "department teacher" Zhang Lu. Through the painstaking management of three generations of their ancestors, Zhengyi gradually formed a complete set of doctrines, rituals, magic and organizational systems. According to the "Zhengyi Sutra" cloud: Taishang personally taught the heavenly master, "Taixuan Sutra" has 270 volumes, and it is inferred that it was obtained from this scripture in July of the first year of Han'an, and it has been handed down to the world, even today. The one who is the one is the true one, as the Taishang said. "Zhengyi Jing" cloud: Zhengyi Chen Sanyan. Youyun: Heavenly Master Ziyun, I was taught by Taishang Laojun to make a new debut. Wang Chang considered that later generations would change the teacher's law, so he wrote a biography, named Zhengyi, the new ritual, forty-two volumes.

In July of the first year of Emperor Ling's reign (184), Zhang Xiu, the leader of Taoism, led a revolt in Bajun and captured part of Hanzhong to cooperate with the Yellow Turban Army uprising instigated by the Eastern Taiping Dao. In the second year of Emperor Xian's first peace (191), Yizhou Mu Liu Yan appointed Zhang Xiu as the Sima of other departments, and appointed Zhang Lu as the Sima of Duyi. Zhang Xiu killed Su Gu, and Zhang Lu killed Zhang Xiu and annexed his subordinates. Liu Yan died, and his son Liu Zhang succeeded to the throne, and Zhang Lu did not listen to the dispatch, and killed Lu's mother's family, and Lu Sui established himself according to Hanzhong. The Eastern Han Dynasty was busy killing the remnants of the Yellow Turbans in the east and was unable to fight westward, so it adopted the Huairou strategy and appointed Zhang Lu as the general of Zhennan Zhonglang and led the Hanning Taishou. As a result, Zhang Lu took the opportunity to implement Zhengyi in the Ba and Han regions, and established a **** regime. [2] Later praised for its democratization.

Zhang Lu, known as "Shijun", is the supreme leader of the Heavenly Master Dao and the highest administrator. Those who have entered the Tao for a long time are called "Taoists"; those who have entered the Tao for a long time and believe in the profound are appointed as "sacrificial wine". Zhang Lu took "governance" as the management unit, and in the area under his rule, there were 24 governance. Each ruler does not have a chief official, and manages administrative, military, religious and other matters with sacrificial wine. The sacrificial wine is the master of the Taoist people, and regular gatherings and visits.

Zhang Lu took the "Tao Te Ching of Lao Tzu" as the main classic, and he taught Taoists to help each other and love each other, "honesty and not fraud". If the Taoist is sick, he "turns himself in." For this reason, the "Jinglu" was set up as a place for patients to think about and cultivate goodness. There is also a "sacrificial wine", which is mainly for the sick to pray. For those who break the law, they are not punished casually, and "the three plains are then executed" is much more tolerant than Confucius's "no two faults". He also ordered people to set up a "righteous house" on the side of the main road in the territory, teaching people not to accumulate private wealth, and to hand over excess rice and meat to the righteous house for people passing by. However, you can only "measure your stomach and take enough", not eat more and occupy more, "if you have too much, you will get sick". In addition, he also implemented measures to benefit the people, such as the prohibition of alcohol. Therefore, it was well received by the people of all ethnic groups in the territory, making Hanzhong a happy land in the hearts of the lower classes, and tens of thousands of people in Kansai alone defected to Hanzhong from the Meridian Valley. At that time, when the world was in turmoil and the people were struggling to make a living, Zhang Lu ruled for more than 20 years and practiced the ideal kingdom that the peasant class longed for in the political, ideological, and military aspects.

However, the feudal ruling class would never allow the peasant class to have such a happy land. In the twentieth year of Emperor Jian'an (215), Cao Cao personally led an army of 200,000 to attack Hanzhong after suppressing the remnants of the Yellow Turbans. After Zhang Lu's defense line at Yangping Pass was broken, he knew that he was invincible, so he led the crowd to surrender to Cao, and Zhang Lu's regime ceased to exist. However, due to Zhang Lu's subjugation, the Taoist descendants and their disciples were not harmed much, and they were able to preserve their strength and continue to engage in activities among the people.

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Jin Dynasty (265-274), Chen Rui spread Taoism in Shuzhong, and "the number of disciples was thousands". In the first year of Emperor Hui Yongning (301), Li Te, with the support of Fan Changsheng, the head of Taoism in Qingcheng Mountain, led tens of thousands of displaced people from the six counties of Tianshui, Luoyang, Fufeng, Shiping, Wudu, and Yinping to revolt in Mianzhu, Yizhou (now northeast of Deyang, Sichuan Province). The rebel army defeated the Western Jin Dynasty officials and landlords, and entered the siege of CD. In the second year of Emperor Hui'an (303), Li Teh was killed, and his son Li Xiong succeeded him, captured the CD in the following year, and called himself "CD King", and changed his name to the emperor the following year, with the country name "Dacheng", and the history of "Cheng Han". In the 47th year of the Cheng Han regime according to the sixth century of the Fan Li in Shuzhong, "the things are scarce, the people are rich and noble, the door is not closed, and there is no invasion and theft", which can be described as another peaceful and peaceful domain, and its performance is comparable to the Hanzhong regime in the Zhang Lu era.

At the same time, as the Zhang Lu family and a large number of its followers were forced to move north to the three auxiliary areas of Chang'an, Luoyang, and Yecheng, Taoism also spread from Bashu and Hanzhong to the north and the vast areas south of the Yangtze River, and achieved great development. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Taoism not only has the vast number of lower-class people, but also has been worshiped by the upper-class wealthy scholars, and there are many famous Taoist families, such as Langya Wang's, Sun's, Chenjun Xie's, Yin's, Gaoping Xi's, Huiji Kong's, Yixing Zhou's, Danyang Xu's, Ge's, Tao's, Donghai Bao's, etc., and Du Zigong, a Qiantang person, is the head.

After Du Zigong's death, his disciple Sun Tai, a native of Langya, succeeded him as the head of the Tao. In October of the third year of Andi Long'an (399), Sun Tai's nephew Sun En took advantage of Sima Yuanxian's levy of the "Le Family" to cause a commotion in the eight counties and led the people to revolt. In the first year of Yuanxing (402), Sun En was defeated and hundreds of his subordinates threw themselves into the sea and died. His brother-in-law Lu Xun led the remnants of the rebel army to fight in Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and other places, and persisted in the struggle for nearly 10 years. In the seventh year of Yixi (411), Lu Xun was defeated in Jiaozhou and died by throwing himself into the water. This was the largest and last peasant uprising instigated by Taoism. This uprising, attended by hundreds of thousands of people, lasted 13 years, spanned thousands of miles, dealt a heavy blow to the corrupt Jiangnan family and wealthy forces, and accelerated the demise of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

In view of this, the consciousness of the feudal ruling group that followed was a serious threat to the feudal dynasty, so it was decided to legitimize it to meet the needs of feudal autocratic rule, so there was a fairy Taoism established by Kou Qianzhi, Lu Xiujing, and Tao Hongjing, who were born in the great families of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Heavenly Master Dao was divided into the Northern Heavenly Master Dao and the Southern Heavenly Master Dao. Northern Heavenly Master Dao

After the beginning of the Wei, Jin and Northern Wei dynasties, the existence and development of Chinese Taoism, which was dominated by the Eastern Han Dynasty's Heavenly Master Taoism, has been in a state of dispersion and has not been officially recognized.

Kou Qianzhi of the Northern Wei Dynasty cultivated Songshan for 30 years, in order to adapt to the historical trend, the Heavenly Master Dao was reformed more thoroughly, so that Taoism got rid of the crude and shallow style of primitive religion, so as to be recognized by the Northern Wei court, from the people into the palace, Kou Qianzhi became a generation of grandmasters. Since then, Taoism has been continuously enriched and developed by successive generations of Taoist masters, improving the ideological system and fasting rituals of Taoism, making Taoism an important part of the traditional culture of the Chinese nation.

A coincidental encounter with a stranger became a prosperous prince

Kou Qianzhi, the word Fuzhen, Feng Yi Wannian (now Lintong, Shaanxi) people, grew up in an official family, his father Kou Xiuzhi, the official to the Taishou, the eldest brother Kou Zan, at the age of 30 is the county order. Since he was a child, Kou Qianzhi had no intention of being an official, and devoted himself to Taoism, and he found infinite fun from the only Taoist utensils, Taoist books and Taoist techniques he had learned at home. He chanted and meditated at home every day, condensed milk qigong, took medicinal bait, and thought that he could obtain the spiritual effect of the immortal path, but after several years, as always, he was still the same, and his original body was mortal.

Kou Qianzhi practiced at home, and although it was ineffective, he still persisted. On this day, he went to his aunt's house and saw a helper named Cheng Gongxing, who was working hard, but his appearance was more peculiar, and his body was burly, like an inexhaustible force. With his aunt's consent, he took Cheng Gongxing back to his home to help. Cheng Gongxing works in the Kou family, not afraid of being dirty or tired, and is deeply satisfied by the Kou family.

One day, when Kou Qianzhi used the "Zhou Spleen Sutra" to calculate the operation rules of the sun, moon and the five planets, he was always wrong, and his heart was burning; Cheng Gongxing had no intention of coming to him to take a look, and he was very annoyed to take Cheng Gongxing's expenses away. Kou Qianzhi continued to calculate, but he couldn't get a correct result. Just when Kou Qianzhi was frowning, Cheng Gongxing came to his calculation table again and said sincerely: "I have seen Mr.'s calculation method." What if you do the math of my old way?"

Kou Qianzhi was dismissive.

"Sir, you might as well give it a try, if it doesn't work, forget it. Cheng Gongxing will say.

Kou Qianzhi saw the kindness of the helper, with the attitude of trying it out, and calculated step by step according to Cheng Gongxing's operation method, and sure enough, he was able to calculate the operation procedures of the "Qiyao" in one go. Cheng Gongxing couldn't resign, but asked Kou Qianzhi to accept him as a disciple, Kou Qianzhi was inexplicable, so Cheng Gongxing became Kou Qianzhi's disciple, and the master and apprentice studied the Tao together, and secretly understood each other.

It turned out that Cheng Gongxing was a disciple of an immortal, and because of the burning of the immortal palace, the master punished him to the people and worked for seven years. Cheng Gongxing atoned for his sins by teaching the Tao, and when the seven years expired, he returned to the fairy palace.

2. Songshan has been cultivating for 30 years, and the god has been entrusted with the position of heavenly master

Soon after Kou said that Qianzhi received the Tao, Cheng Gongxing said to Kou Qianzhi: "If Mr. is interested in learning the Tao, he should follow Gongxing and hide in the mountains." Kou Qianzhi readily agreed. So, after fasting for three days, he left home with Cheng Gongxing to cultivate. Kou Qianzhi first went to Huashan with Cheng Gongxing, collected the immortal medicine, and did not go hungry after taking it; soon, the master and apprentice went to Songshan and devoted themselves to cultivation.

Songshan, in the middle of the five mountains, so called "Zhongyue", belongs to the ancient capital of Luoyang Jinggi, in the north of Dengfeng County, the sixth cave of the 36 small caves of Taoism. Zhongyue was later named the god "King of Zhongtian". There are two mountains and seventy-two peaks in Zhongyue, and the most famous are the extreme peaks of Mount Taimuro and the five milk peaks of Mt. Shaomuro. Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sealed Zhongyue, Zhongyue has become a place of cultivation for immortals and Taoists. Cheng Gongxing and Kou Qian's heels followed their predecessors and came to Songshan. They chose the stone chamber in the Taimuro Mountains to live and cultivate. Cheng Gongxing passed on all the cultivation secrets to Kou Qianzhi, who was smart and studious, and grew day by day.

Cheng Gongxing taught Taoism in Songshan, but he didn't realize that he had reached seven years, and it was time for him to return to the Heavenly Palace. When parting, Cheng Gongxing repeatedly instructed Kou Qianzhi: "You devote yourself to Taoism, your ambitions are commendable, but the fate of the dust is not over, the seven emotions and six desires are not broken, it is difficult to go to the fairy road, but you need to be diligent, and you can be the emperor's teacher in the future, which is also a great tool." Kou Qianzhi listened to the teacher's teachings and did not dare to slack off in the slightest. After Cheng Gongxing went, Kou Qianzhi "guarded the will of Songyue, and was unremittingly specialized", and began to recruit disciples, preach scriptures and perform techniques, and promote Taoism.

Kou Qianzhi has been cultivating in Songshan for 30 years, with a Taoist demeanor and a fairy wind and charm, he knows that he can be a national teacher in appearance, but there is little emptiness in the inner essence, and if he wants to go to the next level, he needs to work hard in this area. So, Kou Qianzhi decided to start with Taoism itself.

Kou Qian's scriptures became gongxing and realized the above truth, and for this reason, he made his own fantasy song that was entrusted to the gods.

In the second year of Shenrui of the Northern Wei Dynasty (415 AD), Kou Qianzhi said in the stone room of the Shao Room of Songshan that Taishang Laojun was supported by the fairy and the jade girl, and the Bailing guide descended to Songshan and told Qianzhi: "In the past, the god of Songshan Mountain played Tiancao, saying that since the heavenly master Zhang Daoling went, the people who cultivated on the ground had no teacher. Today, there is Songshan Taoist Kou Qianzhi's uprightness, natural behavior, and worthy of the teacher's position. Therefore, I came to confer the position of Heavenly Master and give you the "Commandment of Reciting New Science in the Clouds" (that is, "Lao Junyin Reciting the Precepts"). Ru Xuanwu Xinke, please rectify Taoism, remove the three false laws, rent and tax and the art of male and female harmony, and focus on etiquette, and add food and retreat. ”

Since then, Kou Qianzhi has preached Taoism as a "Heavenly Master" and carried out "three rectifications" of the "Heavenly Master". Let the way of the Heavenly Master spread in the world with a new look. In the eighth year of Emperor Taichang of the Ming Dynasty of the Northern Wei Dynasty (423 AD), just in the golden autumn festival of high autumn air and clear sky, Kou Qianzhi sat in the stone room, and was reciting the "Lao Junyin Reciting the Commandments". Kou Qianzhi immediately walked out of the stone room and looked up to pay respects. The lama said: "At the order of Lao Jun, I specially grant you the "Record Tu Sutra" to 'impeach and summon the hundred gods', set the "altar worship, dress ceremony", and teach the method of selling alchemy pills, yunying, eight stones, and jade pulp. ”

Since then, Kou Qianzhi has lobbied everywhere as a "national teacher", believing that the time has come for him to join the imperial court and compete for the status of Taoism.

It was also in this year that Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty succeeded to the throne. In October, the early winter came, Kou Qianzhi lived in Songshan for 30 years of strong capital accumulation, he wore the "Heavenly Master" crown, left Songshan to display his ambitions, and did his "national teacher" dream.

The three prime ministers recommended him to become a national teacher

In the first year of the Northern Wei Dynasty's Taiwu Emperor Tuoba Tao Shiyao (424 AD), Kou Qianzhi walked down Songshan Mountain with extraordinary joy, and went north to the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty (now Datong, Shanxi) to present his masterpiece - Taoist books. Who knew that out of expectation, the emperor let him temporarily live in a house named Zhang Yao, and his food and clothing raised him.

Kou Qianzhi was not willing to be idle, he asked around for people who could get close to the emperor, and finally found a capable supporter, that is, Emperor Taiwu's Zuo Guanglu doctor, the famous Confucian White Horse Gong Cui Hao.

Cui Hao, the word Boyuan, Qinghe people, is the largest family in the north, Cui Hao is a branch, which is more obvious and especially outstanding. Cui Hong, the father of Cui Hao, has the talent of assisting, the official to the Lord of the Heavenly Department, named the White Horse Gong, and was an important minister of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Cui Hao has been pampered since he was a child, and he was born with "slender and white, like a beautiful woman", with few good words, reading scriptures and history, the five elements of yin and yang, and the words of a hundred schools. He inherited his father's business and entered the imperial court. From Emperor Daowu to Emperor Yuan of the Ming Dynasty, from his official to Doctor Zuo Guanglu, both father and son are close ministers of the imperial court. Emperor Taiwu ascended the throne and was one of the masterminds of military affairs, because he advocated the use of Han people to implement the Han system of governance, offending some Xianbei nobles, Emperor Taiwu was forced by the public to let Cui Hao temporarily go to the official home, and all state affairs, Cui Hao must be decided. Kou Qian's choice of Cui Hao is the most suitable person. Cui Hao wanted to use Kou Qianzhi's Taoism to win over Emperor Taiwu, and with the help of imperial power, he implemented the idea of sinicization. So, Cui Hao wrote a book to strongly recommend Kou Qianzhi. First praise Emperor Taiwu Shengde Qingming, and then praise Kou Qianzhi like a god like a fairy, and come to the Northern Wei Dynasty, which is a good omen for heaven. The Holy One obeys the orders of Heaven and will not be disturbed by the world and obey the orders of God.

Sure enough, Emperor Taiwu was very happy when he heard the music, and immediately sent someone to take the "Heavenly Master" to the palace, and sent someone to serve the emperor's silk and sacrifice, and went south to worship Songshan, and also received Kou Qianzhi's disciples in Songshan to Pingcheng. Therefore, the "Heavenly Master" and the "Emperor Master" came together, proclaiming the world, proclaiming the new law, and the Taoist industry flourished.

Kou Qianzhi is not a god in the palace; he helps the gods and invites the gods, and there are many heavens; he draws talismans to suppress disasters and hopes for peace; he preaches the scriptures and discusses the Tao, and he uses techniques to promote teaching, which is deeply valued by Emperor Taiwu.

Kou Qianzhi was in the position of the emperor, and he issued the admonition of Lao Jun to reform the way of the heavenly master. At the same time, considering that the Great Wei Dynasty must use Confucianism to govern the country, and that he was not good at Confucianism when he was young, he became a defect; now he urgently caught up and consulted the great Confucian Cui Hao, who responded to his needs and urgently needed to apply it, and slightly made up for the shortcomings of his own Confucianism. Cui and Kou's strategy of governing the country with Confucianism and Taoism was gradually implemented in the court.

In order to gain the emperor's trust, Kou Qianzhi showed his skills and actively participated in the military operations of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the second year of Shiguang (425 AD), Helian Bobo, the king of Great Xia, died of illness and was succeeded by his son Helian Chang. The courtiers had different opinions on whether to go west to Bactria or not. Cui Hao is the main battle, the eldest grandson Song is the main peace, Emperor Taiwu is inclined to the main battle, and his will is not firm, so he specially invited Kou Qian's "Heavenly Master" to decide the good and the bad. Kou Qianzhi first agreed with Cui Hao's opinion, and thought that Great Xia had always been uneasy because of the expansion of the army, and the political situation was unstable. If you send troops to conquer, you will definitely kill three birds with one stone, and you will return victorious. So, Kou Qianzhi was in the palace, doing great rituals and praying for victory. Later, he said to Emperor Taiwu: "This battle must be defeated, Your Majesty should respond to the fortune of heaven with force, and should set Kyushu with soldiers, and then write first to become a Taiping Zhenjun." ”

Emperor Taiwu was very happy, so he personally led 18,000 light cavalry to the west, and the result was a great setback to the vitality of the Western Xia, capturing tens of thousands of enemy troops, capturing more than 100,000 livestock, capturing more than 10,000 Xia people, and returning triumphantly.

Kou Qianzhi with his Taoism, spells, and power techniques, and conspiracy techniques, interlocking one after another, and his skills were handy, and finally gained a firm foothold in the Great Wei of the Xianhao and Bei tribes, and realized the dream of "national teacher". It got its wish.

Fourth, the implementation of the new Taoism is not satisfactory

Kou Qianzhi's reformed New Heavenly Master Dao developed vigorously in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Emperor Taiwu worshiped the Heavenly Master, exalted the new law, and issued an edict to Kou Qianzhi and his disciples to confer high-ranking officials and titles, but Kou Qianzhi declined. Emperor Taiwu ordered Kou Qian's place to be treated with a courtesy, so that "the Heavenly Master and his disciples are placed side by side above the princes, and do not listen to the ministers".

Emperor Taiwu also ordered that a five-storey Taoist altar was built in the southeast of the capital (symbolizing Songshan) for Kou Qian's master, and it was named "Xuandu Altar" according to the system of its new scriptures. There are 120 Taoist priests, and the court provides food and clothing. Taoist priests and Taoists "fasted and prayed every day, prayed at six o'clock", and held a "kitchen meeting" once a month, which was attended by thousands of people, and the cost was provided by the state.

In the sixth year of Taiyan (440 AD), Emperor Taiwu also changed the Yuan to "Taiping Zhenjun" according to Kou Qianzhi's suggestion, and then Kou Qianzhi invited him to the Taoist altar to receive the talisman. Since then, when the emperors of the Northern Wei Dynasty ascended the throne, they all went to the Taoist altar to receive talismans, which became a legal system, and used it as a basis for the Xianbei Tuoba Department to rule the Han people. For example, Emperor Wencheng Tuoba Jun in the first year of Xingguang (454 AD), "to the Taoist altar, ascend to receive the map". In the first year of Tian'an (466 AD), Emperor Wen Tuoba Hong was "fortunate to be on the altar and personally received the talisman".

Before Kou Qianzhi went to Pingcheng in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the imperial court believed in Buddhism more; after Kou Qianzhi's new Heavenly Master Tao was worshiped by Emperor Taiwu, it naturally affected the development of Buddhism, but Emperor Taiwu had no ill will towards Buddhism at that time. Later, Emperor Taiwu found that the monks and nuns did not abide by the rules and did some things that violated morals and customs, and was resented by Emperor Taiwu, so he ordered a ban on monks and laymen. In the sixth year of Taiping Zhenjun (445 AD), he found that the monks of Chang'an Buddhist Temple were related to the Hu people Gai Wu who raised an army against Wei, and ordered the killing of Chang'an Shamen. In the second year, he ordered all states to kill monks, destroy Buddha statues, and prohibit people from believing in Buddhism. For a time, Buddhism in the Northern Wei Dynasty was devastating and decayed. This is the "Taiwu Buddha Annihilation" of the famous "Three Martial Arts and One Sect" Buddha Destroying Incident in history.

However, Kou Qianzhi was not very enthusiastic about Emperor Taiwu's activities to destroy Buddhism, and even opposed it. He believed that Taoism was already in the status of the state religion, and Buddhism was no longer capable of competing with each other, so there was no need to exclude Buddhism. Taoism and Buddhism are fused with each other and can coexist, but they have not developed to the point of life and death at all; he has even realized that the Xianbei aristocracy headed by Prince Huang worships Buddhism and suppresses Taoism; and the expulsion of Buddhism is too intense, which is bound to affect political instability and is not conducive to Taoism. Therefore, for Cui Hao, who insisted on destroying the Buddha, he argued many times about the gains and losses, but Cui Hao did not listen. Cui Hao wanted to use Confucianism to govern the country and weaken the power of the aristocracy, and Kou Qianzhi realized that this could be a quick success, and eventually lead to death, and the prospect was quite serious.

Kou Qianzhi not only thought of Cui Hao's future disaster, but also thought of his own current situation, he built the "Jinglun Heavenly Palace" in the name of Emperor Taiwu because "it will make it not hear the sound of chickens and dogs barking, and want to hand over to the gods, and the meritorious service will not be successful all year round", and it has attracted the criticism of the crown prince and his group; He also realized that the new and old disciples he recruited, after entering the capital, all of them were greedy for enjoyment, no longer than enough, he was over eighty years old, there was no successor to Taoism, Jinglun Heavenly Palace, it had lasted eighteen years, and the completion was indefinite, which made Kou Qianzhi unable to do anything. Did he feel that the end was near, and one day he said to his disciples:

"When I Kou Qianzhi is alive, you can seek glory and wealth, once I die, this Jinglun Heavenly Palace is really difficult to cultivate!"

In the ninth year of Taiping Zhenjun (448 AD), on the night not long after Kou Qianzhi's prophecy, he quietly passed away in the unfinished Jinglun Heavenly Palace at the age of eighty-three.

Two years later, Cui Hao was ordered to compile and revise the history of the country, and in order to avenge the revenge of the "Heavenly Buddha", Prince Huang first superficially agreed with him to write a straight book; after the completion of the national history, he used the excuse that Cui Hao "described all the state affairs and prepared them without a pawn", and killed his clan. Cui Hao's death is being prophesied by Kou Qianzhi.

In the eleventh year of Taiping Zhenjun (450 AD), under pressure, Emperor Taiwu ordered the demolition of Jinglun Heavenly Palace.

In the twelfth year of Taiping Zhenjun, Emperor Taiwu suddenly terminated the "Zhenjun" era name and changed the yuan to "Zhengping". Ten months later, Emperor Taiwu was killed by his attendants. Due to the early death of the crown prince, the crown prince Sun Jun ascended the throne for Emperor Wencheng. The twelve-year-old little emperor immediately announced the lifting of the abolition of Buddhism and the restoration of Buddhism.

After Kou Qian's death, none of his disciples became famous!

After that, the new emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty ascended the throne and, according to the old practice of his ancestors, ascended the altar in person and accepted the talisman.

In the fifteenth year of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Yuan Hongyuan and the fifteenth year (491 AD), the Taoist altar was moved from the south of the city to the southern suburbs, and the number of people was reduced from 120 to 90. After Emperor Xiaowen moved to Luoyang, as usual, a new dojo was built in the south of Luoyang City, with a capacity of one hundred and six people.

In the third year of Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty (534 AD), Emperor Xiaojing moved the capital of Yecheng from Luoyang, established the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and established a dojo in the south of Yecheng, with a capacity of one hundred and six people.

In the sixth year of Wuding in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (548 AD), Gao Cheng controlled the government and asked for the abolition of the Taoist altar.

In the sixth year of Emperor Gaoyang Tianbao of Northern Qi Wenxuan (555 AD), Taoism and Buddhism debated, and Taoism failed. Emperor Wen Xuan ordered the abolition of Taoism, so there were no Taoist priests in Qi Realm, and Kou Qianzhi's new Heavenly Master Taoist Sect disappeared so far. [2]

Nantian Daoist

Lu Xiujing (406~477) was a famous Taoist priest in the Southern Song Dynasty and an important builder of early Taoism. The character Yuande, Wu Xingdong moved (now Wuxingdong, Zhejiang) people. A descendant of Lu Kai, the prime minister of Wu of the Three Kingdoms. Shaozong Confucianism, Botong tombs, and Xiangwei. He also likes Taoism and studies jade books. and long, a good party to travel, abandon his wife, into the mountains to cultivate. The first hidden cloud dream, following the immortal capital. In order to search for Taoist books and search for fairy traces, he traveled all over the famous mountains and became famous. At the end of Song Yuanjia (424~453), Lu Xiujing City Medicine to Jingshi, Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty Liu Yilong admired his Taoism, summoned into the inner palace, and reasoned and said. When the Empress Dowager Wang Yaxin Huang Lao, she descended to the dignity of the queen mother and carried out the rite of discipleship. Later, he traveled south to avoid the rebellion of the beginning. In the fifth year of the Ming Dynasty (461), to Lushan, under the southeast waterfall rock to build a fine house, seclusion and monasticism. Emperor Liu Yu of the Song Ming Dynasty ascended the throne, Sihong Taoism, and in the third year of Taishi (467), he summoned him to the Yanxian Hall of Hualin Garden. Mr. marks the Xuanmen, perfunctory and unified, it is not a wonderful model, and the emperor's heart is pleased". Emperor Ming built the Chongxu Pavilion in Tianyin Mountain in the northern suburbs to live there. During this period, he "opened the door widely, profoundly promoted the classics, paid attention to the government and the opposition, and returned to the heart." The prosperity of Taoism is prosperous in Si". Yuan Hui died in the fifth year (477) at the age of seventy-two. The disciple returned his coffin to Lushan. Mr. Zhao Jian Lonely, with the former residence of Lushan as the Quiet Museum. Emperor Xuanhe of Song Hui (1119~1125) was named Danyuan Zhenren. The most authors of his disciples are Sun Youyue, Li Guozhi and so on.

Rectification and reform

During the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, Taoism underwent major changes in its organizational form, which was mainly manifested in the decline of the sacrificial wine system and the rise of the Taoist official system. The sacrificial wine system is the old system of early Taoism, and its basic characteristics are "establishing governance and placing posts", and Taoist officials sacrificing wine "leading households and turning the people" into people, and implementing the rule of ****. In order to realize the subordinate relationship between the Taoist officials and the Taoist people, the Heavenly Master Dao formulated the system of three meeting days, house records and payment of life letters. It is stipulated that on the day of the Three Sessions, the Taoist people must go to the Shizhi Office to participate in religious activities, register and check the "Zhai Lu Ming Register" (similar to the household registration book of the feudal state), listen to the Taoist official announce the ban on the department, and take the school merit examination. Based on this, the Taoist official informed Tiancao and asked the officials of the gods to protect the safety of the Taoist people's homes, but the disaster was a disaster. Since the beginning of the Wei Dynasty, when the Heavenly Master Dao moved north to the Jin and Song dynasties, there was a serious situation of organizational chaos and the abolition of science and law. At that time, many Taoist people did not go to Shizhi to participate in the assembly on the day of the three meetings, did not report their household registration, and did not pay rent and rice letters. Some Taoist officials even "vainly put each other in place, do not choose their own people, wear only many, receive many treatments, receive only great treatment, compete for the first place, and even more superior", "vertical and horizontal, chaotic and chaotic, with the body of provocation, wear hypocrisy." There are no precepts, they do not obey the fatwa, they break the ban, and they take the law lightly. wanton greed, and indulging in food and drink, betraying the orthodoxy of the alliance and the covenant, and subverting the law to the evil and witches". The decay and decay of the sacrificial wine system has lost the role of "governing the people with a clean contract" and making "Taoism Xuanliu and the peace of the family and country". Under these circumstances, Lu Xiujing proposed a set of measures for rectification and reform.

First of all, Lu Xiujing forbade Taoist officials to act on their own and implemented a system of promotion according to rank. He believed that ordinary people must have merit in order to be promoted as Taoists, and only after Taoists have received the Gong, can those who have merit be promoted. From the 10th General to the 50th General, and then from the Official, he was promoted to the Dispersed Qi Daoist, the Beizhi Daoist, the Lower Daoist Official, the Matching Daoist Official, and the Lower, Middle, and Upper Eight Daoist Officials. The highest one, that is, the Taoist master who "can refine the Dao Qi, relieve everything, eliminate the ghost Qi, and make all the surnames subdue", can pay homage to the three Taoist positions of Yangping, Lutang, and Heming in the Eight Governance. Emphasizing the organizational measures of "seeking Taoist officials, not taking officials for others, and not taking officials for people". In order to improve the three-session day system, he reiterated that on the three-session day, "the people should all vote for the division, and when they change the registration of the government, they will die and live, hide the number of words, and correct the name." Three announcements and five orders to let the people know the law. On the same day, the gods of heaven and earth will govern and govern the school. Teachers and people should be quiet and solemn, and should not drink alcohol and eat meat, or laugh or laugh. After all, the people should return to their homes, and they should be disciplined and practiced in accordance with the prohibition of the sect." At the same time, in view of the serious confusion of the "house record" system, he also stipulated that the last day of the three sessions of each year is the deadline for registration and review of the house record.

Second, Lu Xiujing attaches great importance to the role of Taoist fasting rituals, believing that "fasting is the foundation of seeking the Tao", and advocates that "as a murderer and thief, he should worship for the sake of service; if he has evil words and delusions, he should recite scriptures in his lessons, and if he has greedy desires and hatred, he will think of God." With these three methods, the heart is cleansed, the heart is refined, and the righteousness of fasting is also. On the basis of summarizing the previous generation of fasting rituals, he formulated the fasting and Jiao system of "Nine Fasts and Twelve Laws". He also wrote a series of books on fasting rituals. He drew on the feudal etiquette and moral norms of Confucianism and the idea of "purity of the three karmas" of Buddhism, so that the Taoist fasting method not only had a systematic ritual precept, but also made the theory of fasting rituals more complete.

Third, Lu Xiujing not only reorganized, organized, and perfected the Jiao ceremony, but also sorted out and classified the Taoist scriptures. In his early years, he paid attention to interviewing and collecting Taoist classics, and once "visited the ruins of Nanzhen (Mrs. Wei) in Hengxiang and Jiuzhi in the south, and went west to Emei and Xicheng to find the high place of Qingxu (Wang Bao)". In the fourteenth year of Yuanjia (437), he began to publish the "Lingbao Sutra" and compile the "Lingbao Sutra". In the third year of Taishi (467), he entered Beijing from Lushan, lived in Chongxu Hall, and got the Qing scriptures collected by Yang Xi and Xu Mi in the imperial court at that time. According to legend, the "Great Three Emperors Sutra" created by Bao Liang was also obtained by him. So he "summarized the three caves", corrected the number of volumes, and presented it in the seventh year of Taishi. According to Yun, Lu Xiujing recorded a total of 1,228 volumes of Taoist scriptures, prescriptions, and symbols, of which 1,90 volumes have been published in the world, and 138 volumes are "still in the Heavenly Palace." In view of the confusion and confusion of the "Lingbao Sutra" at that time, which made it difficult for later scholars to distinguish the authenticity and falsehood, "the audio-visual people were confused, and the cultivators were bored", so they sorted out and researched it and compiled the book "Lingbao Sutra", which greatly promoted the development of the Lingbao School. While Lu Xiujing sorted out the Taoist classics, he also created a classification system of Taoist classics in three holes, four auxiliaries and twelve categories, which was used by the Sui and Tang dynasties to sort out Taoist books and compile the "Taoist Collection".

Lu Xiujing wrote a lot in his life, especially on fasting rituals. Liu Dabin's "Maoshan Chronicles" said that it "wrote more than 100 volumes of fasting rituals", and now the "Orthodox Daozang" has "Taishang Cave Xuanling Treasure Brief Text", "Cave Xuanling Treasure Five Senses", "Mr. Lu's Daomen Keluo", "Taishang Cave Xuanling Treasure Granting Instrument", "Dong Xuanling Treasure Zhai Saying Light Candle Punishment Lamp Wishing Instrument" each one volume. In addition, there are "Lingbao Sutra Preface", "Ancient Law Su Qi Jian Zhaiyi", "Tao Te Ching Miscellaneous", "Three Caves Sutra Catalogue", "Mr. Lu's Answer to Daoyi", "Mr. Lu's Q&A and Huang Shun's Q&A", all of which are missing. "Lingbao Taoist Self-cultivation League Zhenzhai Establishment Ceremony", "Sanyuan Zhaiyi", "Ran Lantern Ceremony Zhuweiyi", "Golden Zhai Ceremony", "Jade Zhai Ceremony", "Nine Quiet Zhai Ceremony", "Interpretation Examination Ceremony", "Tu Tan Zhai Ceremony" and so on have also died, and some contents are scattered in the "Supreme Yellow Lent Establishment Ceremony". "Tongzhi, Zhuzi Class, Taoist Strategy" records the "Serving the Five Buds Dao Yinyuan Jingjing", "Shengyuan Buxu Chapter", "Lingbao Bu Xuzi", "Buxu Cave Chapter" and so on. In Tang Falin's "Argument of Righteousness", it is still seen that his works include "The Theory of Necessity", "The Theory of Glory and Concealment", "The Theory of Generality", "The Theory of Returning to the Root", "The Theory of the Enlightenment", "The Theory of Natural Causes", "The Theory of Five Symbols", "The Theory of the Three Gates", etc., and in the "Theory of Breaking the Evil", we can also see his work "The Record of Shamen".

In the past, most scholars misunderstood the mainstream of Taoism in the Southern Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty as the Shangqing School (Maoshan Sect), and the biggest reason for this was that the order of the transmission of the Shangqing Sutra and the lineage of the Maoshan Sect recorded in Liu Dabin's Maoshan Chronicles (HY304) in the Tang Dynasty and Liu Dabin's Maoshan Chronicles (HY304) in the Yuan Dynasty were misunderstood as telling the genealogy of the Shangqing School (Maoshan Sect). Because the genealogy of these figures from Yang Xi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty to Li Hanguang in the Tang Dynasty was misunderstood as the genealogy of the Shangqing School (Maoshan Sect), Lu Xiujing, Wang Yuanzhi, Pan Shizheng, Sima Chengzhen, Li Hanguang and others were all regarded as Taoist priests of the Shangqing School (Maoshan Sect). As a result, after the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the misunderstanding that the mainstream of Taoism in the Jiangnan area was the Shangqing faction (Maoshan sect), and in the Tang Dynasty, the Shangqing faction (Maoshan sect) was still the mainstream.

The fundamental reason for misunderstanding the genealogy of the Shangqing scripture seal of the "True Line" and the "Maoshan Chronicles" as the genealogy of the Shangqing School is that the Taoist doctrine of the Three Caves is not fully understood. Many Taoist scholars one-sidedly believe that the teaching of the Shangqing Sutra and Seal was only carried out in the Shangqing School (Maoshan Sect), and in fact, the teaching of the Shangqing Sutra and Seal was also carried out in the Heavenly Master Dao, which advocated the doctrine of the Three Caves. According to the doctrine of the Three Caves, Liu Song's Heavenly Master Dao absorbed the Lingbao Sutra, the Three Emperors Sutra, and the Shangqing Sutra taught by the Ge Shi Dao and the Shangqing School into his own teachings, and respected all the Taoist books of the Three Caves as the Taoist books of the Heavenly Master's Dao, which can be clearly proved by the fact that there are "Three Returns to Refuge Precepts" in the Heavenly Master Dao of Liu and Song Dynasty. The Three Returns of the Heavenly Master Dao require believers to take refuge in the Three Jewels, namely the Tao Treasure, the Sutra Treasure and the Master Treasure, the Three Treasures refer to the Tao Treasure's Taishang Infinite Dao, the Thirty-six Sutras of the Sutra Treasure, and the Taishang Laojun of the Master Treasure. The 36 Sutras of the Sutra referred to here refer to the Taoist books of the three caves and the 12 parts, so the return to the Three Treasures is the infinite Tao of the Taoist treasure, all the Taoist books of the three caves and 12 parts of the Jingbao, and the Taishang Laojun of the Shibao. Therefore, of course, Liu Song Tianshi Tao also admired the Shangqing Sutra, the Lingbao Sutra and the Three Emperors Sutra. Moreover, once the Dharma position system of the Heavenly Master Dao was completed, there were Taoist Master Dongzhen who cultivated the Shangqing Sutra in the Taoist Throne, the disciples of the Shangqing Xuandu Dadong Sanjing, and the Sandong Master (refer to the "Zhengyi Dharma Position" of the "Cave Xuanlingbao Three Caves Fengdao Discipline Precept Camp Beginning" Volume 5 - Fa Ciyi). The Shangqing scriptures were also taught and mastered by these masters[7].

If the Heavenly Master Tao also implements the teaching of the Shangqing Sutra, then there may be the existence of the Heavenly Master Taoist priest among the Taoist priests recorded in the "True System" and the "Maoshan Chronicles". Therefore, if the thoughts and deeds of each Taoist priest are investigated and confirmed, most of them are Taoist priests of the Heavenly Master Dao. For example, Lu Xiujing of the Liu Song Dynasty, looking at the "Mr. Lu Daomen Kelu" (HYlll9), is obviously a Heavenly Master Taoist priest who worships Zhang Ling (张道陵) of the Eastern Han Dynasty as his ancestor. Moreover, Lu Xiujing's advocacy of the Three Caves Doctrine can be clearly learned from the "Lingbao Sutra Catalogue Order" ("Yun Ji Qijian" volume 4) and the "Dongxuan Lingbao Five Senses" (HYl268). That is to say, Lu Xiujing is a Taoist priest of the Heavenly Master Dao, and he is also a believer in the Three Caves Doctrine. Others, such as Wang Yuanzhi, Pan Shizheng, Sima Chengzhen, and Li Hanguang in the Tang Dynasty recorded in the "True Line", as well as Huang Zongyuan, Sun Zhiqing and other Maoshan masters recorded in the "Maoshan Chronicles" are also Taoist priests of the Heavenly Master.

Liu Song Tianshi advocated the doctrine of the three caves, which is of great significance. If the Heavenly Master Dao respects all the Taoist books of the Three Caves, then whether it is the Shangqing Sutra, the Lingbao Sutra, or the Three Emperors Sutra, the teachings described in them will be included in the Heavenly Master Dao. Lu Xiujing's "Dongxuan Lingbao Five Senses" is based on the doctrine of the Three Caves, classifying and explaining the fasting mentioned in the Taoist books of the Three Caves, including the Shangqing Zhai of the Shangqing Sutra, the Lingbao Zhai of the Lingbao Sutra, the Three Emperors of the Three Emperors Sutra, and the unique Sanyuan Chartan Zhai and the Instructional Zhai of the Heavenly Master Dao. In this way, Liu Song Tianshidao rapidly expanded the scope of his teachings by advocating the doctrine of the Three Caves, so that the Tianshidao family was enough to compete with Buddhism. Therefore, the Heavenly Master Tao called his teachings "Taoism" to oppose Buddhism. Thus, the religion of "Taoism" was established for the first time in Chinese history. "Taoism" originally referred to the teachings of the Tao of the Heavenly Masters, which were based on the doctrine of the Three Caves[7].

From the above, it can be seen that different understandings of the Three Caves doctrine will lead to different views on the entire history of Taoism. The misconception that Taoism in the Tang Dynasty was dominated by the Shangqing school was also due to a lack of correct understanding of the Three Caves doctrine and the ideas of its advocates. Taoism is a religion founded and advocated by the Heavenly Master Dao in the Liu Song Dynasty in the middle of the 5th century, and the mainstream of Taoism is the Heavenly Master Dao from the Liu Song Dynasty to the end of the Southern Song Dynasty.