Qing Taizu Nurhachi (1559.2.21-1626.9.30) surnamed Aixin Jueluo, Jurchen. The founder of the Qing Dynasty, fluent in Chinese, likes to read "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", at the age of twenty-five, in the ancestral home to unify the Jurchen tribes, pacify northeast China, and repeatedly defeated the Ming Dynasty army, Mingshenzong Wanli forty-four years, the establishment of the Houjin, the division of Liaodong, the establishment of the Yuan Mandate of Heaven. After the Battle of Salhu, the capital was moved to Shenyang. The following year, the army was defeated in the battle of Ningyuan City, in April of the same year, Nurhachi personally led a large army, conquered Mongolia Khalkha, in mid-July, Nurhachi suffered from gangrene, died soon after, and was buried in Fuling, Shenyang. After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, he was honored as the Emperor Taizu of the Qing Dynasty, and his nickname was: Chengtian Guangyun Shengde Shengong Zhaoji Liji Jiren Xiaorui Wuduanyi Qin'an Hongwen Dingye Gao Emperor.

From 1582 to 1588, Nurhachi first unified the various ministries of Jianzhou. Later, it merged the western part of the Songhua River basin and the East China Sea department in the northeast of Changbai Mountain. In the process of unification, the Eight Banners system was created, and the Manchu script was created using the Mongolian alphabet.

On February 17, 1616 (the first day of the first month of the 44th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), Nurhachi declared himself the Khan of the Jin State, divided Liaodong, established the Yuan Dynasty, and set the capital of Hetuala, the country name Jin, and the history was called Houjin.

Nurhachi, born in the 38th year of Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty (1559) and died in the 6th year of the Ming Dynasty (1626), lived for 67 years, and spent most of his life fighting. Once indomitable and invincible, but in the end it was defeated and passed away, and its experience and lessons are enough to serve as a warning for future generations.

Nurhachi, the Manchu language means wild boar skin, whether it is a history book or a documentary, it is said that Nurhachi is "wild boar skin" meaning. In this regard, Mr. Jin Qizhang wrote: "When I was a child, I heard that Manchu experts and relatives of Songxian said that Nurhaqi (red) means 'wild boar skin', Shuerhaqi means 'little wild boar skin', and Yarhaqi means 'leopard skin' (according to: Shu and Ya are both Nurhachi's younger brothers), and his theory is also based on his theory. After reading the folk customs of the Tunguska ethnic groups in Siberia, the children like to wear some kind of animal skin clothes as their milk name, which can prove that Songxian's statement is indeed correct. "The Manchu word l1uheci (Nu Keqi) means wild boar skin.

It is also said that because Nurhachi's mother gave birth to him, she had a dream, and dreamed that a man wrapped a child in wild boar skin and sent it to Nurhachi's mother, and the next day Nurhachi (wild boar skin) Chi's mother gave birth to Nurhachi (wild boar skin), and his father Takas heard it, he gave the name Nurhachi (wild boar skin), which means wild boar skin in Manchu.

In the thirty-eighth year of Jiajing of Ming Shizong (1559), Nurhachi was born in Hetuala, the city of Sukesu, the left guard of Jianzhou (now Laocheng Village, Yongling Town, Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County, Fushun City, Liaoning Province). His grandfather Jue Chang'an, his father Takshi was the commander of the Jianzhou Left Guard, and his mother was Empress Xuan.

When he was young, he was in business, fluent in Chinese, and had assumed the surname Tong (the Han people surnamed Tong in the Ming Dynasty were the Liaodong Wang clan, and many Jurchens of the Tong Jia clan assumed the surname Tong and claimed to be Han people with the surname Tong, because Nurhachi had joined the Tong Jia clan, and his father-in-law Tamu Bayan also claimed to have the surname Tong, so Nurhachi also claimed to have the surname Tong with his father-in-law to elevate his identity).

In the Jurchen region at that time, Li Chengliang, the commander-in-chief of Liaodong, was the most powerful military force. He took advantage of the contradictions between the Jurchen tribes and with other ethnic tribes in order to control the situation. In the second year of Wanli (1574), Wang Gao, the commander of the right guard of the Ming Dynasty (some people believe that Wang Gao was Nurhachi's maternal grandfather, Agudu Governor), could not bear the oppression of the Ming Dynasty in the second year of Wanli (1574), raised troops against the Ming, and was defeated and killed. Wang Gao's son, Atai, was able to escape and return to Gule City (now Gulou Village, Shangjiahe Town, Xinbin). Atai's wife is Kyaw Chang'an's granddaughter and Takshi's niece. In the eleventh year of Wanli (1583), Li Chengliang attacked Gule Village. Jue Chang'an and Takshi went to the city to visit, but they were surrounded in the village because of the war. Under the command of Li Chengliang, the city lord of Tulun City (now Xinbin Tangtu Township) in the Jurchen Sukesuhu River Department of Jianzhou, Nikan Wailan, lured Atai to open the city, and after breaking through the Gule Village, he slaughtered the city, and Jue Chang'an and Takshi were not spared. Nurhachi and his younger brother Shulhaqi were in the midst of the defeated army, and because of their extraordinary appearance, they were let go by Li Chengliang's wife.

On the way back, Nurhachi was embraced by Eyidu and others, and he was equipped with thirteen pairs of armor. After he returned to Jianzhou, he sent people to ask why the Ming Dynasty killed his grandfather and father. The Ming Dynasty returned the remains of Nurhachizu and his father, and gave him "thirty edicts, thirty horses, the dragon and tiger generals, and the edict to the governor".

In the twelfth year of Wanli (1584), Nurhachi led his troops to attack Nikan Wailan and Ketulun City, and Nikan Wailan fled to Erhun. In 1587, Nurhachi conquered Erhun, and Nikan Wailan fled to the territory of the Ming Dynasty. Nurhachi asked the Ming Dynasty general Li Chengliang to return Nikan Wailan and put Nikan Wailan to death. In the same year, the city was built on the site of the "Jianzhou Old Camp", which was called Foala, that is, the "old old city" (now Erdao Village, Yongling Town, Xinbin County, Liaoning Province) after the Jin moved the capital to Liaoyang in 1621.

In the decades that followed, Nurhachi grew stronger under the support of Li Chengliang and subdued the Jurchen tribes one by one. In September 1593, nine tribes, including Yehe, Huifa, Ula, Hada (the above are the "four tribes of Hulun" of the Haixi Jurchens) and Xibe, jointly attacked Nurhachi. At the Battle of Gule Mountain, Nurhachi defeated the Nine Divisions. In 1599 Nurhachi attacked Hada and in 1603 he conquered Hada. In 1607 he conquered Huifa, in 1613 he conquered Ulla, and in 1619 Nurhachi finally defeated Yeh at the Battle of Sarhu.

The Jin Dynasty was a long time ago, and its Jurchen script could not be used, and at this time, the Jurchen had no writing, and it was very inconvenient to use Chinese or Mongolian when there was something that had to be recorded. According to the Manchurian Record, in 1599 two scholars under the Nurhachi faction adopted the Mongolian alphabet and added the Manchu alphabet. In 1601, Nurhachi went to Yanjing to pay tribute to the Ming Dynasty. In 1603, the capital was moved to Hetuala. In 1606, the Mongols bestowed Nurhachi with the title of "Kundulun Khan".

Li Chengliang died in 1615. In 1616, in the forty-fourth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, Nurhachi was called "the wise Khan of the overlying countries" in Hetuala, and the country was called "Dajin", and the history was called Houjin. Nurhachi, who became the Great Khan of the Later Jin, had unified most of the Jurchen tribes. In 1618, in the forty-sixth year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty, Nurhachi promulgated the "Seven Hatreds" as a reason for rebellion under the pretext that the Ming Dynasty court favored the Jurchen Yehebu and raised troops against the Ming.

In March 1619, the Ming raised 140,000 troops to attack Nurhachi. Nurhachi grasped the advantageous fighter planes, concentrated his forces, "I will only go all the way by relying on a few roads", and defeated the Ming army in the battle of Sarhu, annihilating about 60,000 Ming troops, and achieving a decisive victory.

In 1621, Nurhachi moved the capital to Liaoyang and built the city of Tokyo. In the second year of the Apocalypse, that is, the seventh year of the Mandate of Heaven (1622), Nurhachi defeated Xiong Tingbi and Wang Huazhen, the governor of Liaodong, and captured Guangning, an important town in western Liaoning, Ming Dynasty (now Beining City, Liaoning). In 1625, Nurhachi moved his capital to Shenyang.

In January 1626, Nurhachi initiated the Battle of Ningyuan, and the Ming Dynasty defender Yuan Chonghuan defeated him with Hongyi cannons and retreated to Shengjing (Shenyang). In April of the same year, Nurhachi personally led a large army to conquer the Mongolian Khalkha, "entering the Xila wooden wheel and obtaining its livestock". In May, the Ming general Mao Wenlong attacked Anshan, and Nurhachi returned to Shengjing. In the middle of July, Nurha was naked and suffering from drug gangrene, and on the twenty-third day of July, he went to Qinghe Tangquan for recuperation, and on the seventh day of the eighth month, the great gradual, and on the eleventh, he went down the Taizi River by boat, and died of illness in Fuling Longenmen Jibao (now Jinbao Village, Zhai's hometown, Yuhong District, Shenyang City), at the age of 68. Nurhachi was buried in Shenyang Fuling (now Shenyang Dongling).

Nurhachi formulated an important national policy of favoring meritorious heroes. For the "founding fathers" who participated in the early years, led the army to fight, and served loyally, such as Fei Yingdong, Eyidu, He Heli, Hu Erhan, An Feiyangu and other "five ministers", as well as Yang Guli, Leng Geli and others, they were given special courtesies and preferential treatment, and a large number of people, animals, and wealth were given, and they were appointed as high-ranking officials, conferred knighthoods, married and married, and shared honor and disgrace. When these heroes made mistakes, he emphatically pointed out that "iron is better than gold when you are poor", and he often treats them lightly with his merits. Nurhachi recruited many talented people, who offered advice and advice, and repeatedly entered the Daming Dynasty to burn and plunder the Jurchen Department to gradually "enrich the people and the country", laying a solid foundation for the establishment and growth of the Houjin State.

In military and foreign affairs, Nurhachi formulated specific guidelines, policies, and strategies. It has adopted the policy of "envy and power in parallel, those who are obedient to virtue, and those who are against them with soldiers", that is, to focus on soothing and complement each other. There are three specific contents, one is to kill those who resist, and those who are captured are slaves. After the surrender of the seven villages of the Nayin Department, Zhushen rebelled, and the city was defended to the death, "all of them were killed after they were gained". The Jurchens of the Ekhkuren tribe refused to surrender, and Nurhachi sent troops to conquer them, beheaded the defenders, "captured 10,000 prisoners", destroyed their country, and "turned the land into ruins". The second is to compile the households of those who descend, and compile them in each cattle directory, so that they are not reduced to slavery and do not take their property. Originally, they were ministers, village owners, Baylor, and Taiji, and most of them were awarded official positions, and their former subordinates were compiled as Niu Lu, which was under their jurisdiction. The third is the award for returnees. For those who take the initiative to return from afar, Nurhachi is especially generously rewarded. When he heard that the minister of the East China Sea Huerhabe Nakada had led a hundred Jurchen families to vote, he sent 200 people to greet him, and when he arrived, he "set up a great feast" and gave him generous gifts, "the eight ministers at the head, each of whom gave ten pairs of Ahabs, ten horses to ride, and ten oxen to plough the ploughs," as well as a large number of furs, mink hats, clothes, cloths, pots, and other things. For other entourage, they are also "fully prepared". In this way, the attack surface was narrowed, and many ministers and road chiefs were won to lead their subordinates to submit to obedience. According to the records of the "Eight Banners Manchurian Clan Genealogy" alone, there were as many as 2,300 cases of Jurchen chieftains from Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning coming and returning, thus accelerating the process of Jurchen unification and reducing unnecessary casualties and losses. It has also adopted a correct strategy for employing troops, which is generally from near to far, first weak and then strong, and gradually expanding. He actively fought for an alliance with the Mongols, trying his best to avoid being attacked by the Ming Dynasty prematurely, and was not subject to the Ming army's conquest until the rebellion launched with the Seven Hatreds in the 46th year of Wanli (1618), which greatly contributed to the smooth progress of the cause of unifying the Jurchens. They have given full play to their military command capabilities. He is good at using tactics, attaches importance to secrecy, is resourceful and decisive, decides when he agrees, and acts when he decides, and dispatches troops like a storm, which is unstoppable, often winning more with less, and changing from passive to active.

The End:

In 1626, Nurhachi, who had been rampaging the northeast for half a century, suffered the greatest setback of his life.

In the first month of this year, Nurhachi saw a great opportunity: Liaodong of the Ming Dynasty was ordered by slightly Gaodi to withdraw the guards of the cities outside the pass and withdraw all the troops into Shanhaiguan. For a time, the defenders of Jinzhou, Xiaolinghe, Songshan, and Xingshan, which had been operated by the Ming Dynasty for several years, were withdrawn, and only Yuan Chonghuan, who disobeyed the order, was left to stick to Ningyuan City. How could Nurhachi, who was most accustomed to seizing fighter planes, give up his advantage and not take advantage of it? Quickly mobilize 130,000 troops to attack Xingcheng.

The situation at this time is definitely favorable.

In terms of military strength, the Xingcheng garrison has only 10,000, while the Eight Banners have 130,000.

From the perspective of the coordination of the troops, the orders of the Ming army were different, and Yuan Chonghuan resolutely resisted the Houjin and penetrated the front line of Xingcheng to guard the Shanhaiguan. Jingluo, who did not understand military affairs and feared the enemy like a tiger, resolutely retreated, only defended Shanhaiguan, and withdrew the defenders from the front and rear of Xingcheng to Shanhaiguan, and hung Yuan Chonghuan's Xingcheng important place in front of the enemy. For such a general who resolutely resisted the enemy, of course, Jingluo Gaodi would not send a single soldier to support. And the order of the Eight Banners came from Nurhachi alone, and the front and rear coordination, as long as the front line needed, Shenyang's support could be reached at any time.

From the commander's point of view, the commander of the city defender Yuan Chonghuan is only 32 years old, once the governor of Liaodong, was valued by Chongzhen, the subordinate unit is known as the "Guanning Iron Cavalry", is the backbone of the late Ming Dynasty to resist the Qing Dynasty, his own strategy is proficient, good at using soldiers, and later because of the killing of Mao Wenlong was suspected by Chongzhen, although the heavy blow to Nurhachi meritorious, but was still brutally executed by Chongzhen Ling Chi 3600 knives, a generation of famous generals fell, when Chongzhen woke up, the Dashun army has been under the city. Since the 68-year-old Nurhachi started the army in his 20s, he has experienced a hundred battles and has never lost a battle, especially in the three major battles with the Ming army, each time he fought more with fewer blows, and each time he won a big victory. On the 24th day of the first lunar month, Nurhachi first sent troops to bypass Ningyuan, cut off the road leading to Shanhaiguan 5 miles south of the city, and then sent a few captive Han Chinese to Ningyuan to send a message to Yuan Chonghuan to persuade Yuan Chonghuan to surrender. When the persuasion failed, they attacked the city on a large scale.

On the flat ground on the first line outside Xingcheng, I saw the Houjin soldiers coming from the field.

Thousands of pigtailed soldiers rushed to the edge of the city, and suddenly, thousands of torches were raised at the head of the city, and arrows rained down the city. The battle became more and more intense, the Ming army suddenly pushed out a long and large wooden cabinet from every stone wall at the head of the city, half of these large wooden cabinets were in the moats, half of them poked out of the city, and there were armor soldiers in the big cabinets, leaning over to shoot arrows and throwing stones, and after throwing them, they pulled the big wooden cabinets in, and then loaded the arrows and stones out to throw. With the explosion of landmines, earth and rocks flew, and countless Qing soldiers and horses were shaken into the air.

The siege failed, and the Jin soldiers changed to attack the city with a strong car, and the roof of the car was covered with raw cowhide, and the arrows and stones could not be injured. Houjin soldiers approached bravely, pushed the iron-wrapped car and slammed into the city wall, the sound was booming, the momentum was amazing, the impact was long, and there were many places where the city wall was broken. The Qing soldiers then used iron-clad carts like ladders to hit the high parts of the city wall. Then he pushed the iron-clad cart to the side of the city wall, and covered it with wooden planks to ward off the arrows thrown from the head of the city, and the soldiers were hidden in the cart, and they used shovels to dig the foot of the wall. Later, the Jin soldiers attacked the dead corner under the city wall, and the cannons could not hit them. Seeing that the city wall was about to be opened, at this moment, the defenders carried a long staircase weighing hundreds of catties and threw it down from the city. The iron plate car was smashed, and the soldiers who were hiding below were smashed, and countless people were killed and wounded.

After a long time of siege, the city foundation of some sections was dug into a concave niche by the Houjin soldiers, and the Houjin soldiers hid in the hole in the city wall to dig inward, and then threw big stones down on the city, and they couldn't hit it. Slowly, the foot of the city wall of more than ten miles around Xingcheng has been dug into a thousand holes, and seeing that the city is about to be broken, Nurhachi is secretly proud. Suddenly, I saw the reed mattresses and sheets thrown down from the city, it was the first month of the month, the climate was very cold, and the siege soldiers saw the bedding, they all came to snatch it. When you were fighting for a lot, rockets and nitrate and other ignitions in the city were thrown down one after another, and the reed mattresses and sheets immediately burned, burning countless Houjin soldiers. At the same time, what seemed to be a wooden frame was also thrown, and when it reached the bottom of the city, the wooden frame exploded, and countless mud balls spraying flames immediately spun and rolled out, burning many Houjin soldiers.

Although it was stubborn resistance, but the city wall was still knocked down more than a zhang, the Houjin army was about to break through the city, Yuan Chonghuan personally led people to plug the gap, although he was injured twice, but he tore off his robe to wrap the wound on his left arm and fought again. Under his example, everyone worked bravely and finally closed the gap.

On the 24th, the siege of the city was not stopped, and on the 25th, the Jin soldiers attacked again, but they did not fall, and on the 26th, they attacked again. The Houjin soldiers didn't understand, the Ming soldiers who ran away in the past were suddenly extremely heroic, and the invincible Houjin soldiers in the world hit the reef like a torrent, no matter how the torrent hit, the reef still stood still.

In the doubts of the Houjin soldiers, Nurhachi was injured by a cannon, and Dai Shan and Huang Taiji finally found the wounded King Han under the corpse.