This chapter is the general historical background of the Jin Dynasty, and if you don't like it, you don't need to read it, and it won't affect subsequent reading. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 infoBut if you read it, you will have a deeper understanding of the history of this period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

1. Historical Background:

In the year of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Qin was forced to destroy the six kingdoms and dominate the world. However, the Qin system was too harsh, and after establishing the country by force, he still used heavy canons to enslave the world, causing the people to live in poverty, and Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, took advantage of the situation to kill the White Snake and revolted, and the second son of Qin surrendered by himself.

Han Gaozu believed that the Qin Dynasty was died by violence, and there was no princes and clans to consolidate the rule, so he inherited the Qin system and changed its too harsh place, in order to appease the people, inaction and rule, changed the county system implemented by Qin to the "county and state parallel system" (inherited the county system of the Qin Dynasty locally, and at the same time divided the princes and kings with the same surname to garrison various places, and the two systems of the county and the state were parallel) led to the gradual increase in the power of each kingdom, and Emperor Jing had no choice but to cut the feudal domain and then pacified the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms, which initially weakened the power of the kingdom. Emperor Wu took advantage of the restructuring to take away a large number of princely titles, "depose a hundred schools, and respect Confucianism", on the surface it seems to be heavy on virtue and light punishment, but in fact it is "in the Confucian law", and with reference to Confucian standards, the filial piety and honesty system is used to select talents, and the evaluation of the clan and township party has become the main basis for the selection of officials, which makes the family with economic strength and political power gradually rise.

The Emperor of the Later Han Dynasty since Emperor Zhang has been continuously extinct, and the nine emperors of He, Yan, An, Shun, Chong, Quality, Huan, Ling, and Xian are all children succeeding to the throne, the oldest Emperor Huan is only fifteen years old, and the youngest Emperor is only born for more than 100 days, with an average age of less than nine years old, and the imperial power is gradually falling into the hands of the descendants and relatives, and the imperial power is greatly weakened. In the rotation of imperial power, the sacredness and majesty gradually disappeared. In the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the struggle between relatives and eunuchs in the court, and later with the party intensified, and land annexation, taxation and forced labor, and class contradictions intensified, and the people of all ethnic groups suffered unspeakably. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the eunuchs were autocratic, the people were not able to make a living, the imperial court was unable to suppress the Yellow Turban Uprising, and the local forces took the opportunity to expand the army when they were invited to encircle and suppress, and the troops were self-respecting, forming a situation of division and melee, and the local celebrities controlled the power of the inspection, and the drawbacks of the inspection and expropriation system were constantly revealed. After decades of civil war, the Huanghuai River valley was brutally killed, the people fled, the economy was ruined, and the Eastern Han Dynasty existed in name only.

Wei, Shu, Wu divided the world, Cao Cao coerced the Son of Heaven to order the princes, the east and the west to fight, laid the foundation of Cao's power, Cao Cao paid attention to practical talents, intentionally canceled the door valve, although regardless of the background, eclectic selection of talents, but by the major forces, the opposition of the family, and finally failed to ascend the throne and become the emperor. With the increasing development of the powerful power of the scholar clan and gradually achieved a dominant position in politics, his son Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei, had to adopt the nine-rank system of selecting officials based on their family background. The Cao clan established Cao Wei on behalf of Liu Han, but the Shi clan gate valve also gradually controlled the recruitment of talents.

The Hanoi Sima clan was an official for generations during the Cao Wei period, among which Sima Yi, who had political and military talents, became an important minister of the Wei state in the process of resisting the Shu Han and pacifying Liaodong, and the Sima clan gradually seized power and began to dictate. Sima Zhao was called the king of Jin after destroying Shu. The Sima clique used 3,000 dead soldiers raised in the shadow to launch a coup d'état and seize power with lightning speed. Subsequently, the killing spree began. Those who rise up to rebel will be killed, those who hold different views will be killed, those who are not accustomed to the status quo will be killed, and those who make different voices will be killed. No matter how you kill, you will never be merciful, and the blade of the head will be rolled. At that time, celebrities or cronies of the Cao Group, such as He Yan, Deng Yang, Bi Rail, Ding Mi, Wang Ling, Xiahou Xuan, Zhuge Dan, Zhang Hua, Ji Kang, etc., were all "ghosts under the knife". Under the butcher's knife of abuse, the land of blood is fertile, and the world's celebrities are halved for a while. Sima Zhao's heart is well known to passers-by, and its purpose is to remove all obstacles on the road to becoming emperor. Since then, the world has been peaceful, a pool of stagnant water, people are silent, and they can no longer hear different voices. Just as Sima Zhao was preparing to change the dynasty with the yellow robe, he died with a whimper. At the end of the same year, the puppet emperor Cao Huan (Cao Cao's grandson) was deposed, Sima Zhao's son Sima Yan was officially proclaimed emperor, the country name "Jin", and "Wei" perished. Forty-five years earlier, Cao Cao's son, Cao Pi, had coerced the last emperor of the Han Dynasty into making a ritual and proclaiming the establishment of the Wei Dynasty. Sima Yan quelled Liu Meng's rebellion and the Northwest Rebellion, and the Three Kingdoms period ended after the fall of Sun Wu. In order to prevent the usurpation of power by the ministers, he made a large number of clans kings and gave them military rights, and after unifying the Central Plains, he thought that there was nothing to do in the world, so he removed the guards of the prefectures and counties and lived with the people, so that a large number of Hu people on the border migrated to the Central Plains. And it originally wanted to oppose the operation of the local county surname on the election with the nine-grade system, but the examiners "Zhongzheng" set up by it were all from the powerful family, so the gate valve gradually grew, and finally formed a situation of "the upper grade has no cold door, and the lower grade has no powerful family", so that the gate valve family completely controls the right to select officials, forming a family of successive ministers.

After Sima Yan, the founding emperor of the Jin Dynasty, who was "smart and martial, wise and decisive", abolished Emperor Wei Yuan and founded the Jin Dynasty, he was "extremely lustful and fond of feasting". In order to choose beautiful women for himself, he once ordered the world to "prohibit marriage" for one year, so that all the women of the Jin Kingdom could stay at home for him to choose from. led to debauchery, pleasure, and excessive drinking, and gave birth to the mentally handicapped Emperor Sima Zhen of Jinhui. Jia Chong, who had participated in the suppression of the Second Huainan Rebellion and the killing of the Wei Emperor Cao Chao (pronounced Mao), held an important position, and in order to survive in the officialdom struggle, he married his ugly and evil daughter Jia Nanfeng to the crown prince Sima Zhen. When the promiscuous Sima Yan was seriously ill, Empress Sima Yan's father Yang Jun put him under house arrest and tampered with the edict with Empress Wu Mourning to proclaim himself a prominent position. In order to grasp the government and consolidate her position, she successively killed a large number of powerful ministers such as Yang Jun, Tai Baoguan, Sima Liang, King of Runan, and Sima Wei, King of Chu. Jia Nanfeng's "violence" and "dictatorship of the world" and the treacherous plot to abolish the crown prince caused strong dissatisfaction and opposition from the kings of the Sima clan, and after Sima Lun, the king of Zhao, and others raised troops to crusade and kill Jia Nanfeng, for the throne caused a fifteen-year-long "Eight Kings Rebellion", and the Jin Dynasty clans also began to kill each other. Li Xiong called Chengdu King in Chengdu, Liu Yuan called himself the King of Han, became the beginning of the "Five Hu Chaohua", after which the Hu people took the opportunity to raise troops to invade our Central Plains, the world began to be in chaos, the Jin people suffered from the disaster of the dead clan, the loss of nearly half, a large number of people moved south, and the north began to be desolate. Since then, China's economic center has shifted from the north to the south. China, which is largely unified, has fallen into a situation of division and separatism for more than 300 years.

Sima Rui, the king of Langya, a descendant of the Jin imperial family, had no soldiers and no power in the later period of Jia, and in order to avoid the disaster of killing, he adopted the policy of frugality and concession, and tried to avoid getting involved in the whirlpool of struggle. In Luoyang, Sima Rui made close friends with Wang Dao of the Langxie Wang clan, who was born in the northern first-class scholar clan, and crossed the river to Jianye at the suggestion of Wang Dao, and tried his best to make friends with the Jiangdong clan. After the greedy, cruel, debaucherous and corrupt Sima royal family of the Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed by the Hu people, the royal nobles fled to the south in embarrassment. Sima Rui was called the emperor in Jianye (renamed Jiankang, that is, Nanjing) and was known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history.

The founding emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Yuan Emperor Sima Rui did not have enough prestige in the imperial family after crossing to the south, and his power was weak, so he could not get the support of the northern and southern scholars, so he could only rely on the royal guidance of the family and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 317 on the condition of the retreat of imperial power. As a result, the imperial power had a looser grip on the courtiers and literati than any previous dynasty. Even in order to resist foreign enemies and gather the morale of the people, the emperor did not hesitate to delegate the exclusive power of the emperor and share it with the courtiers. That's why there is a pattern of "the king and the horse share the world". In the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the lords were weak and the ministers were strong, and the clan of the gate lords held military power, and the central dynasty represented by the Sima clan had almost no soldiers available. He cited Liu Kui, Diao Xie, Dai Yuan, etc. as confidants to implement the policy of "using law to control your subordinates", restricting the power of the big clans, strengthening the imperial power, and trying to suppress the power of the Wang family, which led to increasingly tense relations with the Langyu Wang family, so that the contradictions between the imperial power and the gate lord family became more and more superficial. Wang Dun, who was known as ambitious, raised troops in Wuchang in the name of punishing Liu Kui, attacked Jiankang, killed Dai Yuan, etc., and Wang Dun himself added an official to himself. When Emperor Sima Rui of the Jin Yuan Dynasty was the general of Zhendong, he summoned Yu Liang, a famous man with a handsome appearance and good at talking about metaphysics, to serve as Cao Peng in the west, and Sima Rui later married Yu Liang's sister Yu Wenjun as the concubine of the prince (Sima Shao). Yu Liang became friends with Sima Shao when he was speaking in the East Palace.

The second emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Emperor Sima Shao of the Ming Dynasty, ascended the throne in 322 (Emperor Ming's sixth brother was Emperor Sima Yu of Jianwen), and granted amnesty to the world. Quelled Wang Dun's rebellion, stopped the investigation of Wang Dun's henchmen, reused Wang Dao to stabilize the emperor's authority, and maintained a harmonious attitude with the clan, and successfully dealt with the aftermath of the "Wang Dun Rebellion". Yu Liang, Yu Bing, Yu Yi is the brother of Emperor Yu Wenjun of Emperor Ming of Jin, the queen was born Emperor Jin Cheng, Emperor Kang of Jin, Yu gradually took power, Yu Liang successively served as Emperor Yuan, Emperor Ming, Emperor Cheng three dynasties important ministers.

The third emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the eldest son of Emperor Ming, Sima Yan, Emperor Cheng. After ascending the throne in 325, due to his young age, his mother Empress Dowager Yu came to the court, and Yu Liang and Wang Dao, Wen Qiao, Bian Yan, Sima Xian, Xi Jian, and Lu Ye assisted the government, but the political affairs were actually decided by Yu Liang, and he judged things according to law, so he was greatly disappointed, and Su Jun, the general who guarded Liyang, and Tao Kan, who guarded Jingzhou, were extremely dissatisfied with Gengliang's dictatorship. In the end, it caused the Su Jun Rebellion. Yu Liang intended to go on a northern expedition, but later died of depression. Due to the Chu family's Chu Pi (pronounced as 抔 or bao) famous, noble family, when Emperor Jin Cheng chose a concubine for his younger brother Sima Yue, King of Langya, Chu Garlic was hired as the princess of Langya. Chu Li became the imperial prince and served as the Taishou of Yuzhang. He Chong, who was known for his virtues, was friendly with Director Wang when he was young, and held prominent official positions very early. Wang Dao and Yu Liang recommended He Chong to Emperor Jin Cheng together, so they took up prominent official positions.

The fourth emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Emperor Sima Shaozi of the Ming Dynasty, the younger brother of Emperor Cheng Sima Yan, and Emperor Kangdi Sima Yue. He ascended the throne in 342 because of the powerful ministers Yu Bing and Yu Yi. When Emperor Sima Yan of Jin Cheng was seriously ill, his two sons, Sima Pi and Sima Yi, were only a few years old. Emperor Cheng's uncle Yu Bing, in the name of the country's danger and weakness, strongly persuaded Emperor Cheng to establish a long monarch. Emperor Cheng then left an edict and ordered his younger brother Sima Yue, the king of Langya, to inherit his throne. Sima Yue reused Yu Bing and Yu Yi to prevent Shi Hu, the monarch of Zhao Guojun from moving south. Two years later, when Sima Yue was seriously ill, he had not yet designated an heir, and the ministers asked Yu Bing and Yu Yi, who were leading troops outside, and the two Yu thought that they should appoint an older member of the royal family, Sima Yu, as the heir, to ensure that they would continue to rule as the uncle of the new emperor. However, He Chong, the supervisor of the Central Committee, suggested that Sima Yue, the eldest son of Sima Yue, who was only two years old at the time, be the crown prince, and many people agreed. The two Yu were out of reach, and the ministers in the court finally appointed Sima Dan as the crown prince. Sima Yue's emperor was exhausted, and Sima Yue, who had once outweighed his senses, had illusions that his descendants would be the permanent heirs of the emperor was quickly shattered.

The fifth emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the son of Emperor Kang, was still a baby when Emperor Mu Sima Dan ascended the throne in 344, and his mother Empress Dowager Chu was in charge and He Chong was an assistant. However, after Wang Dao and Yu Liang died one after another in the last years of Xiankang, it has always been Wang Dao's nephew He Chong and Yu Liang's younger brother Yu Bing to assist the royal family, and Bing's younger brother Yu Yi Zhenjingzhou, both cooperating with each other and competing with each other. Two months after Emperor Mu's accession to the throne, Yu Bing died, and the following year Yu Yi died. After the death of these people, there were few old and famous ministers left, and the two families of Wang Yu did not have enough children to inherit the inheritance, so as a last resort, He Chong adjusted the court situation after the death of Yu Yi, and used Huan Wen to replace Yu Yi in Jingzhou, and used Huan Wen to expel the Yu forces, and the queen mother's father Chu Li, who had already town Xuzhou, separated from the upstream and downstream towns, and promoted the prestigious celebrity Yin Hao in the center. Soon He Chong died, and was replaced by Cai Mo and Emperor Yuan's youngest son, Sima Yu, Sima Yu, who inherited the pattern left by He Chong, but slightly different from He Chong, the pressure from the upstream Huan Wen was already more obvious at this time, so Sima Yu had to rely on Yin Hao and even Chu Li to fight against Huan Wen. However, Yonghe's characters are generally not more than Huan Wen, Yin and Chu Qing are very famous, but they have no actual talent, Sima Yu himself was rated by Xie An as "Emperor Hui and his ilk, Qing talk is poor", you can also know what his political talent is. The imperial court took Yin Hao as the general of the Chinese army and the military governor of the five states, and entrusted him with the important task of the Northern Expedition to counter Huan Wen. As a result, Yin Hao was defeated and returned, and Huan Wen took power. As Huan Wen's strength and prestige increased, sooner or later the central people would be powerless to fight against him, which He Chong and even Sima Yu did not expect. Therefore, the political situation of the Yonghe Dynasty was a crisis in stability, and a danger in elegance, although there was no sword and sword, the political struggle was very fierce. During the reign of Emperor Mu, although the Northern Expedition of the Eastern Jin Dynasty failed, because Huan Wen eliminated the Cheng Han who established the state in Sichuan and recaptured Luoyang, the territory of the Eastern Jin Dynasty still expanded. During the Yonghe period of Emperor Mu was a relatively stable period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the internal and external gate lords and scholars maintained each other, and the northern Zhao was immersed and then divided, unable to map the south, thus forming a "Chinese and foreign nothing for more than ten years" environment, so the celebrities and scholars were romantic, clear and eternal, and it became an important symbol of the politics of Yonghe. During this period, Sima Yu, the king of Huiji, who mainly presided over the government, and Yin Hao, the assassin of Yangzhou, were both known for their ability to speak clearly, and Sima Yu's most trusted "guests in the room" Liu Yi and Wang Meng of Taiyuan were the ancestors of a generation of famous people.

The sixth emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the son of Emperor Cheng, the cousin of Emperor Mu, and the Emperor Sima Pi. Emperor Wai was supposed to succeed (Emperor Cheng) Sima Yan, but was unable to ascend the throne due to the opposition of the powerful minister Yu Bing. After the death of Emperor Mu Sima Dan and no children, in 361, the Empress Dowager established Sima Pi, the king of Langya, as the emperor, but because the general Huan Wen was in power, the emperor was like a puppet. Soon after Emperor Wai ascended the throne, he became obsessed with longevity, and according to the method of immortality taught by Taoist priests, he broke off the grain and took the elixir of immortality.

The seventh emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the son of Emperor Cheng and the same brother of Emperor Wai, abolished Emperor Sima Yi ascended the throne in 365. Huan Wen controlled the government, and Huan Wen also intended to abolish Sima Yi since he ascended the throne as the emperor, and was deposed as the king of the East China Sea by the general Huan Wen in the 5 years of his reign, and then demoted to the Duke of Haixi, and moved to Wu County. After that, Sima Yi was disheartened, fearful, and secretly survived, and indulged in wine to death. After Huan Wen was re-established as a new emperor, he began to frame some royal families and ministers whose political views did not agree with him, and wiped out the power of the two powerful clans of Yin and Yu.

The eighth emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the young son of Emperor Yuan, Sima Yu, Emperor Jianwen. In November 371, Jiyouri was proclaimed emperor by Huan Wen, and he was completely under Huan Wen's orders. Since Sima Rui founded Jiangzuo, the Eastern Jin Dynasty has been under the rotation of the gate lords of the scholar clan, forming a pattern of gate valve politics, and except for the Yuan Emperor Sima Rui and the Ming Emperor Sima Shao, the other emperors are almost puppet-like existences. By the time of Emperor Jianwen Sima Yu, this situation of sluggish imperial power and the dictatorship of the scholars reached the extreme, and Huan Wen completely controlled the affairs of the imperial court, and even Xie An regarded him as a "king". In July of the second year, Sima Yu was seriously ill, and issued four edicts in a row to urge Huan Wen, who was still living in the house, to enter the court and assist the government, Huan Wen deliberately resigned, and Emperor Jian Wen then left an edict "The story of the great Sima Wen according to the Zhou Gongju", and said: "The young son can be supplemented by those who can be assisted, if not, the king will take it himself." "At this time, the national fortunes of the Jin Dynasty can be said to be at the point of a thousand moments, because Huan Wen can completely rely on Emperor Jianwen's edict to usurp the Jin Dynasty and stand on its own, which is what other scholars do not want to see. Emperor Jian Wen, who was born in the Taiyuan Wang family, agreed to change the edict to "" The family and state affairs are a great Sima, such as the story of Zhuge Wuhou (Zhuge Liang) and Wang Chengxiang (Wang Dao). "At the critical moment when the fate of the Jin family was hanging by a thread, the gate lords of the various clans joined forces to stop Huan Wen's conspiracy to usurp the Jin, ensuring the smooth accession of Sima Yao and the continuation of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Huan Wen originally hoped that Emperor Jianwen Sima Yu would be in charge of the court before his death, or that he would take charge of the government, but he was disappointed, so he refused to enter the court, and did not go to the Jiankang Dynasty to meet Emperor Xiaowu until February of the first year of Ningkang (373 AD), and led troops into the court. The ministers panicked, because Wang Tanzhi in the service and Xie An, the secretary of the ministry, coped with it easily, the constant temperature did not make trouble, and the Jin Dynasty was at peace. In March, Huan Wen retired from the army. In July, the constant temperature died of illness in Guyu.

The ninth emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the third son of Emperor Jianwen Sima Yu, Emperor Xiaowu Sima Yao, and his mother was Li Lingrong, the Empress Dowager of Xiaowuwen. Ascended to the throne in 372. In the early days of the throne, the Empress Dowager Chongde listened to the government by her sister-in-law, the Empress Dowager Chu Garlic. At the age of 14 (376), he began to govern himself, and the real power was held by the Xie clan of Chenjun represented by Xie An. During the reign period, due to the tax reform and Xie An's reign, it was called the revival of the last years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Sima Yao was the first emperor of the Han dynasty to openly believe in Buddhism. Xie An's biggest weakness in power was that it was not backed up by a reliable military force. Due to the need to guard against the Huan Chong forces still entrenched in Jingzhou internally, and to deal with the increasingly powerful former Qin regime externally, Xie An recommended his nephew Xie Xuan as the assassin of Yanzhou and Xuzhou, and stationed in Jiebeifu (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). Xie Xuan recruited Liu Gaozhi, He Qian, Zhuge Kan, Gao Heng, Liu Liang, Tian Luo, Sun Wuzhong and other powerful generals, integrated their army, which was mainly homeless, and formed the famous "Beifu Soldiers", which not only consolidated the power of the Xie clan in Chenjun, but also provided a strong guarantee for the survival of Jiangzuo's Huaxia regime. In July of the eighth year of Taiyuan (383), Fu Jian, the "(former) Qin" (Emperor Xuanzhao) in the "Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms", sent 900,000 troops south to destroy the Jin, and Xie An and others commanded 80,000 Jin troops to win more with less in the "Battle of Weishui". After Xie An's death, Sima Yao took advantage of the gap in the talent gap of the scholar clan to break through the pattern of gate valve politics and restore the imperial power of the Sima clan, so he replaced Xie An with his younger brother Sima Daozi, and became the most powerful monarch since the founding of Jiangzuo in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. However, Sima Daozi's reign and Emperor Xiaowu's alcoholism and indecision led to the political situation in the Eastern Jin Dynasty falling into chaos again. In September 396, Gengshen Sima Yu was killed by his favorite concubine Zhang Guiren.

The tenth emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the eldest son of Emperor Xiaowu Sima Yao, and Emperor Sima Dezong. The first reign was 397~403 years, and the second reign was 404~end. When Emperor An succeeded to the throne, the status of the Eastern Jin Dynasty emperor had been greatly reduced, and many generals outside the court were actually self-reliant and not subject to the king's orders, and the power within the court often fell into the hands of ministers. Emperor An's intelligence was a bit problematic, he didn't speak very well, and he couldn't even recognize the difference between winter and summer, so the power of the court was actually completely in the hands of the ministers of the court. In the early days of Emperor An, the policy of the imperial court was mainly presided over by Sima Daozi, the king of Huiji. In the first year of Long'an (397), Shangshu shot Wang Guobao and Jianwei general Wang Xu relied on Sima Daozi, the king of Huiji, who was in power, in an attempt to weaken the towns of all parties, causing Wang Gong to be dissatisfied with the Qing and Yan two prefectures and raise troops. In the second year of Long'an (398), Huan Xuan asked the imperial court for the history of Guangzhou Assassin, and Sima Daozi appointed him as the governor of Jiaojiao, the military of Guangzhou Erzhou, and the history of Guangzhou Assassin, but Huan Xuan was not in office after being ordered. Yuzhou Assassin Yu Kai was dissatisfied with the fact that his jurisdiction was ceded to Jiangzhou, so he raised troops again under the pretext of crusading against Sima Daozi's henchman Sima Shangzhi and Jiangzhou Assassin Wang Yu, and joined forces with Yin Zhongkan, the son of Jingzhou Assassin Shi Huan Wen, and Yang Yan, the prime minister of Nanjun, and promoted Wang Gong as the leader of the alliance. Sima Yuanxian was ordered to conquer the governor and the false festival, and led Wang Xun, Xie Yan, Sima Shangzhi and others to fight, Wang Gong was defeated and killed because of the rebellion of Liu Gaozhi, a subordinate general from Beifu soldiers, and Huan Xuan and others retreated. In order to appease, the imperial court appointed each official position, and Huan Xuan was the assassin of Jiangzhou (the capital Xunyang, now Jiujiang, Jiangxi). Huan Xuan, Yin Zhongkan, Yang Yanqi and other three people were afraid of the imperial court's crusade, although they were suspicious of each other, but they had to cooperate to protect themselves, so they formally formed an alliance in Xunyang, and Huan Xuan was promoted to be the leader of the alliance because of his family prestige, so he was even more proud. At that time, the situation in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there were Sima Daozi, Sima Yuanxian's father and son in the imperial court, and Huan Xuan and other three people were separated from Liu Jiaozhi and Sima Shangzhi, and the area south of Jingshi Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) was even more entrenched by Sun En, and the country was in turmoil. In the third year of Long'an (399), Huan Xuan eliminated the forces of Yin Zhongkan in Jingzhou (the capital Jiangling, now Jiangling, Hubei) and Yang Yan in the Yongzhou Assassin (Xiangyang, now Xiangyang, Hubei), and occupied the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. In 400, Sun En landed from the island to attack Huiji, and in 401, he attacked Hukou, Linhai and Guangling, and the Jin army was defeated many times. The imperial court had no choice but to appoint Huan Xuan as the governor of Jing, Si, Yong, Qin, Liang, Yi, Ning, Jiang and Yang and Yu eight counties. In 402, Sun En blockaded Jiankang, and there was a famine in the city. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty temporarily suppressed Sun En's power, the powerful minister Sima Yuanxian decided to eradicate Huan Xuan, and sent troops to the vanguard governor of the Jin army, Liu Gaozhi, who held the elite Beifu soldiers of the Jin army, as the forward governor, but Liu Gaozhi was afraid that after eliminating Huan Xuan, he could not be tolerated by Sima Yuanxian, and planned to use Huan Xuan's power to get rid of the rulers, and then take the opportunity to seize power, so he surrendered without a fight. Huan Xuan then went east smoothly, entered Jiankang, and killed Sima Yuanxian. Soon, and relieved Liu Gaozhi of military power, Liu Gaozhi intended to rebel and was defeated and hanged. Huan Xuan even appointed himself as a lieutenant, the governor of the Chinese and foreign military, the pastor of Yangzhou, and the assassin of Yuzhou, completely controlling the state affairs, and then successively killed the generals of Beifu to eradicate their power. In 402, Emperor An personally conquered Huan Xuan, but was defeated several times. Huan Xuan proclaimed himself prime minister and lieutenant. In the same year, Sun En was defeated by Linhai Taishou Xin Jing and committed suicide. In 403 (December 402, Gengshen), Huan Xuan killed Sima Daozi and became the ruler of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the autumn of the same year, he called himself the king of Chu and the general, and then usurped the throne, changed the name of the country to "Chu", and called "Huan Chu" in history, and degraded Emperor An to the king of Pinggu. Several generals led by Liu Yu, the old general of Beifu, raised troops to attack Huan Xuan, and Huan Xuan's army was defeated. Huan Xuan coerced Emperor An to flee to Jiangling, and Emperor An was restored as emperor. However, in June, Huan Xuan's general Huan Zhen captured Jiangling, and Emperor An was captured again. In 409, Liu Yu began the Northern Expedition and attacked Southern Yan, winning many battles and destroying Southern Yan. After the rebellion, Lu Xun was killed by the assassin Shi Du Huidu in Jiaozhou. Liu Yu held sole power in the court, squeezed out and persecuted ministers who were at odds with him, and ordered Emperor An to assassinate the history of foreign countries.

The last emperor of the Jin Dynasty (Eastern Jin Dynasty), Emperor Xiaowu Sima Yaozi, Emperor Andi Sima De's younger brother, Emperor Gong Sima Dewen. Reigned 418~420. After the Huan Xuan Rebellion, Liu Yu came to power. Sima Dewen knew that Liu Yu had an attempt to usurp the throne and kill (Emperor An) Sima Dezong, and due to Emperor An's own intellectual problems, Sima Dewen served with Emperor An. However, once Sima Dewen left the palace due to illness, Emperor An was finally killed by Liu Yu. Liu Yu himself intended to be the emperor, but because of what Tu Yu said, "there are two emperors after Changming (Emperor Xiaowu)", Liu Yu was in line with Tu Yu's words, so he changed Sima Dewen as emperor in 418. In June 420, Liu Yu forced Emperor Gong to take the throne with him. Emperor Gong forced a smile and agreed very happily, and said that if there was no Liu Yu, the Jin Dynasty would have perished long ago, and it was Liu Yu who let the Jin Dynasty continue for more than ten years, and he was willing to give way. Then he copied the edict as required, announced his abdication, and the Jin Dynasty (Eastern Jin Dynasty) perished. So Liu Yu was proclaimed emperor and changed the name of the country to "Song". China entered the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. After that, Sima Dewen was named King of Lingling, and was killed by Liu Yu in September 421.

The Jin Dynasty thus perished and was replaced by the Song Dynasty (Liu Song) established by Liu Yu, and the Northern Wei Dynasty in the north, which existed at the same time as the Eastern Jin Dynasty, formed a more divided and chaotic period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

2. Cultural Background:

In order to seize the world of the Cao family, Sima Zhao opened a killing ring, and the world's celebrities were halved for a while. In order to save their lives, the so-called celebrities accepted this bloody fact and lesson, and they all became well-behaved and smart. Ruan Ji seems to have gone further, he not only abandoned the enthusiasm and ideals of Confucianism, but also covered up all kinds of thoughts in his heart, looking for another spiritual sustenance, from then on, "especially good Zhuang and old", he cried in the poor, entrusted it to wine, sent it to Qing Talk, ignored politics, and even achieved joy and anger without color. He and Wang Rong exchanged entertainment and talked loudly, "they will return day and night", but they always keep a bottom line: "Don't talk about people". But Sima's group is still not at ease with him, Zhong Hui has asked about current affairs several times, and he was spared because he was drunk, and got rid of the crisis of being framed and killed. And because he is a poet, he can't help but write poems, even if he writes poems, although he has many emotional words, he is also "words in the ears and eyes, and feelings are sent to the eight wildernesses". painstakingly and obscurely, "unpredictable in a hundred worlds", making people feel that it is far away and difficult to grasp his "braids". Some people have fallen, some people have bent their knees, some people have retreated, some people have turned into green clouds, and he will never have like-minded friends, "Linchuan envy Hongbo, the same beginning and different tributaries".

During the Wei and Jin dynasties, politics was dark, officialdom was sinister, and court struggles with the goal of seeking power and usurping the throne or eliminating dissidents were often accompanied by bloody massacres. Ordinary literati know that state affairs cannot be done, and they dare not expect to repair Qi to rule peace and help the world, so they have to escape from reality and keep silent about current affairs. So he took refuge in Lao Zhuang to talk about metaphysics, went to the philosophy of Xuanxu to find spiritual comfort, and cooperated with decadent behaviors such as taking medicine and drinking to distribute lice, which became a trend for a while, which was the demeanor of the Wei and Jin dynasties. "Scholars dethrone the Six Classics with Lao and Zhuang as their sects, those who talk about it take vanity as their distinction and the name of thieves are examined, those who do it take turbidity as their way and narrow their letters, those who advance as Gou Zhi are noble and despise righteousness, and those who are officials are smiling and diligent with looking at the sky. Since then, the situation of "fighting the anger of the husband and discussing with the priests" has gone forever, but the wind of talking about the mystery is flourishing day by day, a stick of incense, a cup of tea, and a cup of alcohol, you can talk endlessly. From the Qing Dynasty of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Yuedan figures, the discussion of current affairs, to the Qing Talks of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the heart is pinned on Lao Zhuang, trying to transcend the world, and make philosophical reflections on life, so as to place the restless soul. In "Wei's Spring and Autumn Period", it is said that among the celebrities who talked about the Qing Dynasty at that time, Ruan Xian was the leader, followed by Wang Rong, which shows Wang Rong's influence. In the beautiful bamboo forest, like-minded friends, drinking and talking, discussing "Zhou Yi" and "Lao Zhuang", exploring the "truth" of the origin of all things, in order to understand the nature of nature, in order to confuse the mystery of the Internet, it has become fashionable and ethos. Sometimes the behavior also manifests itself as a kind of romanticism. For example, Liu Ling carried wine on a donkey cart, drank it there when the cart went there, and told the servants who followed: "If you die, bury me." There is also Ji Kang, a pair of hands that are used to holding a brush and playing the piano, but he has to pick up a hammer to forge iron. Why? Looking at the essence through the phenomenon, it is because "many people feel that the rules that they have painstakingly learned in the past will be useless at that time, so it is better to wander and seek their own truth." "There is no denying the pain.

After the Eastern Jin Dynasty crossed the river, "Jiankang became the center of metaphysics." "The northern monks who moved south either used Buddhism to enter the mysticism, or used Taoist non-action to explain the Buddha's nirvana, and sang and harmonized with metaphysics. "Sun Sui's "Treatise on the Sages of Taoism", which compares the seven monks of the two Jin Dynasty with the seven sages of the bamboo forest, is the proof of the combination of Buddhism and Xuan" (Jian Bozan). At the same time, Buddhism became popular for a while because it "provided spiritual comfort to the suffering people at the right time." At the banquet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty celebrities, we can often see the swaying bald and active figures of the monks. These monks are not only knowledgeable, but also good at talking, and with their incorruptible tongues, they have impressed many celebrities and magnates. They swim in Zhumen, like a penghu, and they go in and out very casually. Since then, "Buddhism has pervasively penetrated China and affected all aspects of life", and it has influenced it to this day. "Four hundred and eighty temples in the Southern Dynasties, how many buildings are in the smoke and rain" - it is a true portrayal of that time.

Wang Xizhi's uncle Wang Dao was the prime minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and his uncle Wang Dun was a military town in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. However, they were all famous Qing talkers at that time after Nandu. In addition to Wang Rong, Wang Dao, and Wang Dun, there are also Wang Yan, who only talks about Lao Zhuang, and Wang Cheng, who is good at appreciating characters. "A string of Langya Wang figures, not one or two, has a great influence, and the power of public opinion in a period of time is manipulated by them. Once upon a time, the Prime Minister's Mansion became a gathering place for the Qing Dynasty Discussion Festival, where the powerful, celebrities, high-ranking friends, and talkers were full of people, and the fish entered and came out. According to the custom of the time, one party was the main party to talk about his or her own opinions, which was called "Tong", and the other party was the guest and debated his topic, which was called "difficult". The guests and hosts are inseparable, coming and going, and the observers are gradually getting better and can forget to sleep and eat. Every time the meeting is wonderful, there are listeners who fall to their seats. For example, Wei Jue's words, Wang Cheng "heard three times before and after, and fell for three times." ”

At the same time as the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the ethnic minorities who moved inward in the north successively established more than a dozen separatist regimes, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty royal family was influenced by the corrupt families in the south, extravagant and corrupt, partial to half of the wall, did not want to forge ahead, and was willing to confront the north and the south. At the same time, the royal family of the Eastern Jin Dynasty actively coordinated the relationship between the Jiangnan family and the Nandu family, and implemented a policy of recuperation and recuperation to appease the displaced people who moved south from the north.

From the end of the Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin dynasties, it was the most politically chaotic and socially painful era in China, but it was an era of extreme spiritual freedom, emancipation, wisdom, enthusiasm and artistic spirit. Because of the division of dramas, wars and turmoil for many years, frequent changes of regimes, various political forces are singing and I appear, and the rulers are busy turning over and doing the east, relaxing the imprisonment of the people's thoughts, so the Wei and Jin demeanor represented by the Wei and Jin celebrities who are flamboyant, not burdened by the world, and advocating nature is a gorgeous variant of this bloody and heavy history, and it is the spiritual peach blossom source that literati have pursued all their lives for thousands of years. And the weakening of the national strength, the deterioration of politics, the few celebrities and scholars, these chaotic and painful facts, stiffly stung the minds of the Jin people, so that people can not think of governance, can only live in the troubled times, more and more celebrities in the hopeless choice of rebellion, they feign madness and escape from the world, in the sobriety and intoxication of the leisurely swimming, lost in pain and madness, composing the heroic and uninhibited and incompatible with the whole society, so there is the so-called wandering wreckage of the "Wei and Jin Dynasty romance" : Addicted to five stone powder, Xi Nanhua dialect, flashy fan, flaunted as high, indulgent in drinking, stripping naked, and even women of men, applying grease and powder, serving women's clothes, alchemy and taking medicine for longevity, wide robes and large sleeves and not washed for a long time, talking about lice, this kind of elegant behavior of escaping reality is the choice and pursuit of many scholars, which is the best way for them to clean themselves.

But what can really reflect the romance of the Wei and Jin dynasties is the words and deeds that are not burdened by external things and act recklessly, the behavior of advocating free and easy, graceful, beautiful and elegant, the deep affection for relatives and friends and the sentimentality of the fleeting life, but also a kind of suspicion of culture and the helplessness of escaping the world, and the desire to maintain the purity of the soul and the pursuit of a life beyond the world, hoping to return to nature. They advocate nature, like elegant life, and make a living by chanting poems, listening to piano and painting, inviting visitors to play, and talking about strange things. At this time, the new aesthetic concepts and standards were established on the basis of the literati's personality consciousness, and the beauty of the ancient and simple was transformed into a beautiful and elegant, and various art forms began to pursue the beauty of the form while requiring the expression of their own feelings. They pay attention to the purity of the spiritual world, ignore fame and fortune and wealth, have an open heart, are dissolute, self-appreciating, indulge in wild songs, and also yearn for the ideal peach blossom source: no kings and ministers, carefree, self-cultivation and self-weaving, and do not engage in worldly affairs, so as to express their dissatisfaction with traditional etiquette and decadent culture. Lao Zhuang believes that natural innocence and simplicity are beauty, and Confucianism can no longer become the norm and mainstream of society in this era of movement, but it cannot completely disappear from the thoughts of the world, so it broke through Confucianism, combined with Buddhism and Taoism, and had the metaphysics of "aiding Taoism into Confucianism, Confucianism and Taoism". In order to fill the spiritual gap, the "three mysteries" of "Zhou Yi", "Laozi" and "Zhuangzi" are popular. Confucianism, which had been in decline since the decline of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was finally completely defeated by Taoism, ushering in the most special era in Chinese history: the two Jin Dynasty periods when Taoism ruled the world.

Note: At the beginning of the establishment of the Jiupin Zhongzheng System, it was neither called "Jiupin Official Law" nor "Jiupin Zhongzheng System", but was commonly called "Jiupin System" or simply "Jiupin". In the Tang Dynasty, Du You began to call the "Nine Pins" and "Zhongzheng" in order, which opened the precedent of the title of "Jiupin Zhongzheng System", so in the Wei and Jin dynasties, there was no name for "Jiupin Zhongzheng System".

After sending it up, I found that there were too many words that were harmonized, so I had to revise it again and replace it with pinyin!