Please enter the text: The Liao Dynasty (916 [1] - 1125) was a feudal dynasty established by the Khitan people in northern China in Chinese history. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ[2]

In 916, Liao Taizu Yelu Abaoji unified the Khitan tribes and called them Khan, with the country name "Khitan", and set the capital at Linhuangfu (now Nanboluo City, Balinzuoqi, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia)[1]. In 947, Liao Taizong led his army south to the Central Plains, defeated the Five Later Jin Dynasty, and changed the name of the country to "Liao"[4]. In 983, it was renamed "Great Khitan", and in 1066, Yelu Hongji, the Taoist sect of Liao, restored the name of the country "Liao". It was destroyed by the Jin Kingdom in 1125[1][6].

At the end of the Liao Dynasty, the Liao nobleman Yeluchun established the Northern Liao and fought against the Jin together with the Western Xia, which was later destroyed by the Jin[7]. Yeluliuge, a descendant of the Liao Dynasty, and his younger brother Yeluguo established the Eastern Liao and the Later Liao respectively, and finally the Eastern Liao destroyed the Later Liao, and the Eastern Liao was destroyed by the Mongols. After the death of Liao, Yelu Dashi moved west to the Chu River valley in Central Asia to establish Western Liao, and the capital was Hu Si and his ears, which was destroyed by the Mongols in 1218 [8]. In 1222, the Western Liao nobles established a small regime in present-day Iran, which was later destroyed by the Mongols[9].

During the heyday of the Liao Dynasty, the territory stretched from the Sea of Japan in the east, the Altai Mountains in the west, the Ergun River and the Daxing'an Mountains in the north, and the Baigou River in the south of Hebei Province in the south [10].

The Khitan people were originally nomadic people. The Liao Dynasty focused on the development of the nation, separated the nomadic and agricultural peoples in order to maintain the national character, advocated the rule according to customs, and created a bicameral political system. And create the Khitan script to preserve its own culture. In addition, it absorbed the cultures of the Bohai Kingdom, the Five Dynasties, the Northern Song Dynasty, the Western Xia and other countries in the Western Regions, and effectively promoted the political, economic and cultural development of the Liao Dynasty. The Liao Dynasty's military power and influence encompassed the Western Regions, so after the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Liao Dynasty (Khitan) was regarded as the representative title of China in Central Asia, West Asia, and Eastern Europe [11-12].

Chinese nameLiao DynastyEnglish nameLiaoDynastyAbbreviationLiaoZhouAsian capital Shangjing (present-day Inner Mongolia Bahrain Left Banner)Major citiesLiaoyang, Yunzhou, Nanjing, ZhongjingOfficial languageKhitan currencyRound square hole moneyPolitical systemMonarch****Political leaderYelü Abaoji, Yelü Deguang, etc., the population is about 9 million (early 12th century)[13] The main ethnic groupsKhitan, Han peopleThe main religion Buddhism covers an area of 4.89 million square kilometers (1111)[14] Political system: The north-south parliamentary system was established in 907 A.D. [15] and destroyed in 1125 A.D. [5] It is also known as the Liao State, the Khitan State, and the Hara Khitan

directory

1 country code

2 History

The rise of the Khitan

Go south to the Central Plains

Sejong period

Muzon period

?Golden age

The decline of Taoism

Towards perdition

The rest of the country continues

3 territories

Territorial extent

?Administrative divisions

4 Politics

The five-capital system

One country, two systems

Bowl system

5 Military

6 Economy

?population

?agriculture

?animal husbandry

?handicraft

?commerce

7 Culture

?writing

?religion

?art

?technology

8 Diplomacy

?Tang dynasty

?Song dynasty

?Korea

Northwest countries

9 Society

10 Imperial lineage

Country code editing

As the symbol of a country or dynasty, the country name usually has the distinctness of the name and the stability of its use. This is not the case with the Liao generation, which has repeatedly used "Liao" and "Khitan" as country names [1].

According to the public opinion of the historians, in 916, Yelu Abaoji, the Taizu of Liao, was called the emperor and founded the country, and the country was called Khitan, in the first year of Taizong Datong (947), the country was renamed Da Liao, in the first year of the Holy Emperor Tonghe (983), it was also renamed Da Khitan, and in the second year of Xianyong of Daozong (1066), the name was Da Liao[3][17-19].

As for the time when the Khitan first changed its name to "Liao", there are generally three theories of 937, 938, and 947 [20-21]. Regarding the number of times Liao changed the name of the country, most scholars agree with the opinion that the name of the country was changed to Liao during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Liao, the name of the country was reinstated as Khitan during the reign of Emperor Shengzong of Liao, and the name of the country was changed to Liao during the reign of Emperor Daozong of Liao[22]. Judging from the fact that many Liao Dynasty epitaphs have the words "Dazhong" or "Nanzhan Buzhou" in front of the national names of Khitan or Liao, by the time of the Liao Daozong, it had already regarded itself as China[23].

There are also those who disagree, arguing that Liao Zeng changed the name of the country nine times, that is, Liao Zeng changed the name of the country as many as 18 times[24].

The original meaning of "Liao" and "Khitan" No. 2, "Khitan" can be interpreted as "iron", which is the name of the nation, and "Liao" is the name of the country, which is named after Liaoshui. Some scholars believe that "Liaoguo" No. 1 is named after the meaning of "Liaoyuan". Some scholars have studied the connotation of "Liao" and the Khitan "Liao", emphasizing the significance of Liao's "dual country number system". Some scholars also advocate that the Khitan changed "Jin" to "Great Liao", rather than "Khitan" to "Great Liao" [25].

The name of the Liao Dynasty changed

age

Chinese country name

Non-Chinese country name

916-937[1]

Great Khitan[1]

Hara Khitan[26] (full name)

Great Khitan, Khitan State, Khitan (abbreviation)

938-982[1]

Da Liao (Yanyun Handi)

The Great Khitan (Former Land of the Liao Dynasty)[19]

983-1065[1]

Great Khitan[1]

1066–1125[1]

Great Liao[1]

History editing

The rise of the Khitan

The Khitan Kingdom stood side by side with the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

The Khitan Kingdom stood side by side with the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

The Khitan originated from Donghu Xianbei, and is of the same race as Murwei and Kumoxi, who also speak Mongolian. Tang Taizong of the Tang Dynasty set up the Songmo Governor's Mansion in the Khitan residence, and the chief served as the governor and gave the surname Li.

In the late Tang Dynasty, Yelu Abaoji, the leader of the Khitan Diera Tribe, took advantage of the civil strife in the Tang Dynasty to unify the various tribes and replaced the Khan of Jindejin and became Khan on February 27, 907. He successively suppressed the rebellion of the Khitan nobles and conquered the Xi, Murowei, and Zhubu tribes, and controlled the salt-producing areas of the Mongolian region, which was very powerful in both military and economic terms[27]. In 915, Yelu Abaoji went on an expedition to return to China, but was forced to surrender his throne, and soon he built a city on the side of the Luan River, imitating Youzhou. On March 17, 916, Yelu Abaoji established the Khitan State, that is, Liao Taizu.

Liao Taizu took in the displaced people due to the war in Hebei and built a city on the grassland in the style of the Central Plains

Khitans

Khitans

Dun to settle them. and appointed Han Yanhui, Han Zhigu, Kang Moji and Lu Wenjin and other Han people as heroes. In 918, Liao Taizu built the imperial capital Linhuang Mansion (now Boluo City in the south of the Inner Mongolia Bahrain Left Banner). Two years later, the Khitan character was created and implemented [28]. In terms of military affairs, he conquered the Bohai Kingdom in 925 and established the Dongdan Kingdom in the old land to rule the remnants of the Bohai Sea, and appointed the crown prince Yelubei as the king of Dongdan. Liao Taizu had always had the intention of conquering the Central Plains in the south,[29] but the year after conquering the Bohai Sea, he fell ill on the way back to his division and finally died. His wife, Shu Luping, declared regent, and his second son, Yelu Deguang, took charge of the government and slaughtered hundreds of political enemies to stabilize the regime. In November 927, Yelu Deguang ascended the throne with the support of Shu Luping, namely Liao Taizong. In 930, after the Tang Dynasty fled south to the Tang Dynasty, Liao Taizong unified the Khitan [28].

Go south to the Central Plains

Sixteen states of Yanyun

Sixteen states of Yanyun

After 936, there was a civil strife in the Tang Dynasty, and Shi Jingjiao, the envoy of Hedong Jiedu, asked Liao Taizong to support the attack on the Later Tang Dynasty on the condition that he proclaimed himself Emperor Er and cede the sixteen states of Yanyun. Liao Taizong then personally led 50,000 cavalry to defeat the Later Tang army in Jinyang, Luoyang and other places, and finally assisted Shi Jingjiao to defeat the Later Tang Dynasty, and Shi Jingjiao was able to establish the Later Jin. After the Khitan State obtained the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun, it built the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun into a base for further southward expansion. [28]

After 944, Emperor Shi ascended the throne, but he was unwilling to submit to the Khitan, and said that Sun was not a minister. Liao Taizong took the opportunity to lead his army south, intending to unify China[27]. On the 10th day of the first month of 947, the Khitan army conquered Kaifeng, the capital of the Later Jin Dynasty, and the Later Jin Dynasty died, and the Khitan State occupied most of the Central Plains. In February, Liao Taizong changed the name of the country to Da Liao, and the Liao Dynasty was formally established. Although Liao Taizong intended to run China for a long time, he plundered the people's property and did not allow the envoys to return to the town, which attracted the resistance of the people of the Central Plains. In April, Liao Taizong was forced to lead his troops back north, and finally died of illness in Luancheng, Hebei Province[30].

Sejong period

In 947, Yelu Ruan and other generals in the Central Plains supported Yelu Ruan as emperor for Liao Shizong. The empress dowager Shu Luping, who was in Shangjing (present-day Balinzuoqi, Inner Mongolia), wanted her son Yelu Lihu to inherit the throne and did not agree with Yelu Ruan to be emperor. The Empress Dowager sent Yelu Lihu and Yelu Ruan to fight at Tide Spring, north of Nanjing, Liao, and Yelu Ruan won the war. After the persuasion of the minister Yelu Wuqing, the Queen Mother agreed to Yelu Ruan's throne. During the reign of Liao Shizong, he never forgot the expectation of occupying the Central Plains, and used troops against the Central Plains many times. However, Liao Shizong was good at wine and loved hunting. In his later years, he even appointed traitors, and rewarded and killed, which led to the failure to repair the government and political corruption. In September 951, Liao Shizong assisted the Northern Han in attacking the Later Zhou Dynasty, and when he marched to Xianggu Mountain in Guihua (present-day Hohhot, Inner Mongolia), he was stationed at Huoshendian because other troops had not arrived. During this time, drinking, beating, and hunting, the generals were very dissatisfied. [28] He was finally killed in his sleep by Jerodzacth.

In 951 during the Muzong period, Yelu Cha Che launched a coup d'état, killed Liao Shizong and proclaimed himself emperor, and after Ye Lu Jing, the eldest son of Liao Taizong, and Yelu Wu Zhen led troops to kill Yelu Cha C, he was established as the emperor, that is, Liao Muzong. Although Liao Muzong hates women and has nothing to do, he often drinks heavily, sleeps at dawn, and wakes up at noon, so he ignores the government for a long time, and the people call it "the sleeping king". In the early period of Liao Muzong, the internal instability of the imperial court, the detachment from morality, and the ministers often rebelled or ran south to the Central Plains: in June 952, Xiao Meigu wanted to rebel against Liao Nanben Hou Zhou, the conspiracy was exposed, and he was killed. In July, the government ordered Yelu Louguo, Lin Ya Yelu Enemy Lie and others to be arrested and ambushed. In October 953, Yelu Wan, the son of Yelu Lihu, and others rebelled, and were arrested after being discovered. In July 960, the political affairs ordered Yelu Shouyuan, Taibao Chua and others to rebel, and they were defeated and ambushed. In October, Yelu Lihu's son, Yelu Xi, rebelled, failed and was arrested, and because his confession involved Yelu Lihu, Yelu Lihu was imprisoned and died.

Due to the political turmoil, Liao Muzong was forced to stop the policy of the Southern Expedition to the Central Plains that Liao Taizong and Liao Shizong had always implemented, in order to restore the national strength that had been lost by the long-term war, and to unite with the Southern Tang and Northern Han to fight against the growing Later Zhou. After 959, Zhou launched the Northern Expedition, and the Liao Dynasty surrendered to Ningzhou (now Qingxian County, Hebei). The Zhou army then conquered Yijin Pass and Waqiao Pass, and Liu Chuxin and Gao Yanhui, the assassins of Mozhou and Yingzhou, also surrendered the city. At that time, Later Zhou Shizong wanted to take Youzhou in one go, and Liao Muzong even intended to give up the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun [32]?. In the end, Zhou Shizong returned south because of serious illness, Mozhou and Yingzhou returned to Hou Zhou, and the Liao army strengthened its defense and did not dare to go south. Because Liao Muzong himself likes to kill, he often kills with his own hands. At the same time, he also loved hunting until he "ignored the moon and did not look at the court", and was finally killed by his servants in February 969. Yeluxian was elected emperor, that is, Liao Jingzong, and changed the yuan to Baoning[31]?.

Golden age

Liao Jingzong was diligent in political affairs, and reused virtuous ministers such as Mu Fang and Guo Xian, so that the Liao Dynasty appeared clear for a while. Liao Jingzong adopted a relatively lenient policy towards the royal family that rebelled against Liao Muzong, so there were few rebels and the upper echelons were relatively stable. Liao Jingzong's foreign policy still adopted the policy of not taking the initiative to invade the Central Plains in the south and only aiding the Northern Han Dynasty. In the early period of Liao Jingzong, the Liao Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty exchanged histories and congratulated each other on festivals. After Zhao Guangyi, Taizong of the Song Dynasty, unified Jiangnan, he personally conquered the Northern Han in 979, and the Liao Dynasty sent tens of thousands of troops to support the Northern Han. In March, the Liao army engaged the Song army at Baimaling and was defeated, and the Liao general Yelu Dilie and others were killed. In June, Liu Jiyuan, the lord of the Northern Han Dynasty, surrendered to the Song Dynasty. The Liao Dynasty changed its strategy and used its main forces to hold on to the thistle. Song Taizong took advantage of the victory to attack Youzhou, and the Liao Dynasty sent famous generals such as Yelu Sha, Yelu Xiuge, and Yelu Xianzhen to lead the army to fight with the Song army at the Gaoliang River (now outside Xizhimen, Beijing), and successfully defeated the Song army, and Song Taizong was only spared. Due to Liaojingzong's frail health and sometimes inability to go to court, most of the military affairs were handled by Empress Xiao Xuan[31]?.

Empress Dowager Xiao Xuan

In 982, Liao Jingzong died of illness, and Liao Shengzong succeeded to the throne, honored Xiao Sui as the empress dowager, and was regent by the Empress Dowager Xiao. At that time, Empress Dowager Xiao was 30 years old, Liao Shengzong was 12 years old, and Empress Dowager Xiao's father Xiao Siwen was killed in 970 and had no heirs, so that Empress Dowager Xiao had no relatives to rely on. More than 200 members of the royal family supported their own troops and controlled the imperial court, posing a great threat to Empress Dowager Xiao and Liao Shengzong. Empress Dowager Xiao first reused the ministers Yelu Xianzhen and Han Derang to participate in the decision, and appointed the military to Yelu Xiuge in the south, removed a number of ministers, and ordered the kings not to entertain each other, requiring them to go out for nothing, and trying to relieve them of their military power. It was only after these actions that the positions of Liao Shengzong and Empress Dowager Xiao stabilized. Empress Dowager Xiao was regent for twenty-seven years, and it is rumored that she remarried Han Derang (the specific record is disputed). During her reign, she carried out reforms, and made great efforts to govern the country, focusing on agriculture, building water conservancy, reducing taxes, rectifying the rule of officials, and training the army, so that the people of the Liao Dynasty were rich and the country was strong. After the Liao Shengzong came to power in 1009, the Liao Dynasty had entered its heyday, basically continuing the style of the Liao Dynasty when the Empress Dowager Xiao was in power, opposing harsh punishment and preventing corruption. [29] In terms of culture and education, the Liao Shengzong carried out the imperial examination and compiled Buddhist scriptures, and Buddhism was extremely popular. During his reign, he fought in four directions, won many wars against the Song Dynasty, and captured Yang Jiye, a famous general of the Song Dynasty who was known as Yang Invincible[28]?.

At the beginning of the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, it intended to recover the sixteen states of Yanyun, and successively made two northern expeditions in 979 and 986, both of which were defeated by the Liao army. In order to prevent Goryeo from forming an alliance with the Northern Song Dynasty, the Liao Shengzong threatened the eastern part of the Liao Dynasty. In 993, he launched the Goryeo Khitan War to subdue Goryeo, and in 1009, during the Eastern Expedition, he went as far as Kaesong, Goryeo. Later, in order to resolve the long-term confrontation between the Liao and Song dynasties and to prevent the Khitan nobles from threatening the imperial power, Empress Dowager Xiao and Liao Shengzong personally led a large army into the Song realm in 1004. Song Zhenzong was afraid of the enemy and wanted to move the capital to flee south, but because of the insistence of the prime minister Kou Zhun, he personally went to Lanzhou (now Puyang, Henan) to supervise the war. The morale of the Song army was greatly boosted, and the Liao army defeated the advance of the Liao army, and the Liao general Xiao Tzu Rin was killed in battle. The Liao army was afraid of being attacked by the enemy and proposed a peace treaty. Song Zhenzong of the Lord and Song signed a peace treaty with Liao at the beginning of the following year, agreeing that the Song would pay Liao 100,000 taels of silver and 200,000 horses of silk every year, and that the two sides would guard their borders and not harass each other, becoming a brotherly state, which was the alliance of the Yuanyuan, and the two dynasties were reconciled for 120 years. Later, the Liao Shengzong formed a good alliance with the Western Xia, and the Western Xia also swayed between the Song and Liao in order to survive, forming a situation in which the Liao, Song, and Western Xia kingdoms were in full swing[30]?.

The decline of Taoism

In 1031, Liao Shengzong died, and his eldest son, Yelu Zongzhen, ascended the throne, that is, Liao Xingzong. Liao Xingzong's biological mother Xiao Yunjin (i.e., the Empress Dowager Fatian) established herself as the empress dowager and regent, and forced Liao Xingzong's adoptive mother, Empress Qi Tian, Xiao Bodhisattva, to death. The Empress Dowager Fatian reused the corrupt officials who were laid off in the Liao Shengzong era and the people of her mother's family. Liao Xingzong couldn't be saved because he had no power, and the mother and son had a grudge because of this. The Empress Dowager Fatian did not trust Liao Xingzong and planned to change her second son Yelu Zongyuan (i.e., Yelu Chongyuan) as emperor. Yelu Zongyuan told Xingzong about this. Liao Xingzong was furious, and in 1034 he abolished the Empress Dowager Fatian by force, forcing the Empress Dowager Fatian to "bow to the Qingling Tomb". Kill the Queen Mother's cronies. In July, Liao Xingzong was in power. Build a cemetery to bury Queen Qitian. Then, take the Empress Dowager Fatian back and keep a distance of ten miles from her in case of accidents. The emotional rift between Xingzong's mother and son has never been filled[27]?.

During the reign of Liao Xingzong, the Liao Dynasty was in decline. In the Liao Xingzong Dynasty, traitors were in power, politics was corrupt, the people were poor, and the army was weak. In the face of the declining state situation, Liao Xingzong fought many wars for many years, conquered the Western Xia many times, and forced the Song Dynasty to pay more coins. But these made the people of the Liao Dynasty complain and make their lives difficult. Liao Xingzong is also superstitious about Buddhism, and he is extremely extravagant. Liao Xingzong once gambled with his younger brother Yelu Zongyuan and lost several cities in a row. He was very grateful to his younger brother Yelu Zongyuan, and once when he was drunk, he promised to pass on the throne to Yelu Zongyuan after a hundred years. His son Yelu Hongji (that is, the later Liao Daozong), was never named the crown prince, but only the generalissimo of the world's soldiers and horses. After Liao Daozong succeeded to the throne, Yelu Zongyuan's father and son tried to seize the throne [27]?.

After the Song-Xia War, when the Northern Song Dynasty was in domestic and foreign difficulties, the Liao Dynasty took the opportunity to invade the Song Dynasty. After seeking Zhang Jian's opinion, he sent his younger brothers Yelu Zongyuan and Xiao Hui to create a momentum on the border to attack the Song Dynasty, and on the other hand, he sent Xiao Temo (Han name Xiao Ying) and Liu Liufu to the Song Dynasty in the first month of 1042 to claim the ten counties of Waqiao Guannan. The Song Dynasty sent Fu Bi to negotiate with the Liao envoys, which was to increase the currency of Chongxi. The two sides reached an agreement in September to add 100,000 taels of silver and 100,000 horses of silk to the basis of the Liao New Year Coin stipulated in the Lanyuan Alliance. Liao Xingzong also once again made the Song Dynasty win a "Na" character, that is, the New Year's coin was given to the Liao by the Song Fang, not as a gift. Song Renzong also agreed to Qu Qiuquan, and the condition was that the Liao Dynasty must restrain the Western Xia from making peace with the Song. Therefore, after the rapprochement of the Liao-Song dynasty, Liao-Xia relations deteriorated and a war broke out. Liao Xingzong personally conquered the Western Xia twice, but both failed, and the Western Xia was finally willing to pay tribute to the Liao Dynasty[27]?.

After Liao Daozong succeeded to the throne, in July 1063, Yelu Zongyuan listened to the persuasion of his son, launched a rebellion, and established himself as the emperor. During the reign of Liao Daozong, Liao politics was corrupt and the state gradually declined. The Taoist sect did not carry out reforms and renewals, and he himself was corrupt and extravagant, at this time, the landlords and bureaucrats sharply annexed the land, and the people were miserable and complained. Liao Daozong reused Yelu Yixin and other traitors, ignored the government himself, and listened to Yelu Yixin's slander, believing that the queen Xiao Guanyin committed adultery with the official Zhao Wei and gave the queen death. At the same time, Yelu Yixin framed the crown prince Yelu Xin and killed him in order to prevent the crown prince from ascending the throne. Later, a woman surnamed Li went to Liao Daozong to "coerce Google" Liao Daozong to take the crown prince's children into the palace.

In July 1079, Yelu Yixin attempted to murder the emperor's grandson Yelu Yanxi when he was hunting with Liao Daozong, and Liao Daozong accepted the minister's advice and ordered the emperor and grandson to hunt together to resolve Yelu Yixin's conspiracy. In the ninth year of Dakang, Liao Daozong posthumously crowned the late prince as the prince of Zhaohuai, and reburied it with the Son of Heaven ceremony. In October of the same year, Yelu Yixin tried to take refuge in the Song Dynasty with his private weapons, but was defeated and executed. In the first month of 1101, Liao Daozong died, and the emperor's grandson Yelu Yanxi succeeded to the throne, that is, Emperor Tianzuo. At that time, Xia Chongzong of Western Xia repeatedly asked Liao for help because of the attack of the Northern Song Dynasty, and asked the princess of Tianzuo Emperor to be his wife. Finally, in 1105, Emperor Tianzuo promoted a clan daughter, Yelu Nanxian, to a princess to marry Xia Chongzong, and sent an envoy to the Song Dynasty to persuade the Northern Song Dynasty to negotiate peace with the Western Xia[28]?.

Towards perdition

On February 10, 1112, Emperor Tianzuo went to Chunzhou (the site is in the territory of Baobao Town, about 60 kilometers northwest of Tuquan Town, Tuquan County, Inner Mongolia), and summoned the chieftains of the nearby Jurchen tribe to come to the court. Emperor Tianzuo didn't care, but since then, there has been discord between Yan Aguda and the Liao Dynasty. In September, Wanyan Aguta stopped obeying the edict and began to use troops against other Jurchen tribes who did not obey him. In the spring of 1114, Wanyan Aguta officially launched an army against Liao. At first, Emperor Tianzuo did not regard Wanyan Aguta as a major threat, but all the troops he sent to suppress Wanyan Aguta were defeated. In 1115, in order to solve the Jurchen threat, Emperor Tianzuo ordered a personal expedition, but the Liao army was defeated by the Jurchen army everywhere. At the same time, there was also a rebellion in the Liao Dynasty, and Yelu Zhangnu rebelled in Liao Shangjing, although this rebellion was quickly put down, but it divided the Liao Dynasty. After that, Tokyo, located in the former Bohai Kingdom, also rebelled against Gao Yongchang and became independent. The rebellion was not put down until April 1116. In May, the Jurchens seized the opportunity to occupy Liaodong and Shenzhou. In 1117, the Jurchens attacked Chunzhou, and the Liao army was defeated without a fight. In this year, Wanyan Aguta proclaimed himself emperor, established the Jin Dynasty, and changed the Yuan to collect the country[28]?.

In 1120, the Jin army conquered Liao Shangjing, and the defender Xiao Tzu Bu also surrendered, and by 1121 the Liao Dynasty had lost half of its territory. Internal strife broke out over the succession to the throne, which ended with Emperor Tianzuo killing his eldest son, Yelu Aolu, but this caused more Liao soldiers to surrender to the Jin Dynasty. In the first month of 1122, the Jin army conquered Liaozhongjing, and Emperor Tianzuo was forced by the Jin soldiers to go into exile in Jiashan [28]?.

Because Yelu Dashi and Li Chuwen and others in Nanjing, Liao, did not know the whereabouts of Emperor Tianzuo, they supported Yelu Chun as the emperor, that is, Emperor Tianxi, known as Northern Liao in history. Emperor Tianxi descended to Emperor Tianzuo as the king of Xiangyin, and sent an ambassador to the Jin Dynasty to beg as a vassal. But before the matter was completed, he died of illness, and his wife Liao Defei was called the system, and the era name was changed to Dexing. At this time, Liaochen Li Chuwen and his son felt that the prospect was not good, and planned to secretly communicate with Tong Guan of the Northern Song Dynasty to the south, and wanted to kidnap Concubine Liao De to take land in the Song Dynasty. To the north fornication of the gold people, as the internal response of the gold. She found out about their crimes and gave them death. In November of that year, Concubine Liao De submitted the table to the Jin Dynasty five times, as long as Liye was allowed to be designated as the Liao Emperor, all other conditions were agreed. The Jin people did not allow it, so she had to send troops to defend Juyong Pass, which was lost in November and Liao Nanjing was broken in December. Concubine Liao De took the officials of her entourage to take refuge in Emperor Tianzuo, and Emperor Tianzuo killed her[27]?.

In the first month of 1123, Hui Libao (Xiao Gan) rebelled against Jin in Shangjing, and was pacified in August. By 1124, Emperor Tianzuo had lost most of the Liao Dynasty's lands, and he himself withdrew from Mowai, most of his sons and family members were killed or captured, and although he still intended to recover the capitals of Yanzhou and Yunzhou, there was really little hope. On the 20th day of February in the fifth year of Baoda (March 26, 1125), Emperor Liao Tianzuo was captured by the Jin people Wanyan Lou Room and others in Yingzhou, and was sent to Jin Shangjing (now Baichengzi, Acheng District, Heilongjiang Province) in August, and was demoted to the king of the seaside by Jin Taizong. In 1128, Emperor Tianzuo died of illness, and the relict Xiao Shushu gave a gift to the deceased lord and the minister. The Liao Dynasty lasted a total of 210 years (including the Khitan period) and went through 9 emperors[28]?.

The rest of the country continues

After that, the Liao Dynasty nobleman Yelu Dashi gathered the remnants in the northwest and controlled the Mongolian Plateau and the eastern part of Xinjiang. In 1130, due to the oppression of the Jin soldiers, Yelu Dashi decided to abandon the Mongolian plateau and led his troops to the west. In 1132, Yelu Dashi was proclaimed emperor in Yemili (now Emin, Xinjiang), known as Western Liao (known as Black Khitan or Hara Khitan in the West), and the capital was Husi Huluduo [27]?. Western Liao once expanded into Central Asia and became a Central Asian power. In 1143, after the death of Yelu Dashi, Western Liao experienced the reign of Xiao Ta Buyan, Yelu Yilie, Yelu Pu Suwan, Yelu Zhilugu and Qu Chulu. Finally, in 1218, it was destroyed by Genghis Khan's Mongol army, and the state was established in 87 years [28]?.

In 1212, Yelu Liuge, a member of the Liao Dynasty, rebelled against the Jin Dynasty in the areas of Long'an (present-day Nong'an County, Jilin Province) and Hanzhou (Lishu County, Jilin Province). In March of the following year, Yeluliuge was proclaimed king, the country was called Liao, and the history was called Eastern Liao. At the beginning of 1216, Yeluliuge's younger brother Yeluguo did not rebel and proclaimed himself emperor in Chengzhou, known as Houliao in history. Soon after, he was killed by his subordinates, and the crowd pushed Yelu as a slave as a prisoner. In the autumn of the same year, Mu Huali led the Mongol army eastward, and Yelu Qinu and others were defeated, and led 90,000 Khitan people to cross the Yalu River into Goryeo. Soon the Khitan nobles killed each other, and the Later Liao finally perished in 1220. After the founding of the country, Yeluliuge was still attached to the Mongol Empire and became its vassal, and in 1270, Yuan Shizu withdrew from the domain, and the Eastern Liao was officially destroyed.

Territory editing

Territorial extent

When the Liao Dynasty was in its heyday, the territory was Sakhalin Island in the northeast, the Selenga River and the Shilka River in the central part of Mongolia in the north, the Altai Mountains in the west, the Haihe River in Tianjin, Baxian in Hebei Province, and the Yanmen Pass in Shanxi Province in the south. [28]?

In the early days of the Liao Dynasty, the territory of the upper reaches of the present-day Liao River valley continued to expand during the reign of Liao Taizu and Liao Taizong, who conquered Xi (present-day northern Hebei), Wugu, Heichezimurowei (present-day southeast of Hulun Lake in eastern Inner Mongolia), Tatar, Uighurs, and Bohai. In 938, Liao Taizong obtained the sixteen states of Yanyun and once occupied the Central Plains. In 1005, Liao Shengzong signed the alliance with the Northern Song Dynasty, and finally determined the border with the Song Dynasty.

Administrative divisions

The system of the Liao State is generally three levels: province, prefecture (prefecture), and county. There are 5 capitals, 6 prefectures, 156 prefectures, armies, cities, and 309 counties (according to the "Liao History and Geography".

The Liao Dynasty, like the Song Dynasty, also had a five-capital system, which was mainly set up to control the land gained in war, or to set up an advance base for the purpose of fighting for a land.

road

Liao is divided into 5 provinces, each of which has a political center called Jing, and the province is named after Jing.

Shangjing Daozhi Shangjing Linhuang Mansion (now Inner Mongolia Balinzuo Banner southeast Boluo City), jurisdiction over the Khitan region centered on the West Lamulun River Basin.

Zhongjing Daozhi Zhongjing Dading Mansion (now Inner Mongolia Ningcheng West Daming City), governed the original Xi nationality locality. road

Liao is divided into 5 provinces, each of which has a political center called Jing, and the province is named after Jing.

Shangjing Daozhi Shangjing Linhuang Mansion (now Inner Mongolia Balinzuo Banner southeast Boluo City), jurisdiction over the Khitan region centered on the West Lamulun River Basin.

Zhongjing Daozhi Zhongjing Dading Mansion (now Inner Mongolia Ningcheng West Daming City), governed the original Xi nationality locality.

Tokyo Province governs Tokyo Liaoyang Prefecture (now Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province), and governs the former Dongdanguo region.

Nanjing Daozhi Nanjing Xijin Mansion (southwest of present-day Beijing), governed the north of the present-day Haihe River and the Daqing River, and the south of the Great Wall, Hebei, Beijing, and Tianjin.

Xijing Daozhi Xijing Datong Mansion (now Datong, Shanxi Province), governed the junction of Shanxi and Inner Mongolia.

Among the five capitals, only Shangjing is the capital, and the others are all accompanying capitals. However, after the alliance between Liaozhong and Beijing, its political role was strengthened, and its status was close to the status of the capital of Shangjing.

In 1007, Liao Shengzong built the Dading Mansion in Beijing, and moved the capital here from Linhuang. In 1044, Liao Xingzong ascended to Yunzhou as Xijing Datong Prefecture.

There are four types of political districts under the province: prefecture, prefecture, military and city, which are of the same level.

prefecture

(1) Beijing: Linhuang Mansion, Dading Mansion, Liaoyang Mansion, Xijin Mansion, Datong Mansion.

(2) The status of these 7 prefectures is slightly lower than that of Jingfu, including the Prefecture of Shubin, the Mansion of Theorems, the Mansion of Tieli, the Mansion of Anding, the Mansion of Changling, the Prefecture of Zhenhai, and the Mansion of Xingzhong (in 1041, which was promoted to the state of Chaoyang, Liaoning).

State

The classification, from the highest order, is: Jiedu State, Observation State, Defense State, and Thorn History State.

county

The Liao State also had prefectures, armies, and cities at the same level as the counties.

The head of the military state is a special establishment of the Liao Dynasty. The Khitan nobles established a state and military resettlement of the captured population, and forced them to work for their masters. The military states under the leadership of the Liao kings, relatives, and ministers can build cities, and the rest can only have their own head-down forts. Most of the military states under the head are located in the Khitan settlements in the Huanghe River Valley. The captives were mainly Han Chinese from Hebei and Shanxi and Bohai people from Northeast China. The names of the prefectures and counties of Touxia often use the names of the prefectures and counties where the captives originate, such as the capture of the people of Weizhou, the construction of Weizhou, the capture of the people of Sanhe County, the construction of Sanhe County, the capture of Miyun people, the construction of Miyun County, and so on. The system of the military state under the head was gradually abolished by the Liao Shengzong period[28]?.

Political Editor

The five-capital system

The Liao Dynasty successively formed the five-capital system. The five capitals are Linhuang Mansion in Shangjing (now Lindong Town, Bahrain Zuoqi, Inner Mongolia), Dading Mansion in Zhongjing (now Ningcheng County, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia), Liaoyang Mansion in Tokyo (now Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province), Xijin Mansion in Nanjing (Beijing City), and Datong Mansion in Xijing (now Datong City, Shanxi Province). Among the five capitals, only Shangjing is the capital, and the others are all accompanying capitals. In the heyday after the alliance between the Liao, Song and Song dynasties, although the political role of Zhongjing was strengthened, it still did not change the status of the capital of Shangjing.

Liao was built by northern nomads. Its nomadic life of uncertain migration and carriage and horse as his home determined the emperor's patrol system, and its political center was not in the capital, but in the bowl (Khitan "Xingzao", "Xinggong") all major political issues were decided at any time in the bowl, and it was the administrative center for handling government affairs. Due to the constraints of climate and natural conditions, each has a place to make bowls at all times.

One country, two systems

Nanjing, Liaoning

In order to rule the local Han people, Liao Taizong adopted the rule method of "governing according to customs", and implemented a bicameral system of dividing the Han and Khitan people, and the north and south officials. And changed Youzhou to Nanjing and Yunzhou to Xijing.

Liao set up a dual-track official system of southern officials and northern officials, and "governed the Khitan with the system of their own clan, and treated the Han people with the Han system". The officials in the north govern the palace tents, tribes, and the politics of the vassal countries, and the officials in the south govern the Han prefectures and counties, rents, and military horses. Most of the official names and titles follow the Tang system, with reference to the official system of the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty. There are two types of official awards: actual and remote awards. The ministry officials and the scattered officials and ranks, honors, constitutional titles, knighthoods, and the number of households in the food estate. Most of the official names of the Liao Dynasty have Khitan official names, such as Lin Ya is Hanlin, Tiyin is in charge of the imperial family politics and religion, Yi Libi is in charge of the prison, Yili is exempted from being the wife of the edict, and so on.

Liao Shizong appointed the virtuous minister Yelu Wu, carried out a series of reforms, merged the southern and northern officials during the Liao Taizong period, established the North and South Privy Councils, and abolished the southern and northern kings. Later, the North and South Privy Councils merged to form a single Privy Council. Liao Shizong's reforms brought the Liao Dynasty from the form of tribal alliances into an era of centralization.

The laws of the Liao Dynasty were governed by customs, and different laws were used in different places. In the early days, there was ethnic discrimination, and the Khitan law was also judged by Han law during the Holy Sect. This reflects the elevation of the status of the Han Chinese. Generally speaking, the punishment of the Liao Dynasty was heavier, and the emperor often killed people at will, lawless, especially Mu Zong.

Bowl system

Khitans

捺bowl, translated in Chinese as "Xingying", "Xingzhong", "Yingpan". Although the Liao Dynasty successively took Liaoshangjing and Liaozhongjing as its capital, its political core was not in the capital, but in the bowl (the transliteration of "Xingzao" and "Xinggong" in Khitan). This is because the Khitans, the main ethnic groups of the Liao Dynasty, were nomadic people. Due to the uncertain migration of the Khitan people and the characteristics of chariots and horses as their home, the emperor's patrol system was determined. All major political issues are decided at any time and are the administrative center for handling government affairs. Every year, "four o'clock patrol", "four o'clock each has a place to go, called a bowl". The emperor's tent in the safari area was set up to distinguish it from the palace tent in the imperial capital. Due to the constraints of climate and natural conditions, each has a place to make bowls at all four seasons [28]?.

During the reign of Emperor Taizong of Liao, after taking the sixteen states of Yanyun, his territory included the vast area south of the Great Wall, and in order to maintain the economic life of the Khitan people's traditional riding and archery warfare, they still lived a life of "migrating at any time, chariots and horses as their home". Just as recorded in the "History of Liao", "the Liao country has a desert, soaked in the realm of the Great Wall, because it is appropriate to govern, autumn and winter against the cold, spring and summer to avoid the heat, with the water and grass on the fishing, the year is normal", in this special economic, political and cultural background, in the Khitan management system, gradually formed a set of counties have a distinctive nomadic Khitan nationality unique characteristics of the four seasons bowl system. The palace tent (also known as the tooth tent) of the Khitan Emperor's four o'clock tour, that is, the spring bowl, the summer bowl, the autumn bowl, and the winter bowl[28]?.

Military Edition

Samurai of the Liao Dynasty

In its military system, the palace guards and cavalry armor in the Luduo are trained to complete the training, and the elite of the world is selected to gather in the heart, which not only serves as a defense task, but also sends troops to fight. In addition, there are tribal soldiers, Han army, Bohai navy, etc. The Khitan are nomadic people, good at riding and archery, and usually grazing, fishing, and hunting, which is not only a productive economic activity, but also a military exercise. There is a war that can be assembled into an army very quickly.

The army of the Liao Dynasty was about 200,000 to 300,000 in peacetime, while the Khitan tribe was full of soldiers, and the number of troops that the Liao could mobilize was very high in the total population, at 1,642,800 people[34]?. Because it retains the traces of primitive tribes and is in the historical stage of rapid transformation from slavery to feudalism, the military system was mostly integrated with the social system of the own nationality in the early stage.

The emperor of the Liao Dynasty personally held the supreme military power. There are North and South Privy Councils. The Northern Privy Council is the highest military administrative body, generally presided over by the Khitans, while the Southern Privy Council, also known as the Han Privy Council, is in charge of the Han people's military affairs, resulting in a situation in which the two military systems of the imperial court coexist[28]?.

The Liao army is roughly divided into the palace tent army, the tribal army, the Jingzhou army and the subordinate ****. The palace tent army, composed of strong men who collected accounts directly under the emperor, was a Khitan pro-army, which was used for guards and conquests, "taking the camp as the palace, selecting thousands of people from all departments, and placing the heart of the abdomen [34]?". The tribal army, mainly composed of strong men from tribes other than the Khitan, was used to guard the four sides. The above two types of troops are the main force of the Liao army. The Jingzhou Army, also known as the Wuzhou Township Army, is composed of strong men of the Han and Bohai ethnic groups from the prefectures and counties of Wujing Province. It is ****, which is composed of strong men of the subject country. The latter two types of troops are auxiliary forces[28]?. At the beginning of the Liao Dynasty, all aristocratic men served in the military, and the rank of the regular army between the ages of 15~50 was equipped with their own weapons and war horses [35]?. "One regular army, three horses, one grass valley, one person guarding the camp and one shop", "The men and horses do not give grain and grass, and the day is sent to beat the grass valley and ride out to plunder it" ("Liao Shi Bingwei"). Later, "along the border, each side placed Tuntian garrison, and Yitian accumulated valleys to pay the army." The Liao army was dominated by cavalry, and its main weapons were bows and arrows, swords and guns. In the later period, stone-throwing artillery was introduced from the Song Dynasty, and there was a gunner army [28]?.