The legend of the seventy-nine Chiyou

Tomorrow is a distant thing for us, no one can know what will happen tomorrow! No one can predict what will happen in the future, and where to find the Demon Soul is a mystery that I can't solve.

Why did God choose me to face these things? Could it be that the heavens have sent a great burden to the people, and they will surely strain their muscles and bones and starve their bodies and skin? If I could, I really wish that these things did not happen, and that it would be better to be a simple man?

Historical records and later reviews are mixed, Chiyou is the leader of the tribal alliance of the Jiuli clan in ancient times, according to legend, Chiyou faces like a cow's head, has wings on his back, and is also the leader of the cow totem and bird totem clans. Chiyou is brave and good at fighting, is respected as the "God of War", and is also one of the distant ancestors of the Miao people, and is called the "Three Ancestors of China" together with the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor.

Chiyou is in Chinese mythology, he is the master of soldiers and the god of war.

In Chinese history, ancient books since the Spring and Autumn Period have a rich record of the legend of Chiyou, but there are often contradictions. According to these records, Chiyou was the leader of the Jiuli tribe in ancient times. Scholars speculate that Chiyou belongs to the Taihao and Shaohao clan groups according to the "Book of Yi Zhou" and "Treatise on Salt and Iron". Chiyou has eighty-one brothers (probably eighty-one tribes, one says seventy-two), brave and good at fighting, and powerful.

The most mentioned Chi You in ancient books is the fierce battle with the tribal alliance led by the Yellow Emperor, and there are three specific theories. The first theory is found in the "Records of the Five Emperors", that is, after the Yellow Emperor defeated the Yan Emperor in the Battle of Hanquan, Chiyou rebelled, and the Yellow Emperor defeated Chiyou in the Battle of Zhuolu, thus consolidating the position of the Son of Heaven.

The second theory is found in the "Yi Zhou Shu Taste Wheat Chapter", that is, Chiyou expelled the Red Emperor (Yan Emperor), the Red Emperor appealed to the Yellow Emperor, and the two emperors joined forces to kill Chi You in Zhongji;

The third theory is found in the "Classic of Mountains and Seas, the Great Wilderness of the North Classic", that is, Chiyou made an army to attack the Yellow Emperor, and the Yellow Emperor ordered Yinglong to fight, and the two sides fought in the field of Jizhou, and Chiyou was defeated and killed.

Although there are slight differences in the various theories, there is no doubt that Chi You and the Yellow Emperor were at war. The course of the war was more tortuous and mythical. Chi You is good at fighting, "the weapon of the five soldiers, changing the clouds and mist", "making a big fog, covering three days", the Yellow Emperor "nine battles and nine invincible", "three years of the city is not down". "Fish Dragon River Map" contains the Yellow Emperor's "defeat" Chi You, "it is to look up to the sky and sigh, and God sent Xuannu to grant the Yellow Emperor soldiers to believe in the runes", that is, relying on the power of the goddess "Xuannu" to win. It is said that the Yellow Emperor used the guide made by the queen of the wind to identify the direction in the fog and won the victory.

Later, the world was in turmoil, the Yellow Emperor painted the image of Chiyou, deterring the world, and the world thought that Chiyou was immortal, and lived in the shogunate of the Yellow Emperor, so "all the countries in all directions were subdued."

Xuanyuan Yellow Emperor's battle against Chi You is an extremely important event in the era of Chinese legends. After the victory of the Yellow Emperor, he unified the Central Plains region and became the orthodoxy of China. Therefore, Chinese historical books, especially Confucian classics, which have long been in the mainstream, have many bad comments about Chi You, although they may not be fair. Later, Chiyou gradually became vulgar and became an image with "copper head and iron forehead", "eight humerus and eight toes", "human body and cow hooves, four eyes and six hands" and "sand and gravel".

Volume 9 of "Beginner's Notes" quotes the cloud of "Returning to Tibet and Qixiao": "Chiyou comes from amniotic fluid, eight humerus and eight toes are sparse, and Jiu Nao is used to cut down empty mulberry, and the Yellow Emperor kills it in Qingqiu." Later, "Arowana River Map" ("Taiping Yulan" volume 78 citation) cloud: "Eighty-one brothers of Chiyou, and the body of the beast and the human language, copper head and iron forehead, eating sand and stones", "Shu Wei Ji" cloud: Chiyou "iron stone", "human body ox hooves, four eyes and six hands, ears and temples like a sword halberd, head with horns". The two-horned bull's head is also a dragon in traditional dragon culture, and the legend says that the dragon is a horse-faced bull's head. Similarly, the Gonggong legend is that the northern water god is a water dragon.

And the clouds: "Eighty Chiyou Brothers" ("Dragonfish River Map") or seventy-two people ("Narrative of Differences"), then the Chiyou of the gods is like a giant tribe in the world.

And "Huanglan Tomb Record" Fuyun: "Chiyou Tomb, in the city of Kan Township, Shouzhang County, Dongping County (now Shishiliyuan Town, Yanggu County, Shandong), is seven zhang high, and the people often worship it in October. There is red gas out of the silk silk, and the people's name is Chiyou Banner. Shoulder and spleen mound, reunited in Juye County, Shanyang, size and Kan mound, etc. It is rumored that the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou fought in the field of Zhuolu, the Yellow Emperor killed him, and his body was in a different place, so he was not buried; Chase the soldiers to, and distinguish the clothes for Chiyou. Zhenzhi is especially buried in Zhuolu Alum Mountain Town. ”

"Feng Zen Book" records that Qi worships the eight gods, "three are called the master of the soldiers, and worship Chi You". Chi You finally went down in history as the god of war.

The relationship between Chiyou and Emperor Yan is quite complicated, and there are different theories. One view is that Chiyou may have once belonged to Emperor Yan or was once part of a tribal alliance led by Emperor Yan. But later, Chiyou had a fierce conflict with Emperor Yan and defeated Emperor Yan.

In Chinese society, where Confucianism has long been the mainstream, the concept of "orthodoxy" has always been emphasized, and historians have a tradition of "winning the king and defeating the king". The Yellow Emperor's battle against Chiyou was gradually described as a war between justice and evil, represented by the "Records of the Five Emperors", which was widely circulated.

In non-Confucian texts such as the Book of Yi Zhou and the Classic of Mountains and Seas, the description of Chi You's battle with the Yellow Emperor is relatively objective. In the Taoist classic "Zhuangzi", he even used the mouth of the thief to sympathize with Chi You and condemn the Yellow Emperor.

In addition, in addition to the hostile relationship between Chiyou and the Yellow Emperor, there may also have been a vassal relationship. The Yellow Emperor once made Chi You in charge of metal smelting and assisted Shao Hao. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong, the famous minister of the Qi State, said that Chi You was the head of the Yellow Emperor's "Six Phases", and his status was very high. Han Fei of the Warring States period has similar records, but they are more mythical.

Chi You is the leader of Jiuli, and there are many records and occasional controversies. According to various ancient books such as the Shangshu and the Chinese language, as well as their biographies and notes, the relationship between Jiuli and another tribal group, according to the relationship between Jiuli and Sanmiao, which is represented by Xuan You, came from Jiuli and was after Jiuli. Jiuli was defeated, the tribe was dispersed, and it evolved into Sanmiao, which has nothing to do with the contemporary Miao people. "Liutao" said: "Yaofa has seedlings in Danshui Zhipu", and "Lü's Spring and Autumn Summoning" says that "Yao fights Danshui to subdue the Southern Barbarians". A large number of scholars believe that the three seedlings in the ancient books are in the north and have nothing to do with the southern minorities in later generations. In modern times, some scholars such as Wang Tongling, Liang Qichao, Wen Yiduo, Hu Shi, etc., believe that the modern Miao people are the descendants of the three Miao, but Zhang Taiyan, Lu Simian and other scholars have different views from this view, believing that the modern Miao and the three Miao have nothing to do with historical data or others.

The first to clarify the relationship between Sanmiao and Chiyou was Zheng Xuan, a native of the Eastern Han Dynasty, who first put forward the idea of "Miao Min, that is, after Jiuli". He put forward this view when commenting on the Five Emperors. This view was later adopted by many scholars and developed to the present state.

It can be seen that there is no direct record of the relationship between Chiyou and Sanmiao and Miao people in ancient documents, on the contrary, it is clearly stated in "Shangshu Lü Xing" that the group of "Miao people" has been extinct: "The emperor mourned the misfortune of killing, repaid the abuse with threat, and curbed the Miao people, and there was no world." This means that the emperor has mercy on the innocent people who were killed, and repaid the tyrannical people with threats, exterminating the Miao people who committed abuse, so that they have no descendants left in the world. This view is repeated in another place in the Shangshu Lü Xing: "God does not blame Miao." Miao people are not punished, and they are desperate. This means that God could not forgive them and bring calamity upon the Miao people, and the Miao people had no reason to lift their punishment, so that none of their descendants remained in the world. Of course, this article in "Shangshu Lü Xing" is only the words of King Mu of Zhou, not a historical record. This is just to explain that King Mu of Zhou did not think that the Miao people still existed in the world, that is, he did not think that the exterminated "Miao people" had anything to do with any ethnic group at that time in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the "Miao people" were a group of people who had already existed in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Chiyou was active on the stage of history, that is, when the "Yan Emperor" of the "Shennong clan" declined. At that time, there were many tribes, and each tribe relied on its own economic strength and force to fight with each other, and no longer obeyed the constraints of the leader of the tribal alliance Yandi Shennong, which was naturally formed due to the exploits of the invention of the dragon. "The Shennong clan is in decline, the princes invade each other, tyrannize the people, and the Shennong clan can conquer ...... The "princes" mentioned here are not the nobles who were divided into five titles, such as duke, marquis, uncle, son, and male under the Zhou and Qin social systems, but referred to the chiefs of various tribes at the end of the primitive society. Chiyou is one of them.

Due to the primitive social stage, there is no written record, so since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and even today, China's historical classics are only based on historical legends dating back to the Neolithic Age, the Yellow Emperor period of the patrilineal clan commune stage 5,000 years ago. In the official orthodox history of our country, the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor have always been regarded as the ancestors and monarchs of the Chinese nation.

At the end of the primitive society, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the lower reaches of the Yellow River in China, there were many primitive human beings living in ancient times, and they gradually formed a tribal alliance more than 5,000 years ago through generations of living and reproduction, through hard labor. This tribal alliance is called "Jiuli", and it is led by Chi You. The note in the "Chinese Dream Language" says: "Jiuli, the disciple of Xuan You". "Shu Lu Criminal Interpretation", "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period: Swinging Soldiers", and "Warring States Policy: Qin" all say that Chiyou is the king of Jiuli.

With the help of superior geographical conditions, they continued to work hard to open up, so that the productivity was continuously improved, the social economy continued to develop, and they became a powerful tribe in the east, and were the first to enter the Central Plains. Comrade Fan Wenlan, a well-known historian, wrote: The legendary ancient inhabitants of China, "the people who live in the south are collectively called 'barbarians'. Among them, the Jiuli people were the first to enter the central region.

Jiulidang is an alliance of nine tribes, each of which contains nine brother clans, for a total of eighty-one brother clans. Chi You is the leader of the Jiuli clan, and his brothers are eighty-one people, that is, eighty-one clan chiefs. ...... It is a powerful tribe with fierce beasts as totems and is brave and good at fighting. "After the Jiuli tribe entered the Central Plains, the Yandi tribe also entered the central region from the west, and there was a long-term inter-tribal conflict with the Jiuli tribe.

The Jiuli tribe expelled the Yandi clan until Zhuolu. The Yandi tribe, together with the Yellow Emperor clan and the Jiuli clan, launched an unprecedented tribal war at the end of the primitive society - the Zhuolu War. In the early days of the war, the Yellow Emperor was not accustomed to the terrain and climate due to the lack of troops, so "the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou were invincible in nine battles"; In the end, the two sides fought a decisive battle at Zhuolu, Jiuli was defeated, and its leader Chiyou was also captured.

After the defeat of Jiuli, its power declined greatly, but they still possessed a vast area in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. By the Yao, Shun, and Yu periods, they formed a new tribal alliance. This is the "three Miao" in the history books, also known as "Youmiao" or "Miao people", the development of the tribal group of Sanmiao, and finally formed a tribal emirate.

Fan Wenlan wrote: "After the Miao people were defeated by Yu, they withdrew from the Yellow River Valley, and according to the Warring States Period (Wu Qi), the location of the Sanmiao Kingdom was roughly in a narrow place in the Yangtze River Valley, and it is impossible to verify whether this statement is credible, because the Warring States Period has passed nearly 2,000 years since the Sanmiao Era, and before Wu Qi, most of them regarded Sanmiao as a tribe in the Central Plains." Judging from the records of ancient books (Shangshu), Sanmiao as a nation or country was completely destroyed during the Yao Shunyu period, and its remnants were moved to the northwest.

Although they are all in the Yangtze River Basin, the location of Jingman is roughly in the Hanshui Basin in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and the location of Sanmiao is not strictly verified, if according to Wu Qi, it is roughly in the narrow area between Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake at the junction of Hunan and Jiangxi provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and it is even more inconsistent in time, with a distance of more than 1,000 years.

Sanmiao and the later Miao people, there is no correspondence, the name "Miao" is only in the Song Dynasty, and the Sanmiao era is separated by more than 3,000 years, and Miao is not the self-name of the Miao people, is the common name of the Song people for the southern ethnic minorities.

From the archaeological point of view, if the three Miao do exist, it should be related to the Qujialing and Shijiahe cultures, but both cultures have strong Tibetan and Burmese national characteristics, with the tiger as the totem, and no clear correspondence can be found from the Miao culture.

It can be seen that there is no correspondence between the three Miao, Jingman, and Miao people, they are three different ethnic groups in different eras.

However, Jiuli and Sanmiao still have a certain relationship, "Zhou Shu Lü Punishment" "Xuan You punished Miao Min", "Chinese Zheng Note" "Miao Fu Jiuli Zhide", Sanmiao, Jiuli after "also", and other records, have already shown the kinship between "Jiuli" and "Sanmiao". "The Book of Rites, Yishu, Yinfu Punishment, Zheng Note" said, "After Miao and Jiuli...... The phrase "Sanmiao" who live in the West also directly points out that "Sanmiao" is a descendant of Jiuli. After the Song Dynasty, some people associated the Miao people with the three Miao, for example: "Miao people, the descendants of the ancient three Miao"; Miao, the descendants of the three Miao";" According to the boundaries of Chu, Shu and Guizhou provinces, that is, the relics of the ancient three seedlings, "but most of these books are some travelogues, county chronicles, etc., which are not authoritative."

"The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Xiqiang" said: "The origin of Xiqiang comes from Sanmiao, and the surname Qiang is also different." Its country is close to Nanyue. and the four evils of Shunliu, the three dangers of migration, and the Xiqiang land of Heguan is also. That is to say, the Qiang people are from Sanmiao, and they are descendants of Sanmiao, and they are other branches of the surname Jiang.

According to historical records, the surname Jiang is the original Jiang people in the northwest, later called Qiang, and then gradually moved south and west. Therefore, from today's Qinghai in the north, to today's Tibet in the west, and to today's Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan in the south, there are Qiang people living there.

The people of the Qiang people who moved west to Tibet called themselves "Wusizang", Wusi is Wushi, Zang is Qiang, and Wusizang is the collective name of Wushi Qiang. They are also called "Tibet", and in fact Tibet is Xiqiang. This can prove that today's Tibetans are also formed by the fusion of the Qiang and Wu peoples. Among them are also Hmong.

Those of the Qiang people who moved south, those who went to Sichuan and merged with the local cousin tribe were called Qingqiang, and some of the Qiang people who moved south were called Qingqiang after the integration of the local Qing people in Sichuan, and some of them moved from Sichuan to Guizhou and Yunnan. Today, the Qiang people in western Guizhou have their public clan name Qiang, and the people still call themselves Miao. The Qiang people in Yunnan come from roughly the same origin as the Qiang people in western Guizhou, and their public family name is Qiang, and the people still call themselves Miao. It can be seen that the Qiang people are also the descendants of Jiuli and Sanmiao, and Chiyou, as the king of Jiuli, should also be the ancestor of the Qiang people.

After Chi You's death, the Yellow Emperor and his descendants all worshipped Chi You as the "master of soldiers" and regarded him as the "god of war" to revere and remember. "The History of the Road, the Later Period, the Biography of Chiyou" said, "The sages of later generations wrote that it was 'like Yu Zunyi, thinking that it was greedy'. Luo Ping Zhuyun: "The god of Chiyou Tianfu, the shape is not usual, three generations of Yi weapons, there are many images of Chiyou, and it is the Rong of the greedy and abuser." "Arowana River Map" said: "After Lingyou is gone, the world will be disturbed and restless.

The Yellow Emperor then painted the image of Chiyou to dominate the world. The salty world is said to be immortal, and all the countries in all directions are in a state of death. It can be seen that after Chiyou was captured and killed in the Jiuli tribal alliance strategy, the Yellow Emperor and his people used the image of Chiyou to intimidate the world, thus turning Chiyou into their own protector, and revering and remembering Chiyou.