What is the privatization of China's public enterprises?

Recently, Zhang Yunqi desperately recalled.

After that day's symposium, he devoted his energy to Yang Jiarong's report on the property rights restructuring of Longjingyuan Canning Factory and the revitalization of state-owned assets.

It is not easy to write this report, because he first has to fully explain or prove the legitimacy and necessity of carrying out the reform of the property rights system; after all, since China began reform and opening up in the 80s, there have been many opinions and debates surrounding the basic idea of the reform of public enterprises (mainly state-owned enterprises). The most critical and sensitive topic here is whether the reform of state-owned enterprises must "move" property rights.

Since the 80s, the reform of public enterprises has tried to avoid touching property rights, and policymakers hope to focus on internal management mechanisms and incentive mechanisms to revitalize enterprises without changing the fundamental system of enterprises. The "contract system," which is all the rage, is a concentrated manifestation of this effort.

Is there something wrong with this line of thinking?

Before 2008, it was absolutely not. At that time, most people enjoyed the dividends brought by the large-scale marketization of state-owned enterprises by the property rights reform.

After 2018, right and wrong are a matter of opinion. When the demographic dividend disappears, exports encounter a ceiling, real estate cannot be carried out, and the export-oriented economy is blocked, everyone sprays "996 blessings" and "people's rich", and everyone is remembering the golden years when the people's enterprises and the people were the masters of the country.

As for the early 90s, in the process of continuous trial and error improvement of the reform of public enterprises, it is even more impossible to judge right and wrong, because at that time the direction of reform was not clear, and no one could be sure that the revitalization of enterprises should take the radical road of property rights reform, or focus on the relatively moderate and conservative path of internal management mechanism and incentive mechanism, but at present, the ambitious Yang Jiarong is obviously inclined to the former, and he wants to vigorously promote the privatization reform of public enterprises in Jiangchuan City, so he must logically set up a sufficient argument for this direction。

Zhang Yunqi sorted out the experience of later generations and gave the following arguments: With the deepening of reform and opening up, the degree of competition in China's domestic market has been continuously raised, public enterprises have been unable to adapt to fierce market competition because of their congenital defects in the property rights system, the soft budget constraints of public enterprises have posed an increasingly heavy financing burden to government departments, and the financial and state-owned banks have been unable to continuously "transfuse" a large number of public enterprises in terms of funds, and they must "invigorate enterprises" We can only rely on private funds, and to mobilize private funds into enterprises, it is impossible to rely on administrative compulsion, but only on the system of protecting the rights and interests of private investors. As a result, reorganizing the structure of enterprise property rights and introducing institutional arrangements that meet the needs of non-governmental investment entities have become an inevitable choice for the development and even survival of many public-owned enterprises.

Writing here, Zhang Yunqi gave the core thesis: "The reform of the property rights system of China's public enterprises is an inevitable requirement of China's economic marketization and competitiveness, and it is the embodiment of market competition calling for the corresponding enterprise system form. ”

Zhang Yunqi knows that this argument will cause a fierce reaction of public opinion in this era and be criticized, but he can only write it like this, and he must write it like this, even if he does not necessarily agree that the road of property rights reform is the best solution in his heart, which direction the national economy should develop, it is not that he is a fart who should point fingers, he has no intention of catering to Yang Jiarong in this way to make personal capital, but as a person, as one of the 1.3 billion of the Chinese nation, what else can he do?

I remember many years ago, when he was still in junior high school in Longwan Town, once, the junior high school homeroom teacher said to him, "Your path is very clear, the champion of the high school entrance examination and the champion of the college entrance examination will be completed in one go, and you will become a top talent in Tsinghua University and Peking University, and contribute to the construction of the four modernizations of the motherland." ”

After the weekend holiday, when he walked more than ten miles home, his mother said to him with red eyes, "The town has to pay for it, and if you can't get the money, you will take away the New Year's pig." ”

That's how he used to live.

It is also the life of hundreds of millions of poor people now!

He was poor, so poor that his spirit was dissociated.

Those so-called fairness, juvenile spirit, he never had the opportunity to experience. This also cultivated the most pragmatic side of his character, talking less about doctrine and doing more practical things.

Look at the middle-aged people who have been working in mechanical labor for many years and are now abandoned, the women who have made the factory their home and now live by picking up rotten vegetable leaves in the vegetable market, and the young people who are unable to get an education because their parents have laid off their jobs...... Zhang Yunqi is unwilling and has no right to pity them, and he will never be stupid and arrogant enough to think that he can save them, but now he has such an opportunity to look at this wave of ups and downs of reform from the perspective of the future, summarize the advanced experience of the previous life, give reference to decision-makers, and let the camera pay a little attention to those who are abandoned by this era, he has no reason not to do so.

Based on the core thesis that the majority of public-owned enterprises should take the road of property rights restructuring in order to revitalize them, he took the Longjingyuan Cannery Factory as an example and put forward four core topics: First, the main problems and basic conditions facing the structural transformation of China's public enterprises, such as the two most prominent constraints, such as the possibility of restructuring the legacy debts and the possibility of relocating redundant personnel; second, the main forms of property rights reform, such as shareholding restructuring, joint-stock cooperative system, joint ventures with foreign businessmen, leasing operations, and the transfer of some state-owned shares to workers; Bankruptcy and reorganization, and so on; third, how to avoid the loss of state-owned assets caused by the restructuring of property rights; he put forward a major method that had no precedent at all before 96 years, and to restructure the state-owned enterprises below by preparing for the establishment of state-owned holding shell companies, so as to prevent the loss of state-owned assets in the light of advantageous industries and curb the blind development of commercial real estate in local areas; fourth, the social significance and prospects of privatization, such as rebuilding the basic social incentive mechanism, laying the foundation of the national economy, reforming the economic and trade system, and realizing a market economy; therefore, he concluded that China will join the WTO at the beginning of the 21 st century and become the world's largest manufacturing power and an export-oriented economy。

These prospects, which were realized one by one in later generations, were not without shock in the 90s. Zhang Yunqi wrote all the way, the more he wrote, the more energetic, his hair fell out a lot, and he didn't watch the World Cup, and the topic was very long and big, "Some Basic Judgments and Prospects on the Evolution of the Privatization of China's Public Enterprises - Based on the Property Rights Reform of Jiangchuan Longjingyuan Canning Factory to Innovate and Revitalize State-owned Assets".

When he was working hard for this report, the Longjingyuan Canning Factory was particularly noisy.

There were a lot of people who participated in the symposium that day, Zhang Yunqi's idea of preparing to build a processing base in Yunxi Village soon came out, Liansheng's employees were better, sitting firmly in Diaoyutai, they are all small white-collar workers, think about it, you can understand, you must stay in the headquarters, how to do business in that poor and remote place?

The feelings of the workers of Longjingyuan canning factory are very different, their boss is tossing blindly, to build a new processing base in Yunxi Village, the production line must all be transferred to the past, then they assembly line workers must go to the countryside to work, but everyone is from the city, there is a family in the city, and it is difficult to accept it ideologically when they are suddenly transferred to the countryside to work.

Of course, now it's all gossip that has no way, there is no exact way to do it and notice, so that people are not panicking, everyone is still waiting, besides, now the benefits in the factory are really good, and the big guys are living a good life, they listen to rumors, the rich boss in order to promote their canned food, without blinking, directly smashed more than two or three million, and also engaged in a food program on Shonan Satellite TV, bombarding from morning to afternoon to early morning, as a leader in the provincial TV station, the influence is really the most top-notch, and, their overwhelming advertising has also been stationed in various cities and counties, the canned food produced in the factory became popular all of a sudden, and the sales volume was growing.

The specific sales of canned food, the workers in the factory are naturally not known, but the big trucks pulling goods in the factory lined up in the lively scene, they really haven't seen it for many years, it's too rare, and compared with the factory, the headquarters is more prosperous, the customers who negotiate business are full every day, there are several order meetings every day, and the rumor customer service phone has hardly rested, and it has been in a busy state.

Longjingyuan's production capacity has completely failed to keep up.

At this time, Zhang Yunqi took two countermeasures, one is to let Li Jilin step up the introduction of production lines, according to his ideas, there is not so much money, it is not realistic to introduce from abroad, then put the idea on some large state-owned canneries in China with poor efficiency, they used to have a lot of money, the introduction of large-scale advanced production lines, when the efficiency is not good or to transform, naturally have to sell at a low price, the second is to let the city and county dealers pay an advance payment. Let's read a book

Lendlease adopts an interactive two-tier dealer network, and there are no regional and provincial dealers.

Zhang Yunqi did this for three reasons, one is to avoid the situation of being controlled by dealers in the market and being restricted by dealers, the second is that this is a more suitable market entry model for consumable products, and the third is that the cost of maintaining this dealer network is not high, and one or two diligent ordinary sales personnel can maintain the dealer network of the entire province.

It stands to reason that the payment transaction between the dealer and the manufacturer is generally that the manufacturer first ships the product to the dealer, and then the dealer gives the money. Now that the production capacity is tight, Zhang Yunqi doesn't want to do this. He asked all dealers to "cash in stock, and then ship after the payment", perhaps this was almost "impossible" in the past, but now it is different, because the relationship between manufacturers and dealers is always dynamic opposition and cooperation, when the business is not good, the dealer is the father, the product is good to sell when everyone has money to make, the manufacturer refers to where to fight. Look at the dealers who are now working on the floor of the Longjingyuan Canning Factory, not to mention letting them take the advance payment first, it is not a problem to call Dad.

In this way, Zhang Yunqi received a large amount of advance payment, and then joined the bank loan promised by Yang Jiarong, which prepared sufficient funds for the introduction of two advanced production lines and the construction of processing bases.

The construction of the Longjingyuan canning processing base is also being coordinated and studied. Under the instructions of Yang Jiarong, this matter has been highly valued by the Fengyang County Party Committee and County Government. In the 90s, attracting investment was always a top priority for the government.

He took Niu Fen and Wang Guibing to negotiate with the two-level government of Longwan Town, Fengyang County, about the allocation of land, the planning of processing base projects, and the support of local characteristic industries, so as to increase the income of farmers. As a result, he was so busy that he couldn't stay home all day.

This afternoon, after school.

Zhang Yunqi went to his eldest sister Zhang Qiulan's house for dinner, his eldest nephew had his third birthday, and when he stopped a taxi not far from the school gate, he met Li Yufei who came by bicycle.

Li Yufei stopped the car and said to him, "Where are you going?"

Zhang Yunqi said: "Cannery. ”

"Let's go, you ride. Li Yufei got off the bike, patted the cushion with her hand, and her delicate little face greeted the sunset, her tone was sweet, simple and direct, as if she was talking about an ordinary thing.

Zhang Yunqi grabbed the handlebar and jumped up, Li Yufei sat diagonally behind, Zhang Yunqi kicked his feet, and Li Yufei, who was holding a pink schoolbag, drove into the street corner under the twilight of Jiangchuan.

"You're amazing. ”

"Do you talk about driving skills?"

"Silly~ I said canneries. ”

"What happened to the cannery?"

"Business is really good right now. ”

"It's your dad's fault, I don't care about anything. ”

"Modest, you are very modest, classmate Zhang Yunqi, Longjingyuan has today, everyone in Longjingyuan wants to thank you, but you squeezed my dad a little harder. ”

"What do you mean by that?"

"My mother works in the provincial capital, and my father is so busy, sometimes I can't see him for many days, and now I am alone after school, eating, reading, sleeping, and going to school. ”

"It's good, life is quite regular. ”

"Begging for beating, the mouth is so dishonest, where did the obedient and motivated high school entrance examination champion go?"

"Actually, I also think I've changed a lot, maybe my family is poor, I'm scared of poverty, but seriously, Yufei, as a friend, do you tell me how I am now, or how good I was before?"

Li Yufei thought for a while and said, "I'll tell you later." ”

Ps. foreshadowing, with a few more chapters, ends this volume.