In the midst of Professor Iverson's doubts, Gu Wan continued to flip down his newly submitted paper, pointing to one of the key points to explain.

"Professor, you should be familiar with the concept of 'virtual particle pairs', right? Although, this is only a physical concept in the field of elementary particles, not astrophysics. But I'm sure you should dabble in it. ”

"Virtual particles?" Professor Iverson pondered for a few seconds, "Of course I know this, isn't this the cutting edge of antimatter?" Well, it's not too cutting-edge, someone proposed it more than ten years ago, seven or eight years ago, someone caught virtual particle pairs in the laboratory - you are talking to me about black holes now, what does it have to do with virtual particle pairs, antimatter, etc.?"

Of course, the conversation between Professor Iverson and Gu Play was very concise and to the point, because everyone knew how to do it. However, a layman who only listens to this level of dialogue will definitely look confused.

So translate a little.

"Virtual particle pairs" are a cutting-edge manifestation of antimatter research.

The term antimatter, which should have been heard by all scientific and technological novices, was originally a deduction of Einstein's mass-energy conversion performance.

The basis of nuclear physics is Einstein's belief that "matter is just a high-density energy, so matter can lose mass and be converted into energy".

For example, the hydrogen bomb is when the hydrogen element (deuterium tritium) fuses into a helium nucleus, and it loses seven thousandths of its mass to release so much energy. Heavy nuclear fission is much less efficient at mass loss than light nuclear fusion, so the energy release is much lower.

Antimatter is a kind of existence that human beings think of when they study mass loss: is it possible to produce some positive matter and some antimatter in the world, and when the two meet, they can directly "annihilate" each other, so that 100% of the mass is lost, and all mass is converted into energy?

If so, wouldn't that mean that the energy release efficiency of this mass loss is 150 times greater than that of nuclear fusion?) (one is 100% loss, and the other is only 0.7%, so it is about 150 times.) ）

Not to mention, antimatter, whether on Earth or on the Blue Hole Star, has been created in the laboratory in an instant.

The manufacturing process is complex and arduous, and it is also related to the Elementary Particle Collider and other high-energy equipment. But without the Large Particle Collider, it's not impossible to get antimatter. As long as it meets the principle of "concentrating a huge amount of energy on certain particles by any means, and then making them do what they do to each other", it is possible to create antimatter elementary particles in an instant.

To put it bluntly, it takes more energy to create antimatter than it does when antimatter is annihilated. (Of course, mass and energy are still conserved, and the extra energy spent is dissipated in other redundancy)

Therefore, even if there is no national large-scale elementary particle collider on the Blue Hole Star, the concept of antimatter has been slightly recognized by the academic community.

It's just that this thing basically only has a physical observation record, and it can't be saved. Because the earth is full of positive matter, as soon as the antimatter appears, perhaps the mass energy exists for a few femtoseconds, and then it is re-annihilated by the positive matter.

The "virtual particle pairs" mentioned by Gu Play and Professor Iverson are also a cutting-edge manifestation of antimatter research.

Around the beginning of the 90s, scientists in Oceania created virtual particle pairs in the laboratory, consisting of a "virtual particle" and a "virtual antiparticle". As soon as these two goods appear in the laboratory, they will be annihilated in an instant, and they cannot be preserved.

Professor Iverson's question just now just didn't expect that the two frontier achievements in fundamental physics, "antimatter" and "virtual particle pairs", could have anything to do with the field of astrophysics.

This should obviously be the result of two bifurcated fields of physics, but Gu Yu just thought of the left and right sources, and the contact of the analogy, the brain hole is quite okay.

Gu Play quickly solved the mystery completely.

……

"Virtual particle pairs really can't exist for a long time in a normal environment, but what if it's at the boundary of a black hole? On Earth, you should be clear about the enabling conditions for us to make virtual particle pairs.

In the extreme environment of a black hole, such as when a star falls into a black hole, the huge gravitational potential energy is instantly reduced to nothingness, and the star itself still has huge heat energy even if it is in the state of a red dwarf.

And these potential energy and thermal energy cannot be released or radiated because of the devouring of the black hole. At the moment when the Schwarzschild radius horizon passes, the strength of the annihilated energy and the extreme environment are not enough to give birth to virtual particles, right?

And virtual particle pairs, if they are generated elsewhere, are of course harmless, because they will also be annihilated instantly after they are generated. However, if the pair of virtual particles produced at the edge of the black hole were to follow the second law of thermodynamics, it would be obvious that the ion that was dragged by the black hole through the event horizon of the Schwarzschild radius should be a virtual antiparticle with negative energy.

And the virtual positive particle corresponding to the virtual antiparticle should have been thrown out by the ultra-high kinetic energy and radiation outside the Schwarzschild radius horizon. The mass and energy of the particles that are thrown out should carry the entropy carried by the part of the world that is swallowed by the black hole.

Therefore, the second law of thermodynamics is not violated, and the entropy of the entire closed system does not decrease. The radiation that should have been swallowed up and disappeared was brought out in the form of virtual particles in the created antimatter pairs.

At the same time, the virtual positive particle itself does not enter the boundary of being swallowed, so it is reasonable that it can escape, and it does not violate the definition of a black hole. Black holes just keep creating antimatter at their own boundaries, and then swallow the negative ones and eject the positive ones on the brink of death. Because they are eternally separated by black holes, these pairs of positive and negative particles can no longer be annihilated.

It can even be said that in the world we exist in now, there is a large amount of positive matter that is ejected by black holes, and without black holes, our universe would not have so much positive matter. The antimatter as opposed to these positive matter is all absorbed by the black hole, so it cannot be annihilated. ”

A very bold conjecture, logically unbelievable at first glance.

But at least the iron law that "a black hole can swallow everything, and the matter that enters the black hole can no longer emit radiation" can coexist with the more iron, iron law of "no spontaneous entropy reduction in a closed system", which is based on the second law of thermodynamics.

Originally, physicists avoided talking about black holes, and the key was that they could not find a self-consistent explanation for the coexistence of the two iron laws, and when the two iron laws were placed together, it became a paradox.

Professor Iverson's pupils zoomed and turned several times, and he was startled, as if he had seen a ghost.

"Your explanation is completely supported by no experiments and observations! There is no evidence, it is just a utopian thought experiment!" He subconsciously exclaimed in opposition, a little out of shape, like a guy who has been a clergyman all his life, and his faith collapsed when he was hit by a supernatural phenomenon.

Therefore, there is no one in this world who is so high as to see everything and not be shocked.

Tarzan collapsed and did not move, but it was only because Tarzan was still too small for some people.

If the universe collapsed in front of him, maybe he would be moved.

Therefore, Gu Yu decided to wait for Professor Iverson to calm down before continuing the exchange.

He waited for two minutes, without saying a word, until the other man seemed to have realized something, and then he continued to speak:

"I was originally conjecturing, but this is the only self-consistent conjecture so far. I don't think that's a problem.

According to theoretical calculations, dense objects with escape speeds exceeding the speed of light should indeed exist. No current model can allow this second law of thermodynamics to coexist. I've come up with the first, and so far the only, model that can take care of both paradoxes, so why put it there first?

Even if, for 50 years, 100 years, no one can observe the radiation of those antimatter virtual particles created at the edge of the black hole's event horizon, it is not a big deal. ”

To explain, if Gu Play's theory is correct (or that Hawking's theory on Earth is correct), then it is possible for the virtual positive particles in these virtual particle pairs created and ejected by the edge of the black hole to reach the Earth through the universe of tens of millions of light years, and it is also possible that they can be captured by earthlings.

But the problem is that, according to this theory, when these pairs of virtual particles are created, the particle that is positive matter is ejected, and the negative particle of antimatter is absorbed by the black hole.

So, even if you observe or capture a positive particle on Earth, you don't know it's a positive particle.

Because the virtual negative particle paired with it does not have paired antimatter in a black hole thousands of light-years away, then this virtual positive is indistinguishable from ordinary, common positive matter.

So, in the real world, it is indeed possible that a particle around us originally came from the positive matter of the pair of positive and antimatter created by a black hole tens of millions of light-years away, but we don't know. Unless one day you can see the antimatter in the black hole that is paired with it, you can say that the one next to you is the positive one of the paired particles.

In the finite future, it is impossible for human beings to cut out the antimatter that is hypothetically existing in a black hole, so Gu plays with this set of conjectures and is extremely durable, and experimental physicists have no way to prove and refute him by designing any experiments.

You can't go into a black hole to take a look, can you? Even if you enter a black hole and are instantly killed, you won't be able to get out, and you won't be able to tell anyone outside what you see.

It can never be proven, it can never be falsified, and it doesn't sound like a scientific category anymore.

Professor Iverson: "This paper can't be published so easily. The reputation of Astrophysics would not allow them to publish such a conjecture that apparently has already denied the possibility of scientific proof!

Gu Wan: "I didn't let them publish it as a conclusion, I just let them publish it as a conjecture, and it was clearly a conjecture." What's wrong with that?

Of course, I'm ready to be cross-vetted by experts, and I know that there's a lot of quantitative and computational work to follow. ”

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Sogou