Two months later, the school season began in September.

In San Francisco, at the School of Physics at Stratholme University, Professor Iverson is also waiting for his new class of graduate students.

In foreign universities, tutors take graduate students, sometimes with master's and doctor's degrees, and even if you have research institute resources in your hands, it is common to mix with assistant researchers.

This Professor Iverson, in the Stratholme School of Physics, to be honest, is quite a cold stove existence, mainly because his professional direction is not very profitable.

He is engaged in the direction of astrophysics and cosmology, although it is also basic physics, but it is more difficult to integrate with industry.

Over the years, most of the people who have come to him to study for a doctorate are not poor in money and want to get a doctorate diploma.

However, this year, he was a little surprised, because among the freshmen, there were exchange students from Huaxia, and he was a guy with a little achievement in the industry.

As we all know, Chinese people are more utilitarian, especially studying abroad, which is a transaction for money to make diplomas and diplomas to make money. Therefore, among Chinese students, the popularity of those who come to the professional direction is more obvious than that of other ethnic groups.

It is even rarer for a person who has made a small success in the industry with his knowledge of physics and research ability to come to study Shimizu.

Professor Iverson also put down the shelf, and on the first day of the freshmen's arrival, he asked everyone to get together and connect with each other, and it seemed easy-going.

It was in this atmosphere that Gu Play met his mentors, classmates, and seniors in the next two years.

……

"Tell us about yourself. At the meeting, Professor Iverson casually remarked a few opening remarks and asked the freshmen to get to know each other.

Graduate students from several other countries have introduced themselves one after another, and Gu Yu has also listened to them one by one. However, there is nothing to elaborate on the identities of these people, because they are not even tool people, and they have no use value.

Soon it was Gu Play's turn, and he spoke very directly: "My name is Gu Play, this year's freshman, it's a pleasure to meet everyone." I just opened a company in Selenium Valley, which is to develop GPS navigation software and general interfaces, if you are interested, I also welcome you to learn about it in your spare time.

The reason why I chose to study Professor Iverson is because I feel that everything I have learned and the results I have done in this major will not be plagiarized and will not be coveted from a commercial point of view.

In terms of ability, I think I can actually learn any subdivision of the branch of human physics. Even if my Ph.D. was in astrophysics and cosmology, it didn't stop me from making achievements in other directions. I just need to get my PhD diploma as soon as possible, and I believe that in the next year or two, my performance here will be enough for the professor to give me the diploma fairly as soon as possible.

In addition, I hope that those commercially valuable achievements have been made in Huaxia and will be made in Huaxia in the future. During my time in Oceania, I want to contribute purely to humanity as a whole, and I don't want to contribute to Oceania's financial investors. ”

Other students who were not even qualified to be tool people were very uncomfortable when they heard this, and some of them gasped and sighed at the arrogance of Gu Play.

But it doesn't matter, these people who have been in the study all their lives can neither help Gu Yu nor have the ability to block him.

After introducing himself, Gu Yu appropriately expressed his hope that he would pay for today's party.

At the dinner table, some classmates asked him what his company was currently doing and when it would be able to come up with the product.

Gu Yu also replied casually, there was nothing to keep secret. The No. 3 experimental satellite of the GPS project was launched at the end of last year. After that, the progress is much faster.

In the experimental stage, a new one will be launched every six months, and after entering the full-speed net deployment stage, it will be accelerated to one every two months, and it will be faster in the future. It is now September 2009, and NASA has launched five satellites, and by the year after next, that is, in early 2002, it will be fully commercialized. When the time comes, if Gu Wan reads a Ph.D. faster, he will just engage in navigation, automatic flight control drones and these industries, and blow out together.

Therefore, he also hopes that in the company's research and development stage, he will take the time to read his Ph.D., and when the product comes out, he can do something else as a graduate.

On the evening of the orientation party, Professor Iverson asked Gu about his choice of research direction during his Ph.D.

Gu Yu replied directly: "I want to study the next stage of the neutron star's celestial body." Because I think this can get a PhD as soon as possible. We can't observe it anyway, as long as the argument is rigorous. Theoretical physicists are always faster than experimental physicists. ”

Professor Iverson didn't want to talk nonsense with this thorn: "Yes, as long as you come up with three "Nature" papers and let the academic community recognize you, I will let you graduate, even if you only study for one year, I will make an exception to let you graduate, and I will not be embarrassed."

But with all due respect, neutron stars have been fried for almost 20 years, and there is nothing new. ”

Gu Wan replied without humility or arrogance: "After frying cold rice for a long time, you need new ideas." ”

Professor Iverson: "Then you can show me the idea of starting the topic next week, and if you are worried about leaks, you can also publish the paper yourself." Anyway, with your current level, as long as you have dry goods, it shouldn't be difficult to let others publish your articles, and whether you bypass the mentor or not, it will have no effect on you at all. ”

"Thank you for your understanding, I will. ”

……

The "next stage of neutron star celestial bodies" research mentioned by Gu Play and Professor Iverson is, of course, the black hole theory proposed by earthlings more than 20 years ago.

However, on the Blue Hole Star, astrophysical research is relatively slow, and not only experimental observations are slow, but also the architecture of theoretical models is relatively slow.

Some people may wonder: black holes can be understood by elementary school students, right?

White dwarfs, neutron stars, are getting denser and denser, and the velocity required to escape is also increasing. When the speed required for the surface to escape exceeds the speed of light, isn't it impossible for light to escape? Doesn't it form a black hole?

But in fact, the birth of the black hole theory is not so simple.

It can only be said that the above mathematical calculations have been around for a long time, which was calculated by the German scientist Schwarzschild in the early 20th century, and gave the algorithm of the minimum escape radius, which is commonly known as the "Schwarzschild radius".

On Earth, the first person to propose the term black hole was Professor Remo-Ruffini, who did not even have a conventional Chinese transliteration name, which shows that it is unpopular. This person was first proposed in the late 60's and early 70's.

(The first person to use the term at a formal international academic conference was John Wheeler, because Wheeler was old and became famous early, so the academic community generally publicized Wheeler.) ）

However, both Lolfini and Wheeler's conjectures had big holes, so it wasn't until more than a decade later that Stephen Hawking solved these loopholes, and the black hole conjecture was accepted in the theoretical physics community. Therefore, the theoretical physics community on Earth generally emphasizes Hawking's contributions.

As for observations, it was in the 21st century that the earth gradually accumulated black hole material. Chinese should be no stranger, until 2018, Visual China was in trouble because of the first photo of a black hole in humans.

Today, on the Blue Hole, Remo-Ruffini is clearly an obscure fellow, and Hawking does not exist. Therefore, Gu Wan decided to finish his work in one battle.

If he had studied for a Ph.D. at the Central University of Science and Technology, if he had come up with such a purely theoretical deduction result, perhaps the international controversy would have been relatively large. However, since he has already come to Stratholme to study for a doctorate, I believe that the West will be less hostile.

Moreover, the black hole is not defined, and if it is not solved, it has no economic value, so if it is used as a doctoral project on the side of the Oceanian country, it will not be taken away by the Oceanian people in terms of economic interests.

As for personal reputation, it must be all about playing with oneself.

Because Gu Wan's status in the rivers and lakes at this moment is definitely lower than that of Lofini in the early 70s on the earth.

Therefore, if he rashly puts forward just a concept, he will definitely not be recognized, or even taken seriously.

He had to put the concept up and close the glaring holes.

As Chaplin's joke said: A rookie screenwriter took his script to Chaplin and asked what Chaplin thought.

Chaplin looked at it twice, and said on the spot that the script was a street hit and not worth filming.

The newcomer was not convinced, saying that he felt that some of Chaplin's works were not as good as this.

Chaplin patted each other on the shoulder earnestly and said: Of course, a person like me who has succeeded after success can write such bad movies, but in a state like yours that has not yet become famous, you must write better.

To be a high-quality product, it must be of excellent quality. The great god is qualified to scribble casually and eat the old book. It can be seen that no matter what field it is, the principle is the same.

……

"So, what are the loopholes in the concept of black holes in the field of fundamental physics?"

That night, when Gu Wan returned to the villa in the Bay Area and talked to his wife about his ideas, Ma Yiyi asked him so.

Ma Yiyi's physics level, of course, is not good, her level only stays at the level of a sophomore undergraduate majoring in physics.

Therefore, if Gu Play wants to explain to her, he must also use simple wording that Xiaobai can understand.

Considering that his wife would not leak secrets, Gu Yu answered straightforwardly, and he plagiarized Hawking's achievements on the earth without blushing:

"When the density of a neutron star continues to increase, its radius continues to shrink, and it shrinks to within the Schwarzschild radius, it becomes a 'black hole'. The biggest loophole in this setting lies in the traditional belief that since even light and electromagnetic waves cannot escape from the 'black hole', there will be very little information about the black hole that humans can observe.

At present, it is believed that if such a thing exists, the only physical quantities that can be measured are mass, charge charge and angular momentum of rotation, and other data other than these three data not only cannot be measured, but also disappears.

For example, if there is a black hole, then how long this black hole has existed, we don't know, whether it has existed for 100 million years, or a billion years, this time information is gone, how it was formed in the first place, and this history is also gone. Notice that it's not just 'unfathomable', it's completely 'gone, non-existent'.

For example, if a star is swallowed by a black hole, the black hole only adds some mass, and the swallowed star originally had countless information and parameters, and at the moment it was swallowed, these parameters disappeared.

According to the second law of thermodynamics, in any closed system, entropy will always only increase, not decrease. So if a black hole does exist and can only be measured in the above three quantities, it will be contrary to the second law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics is considered to be the most cornerstone law in the universe, so the concept of black holes has been avoided by everyone. ”