498 Roman Holiday (3)

We strode towards the ancient Rome alone, peerless, unique Colosseum walking, when we can't wait to walk to it, looking at the majestic theater in front of us we feel particularly magnificent, shocking, because this building is particularly unfortunate, in the Common Era encountered an earthquake, so even now it is in ruins, although the Colosseum in the ancient Roman era built a lot, all over the coastal cities around the Mediterranean, but there are only a handful of intact preserved, and such a complete and huge world is the only oneAlthough it is now half a pound and eight taels of the Colosseum in modern society, only half of the skeleton remains, but its majestic spirit and majestic momentum still exist.

However, it is different from modern society, modern society is overcrowded, the Colosseum is full of tourists all year round, tourists from all over the world come one after another, now because of the inconvenient transportation, everyone is not very keen on traveling, like Xu Xiake has leisure and leisure, not afraid of difficulties and obstacles, not afraid of hardships, there are still very few people who walk all over the world, so it is difficult to see the kind of Chinese holidays in our modern society, crowded, crowded with people, there are only a few here, sparse and scattered tourists.

The ruins of the Colosseum are located near the ancient Roman market, the Colosseum is the largest of all the gladiatorial arenas in Rome, and it is indeed magnificent, majestic and majestic.

The Colosseum is a form of architecture that originated in the theaters of ancient Greece, when theaters were built in a semi-circular shape on the hillside, and the auditorium rose up on the hillside.

However, in the ancient Roman period, people began to use the arch structure to erect the auditorium and connect the two semicircular theaters, so the so-called amphitheater was formed, which did not need to be built against the mountain.

The Colosseum is the largest oval gladiatorial arena in the Roman Empire, with a unique design, ingenious and unique.

From the outside, it is perfectly round, but when the drone looks at it from above, it is oval, which is quite interesting.

It covers an area of about 20,000 square meters, with a length of about 188 meters on the long axis, about 156 meters on the short axis, a circumference of about 527 meters, and a wall height of about 57 meters, this huge building can accommodate nearly 90,000 spectators.

It has a long axis of 187 meters, a short axis of 155 meters, a circumference of 527 meters, a performance area in the center, a long axis of 86 meters, a short axis of 54 meters, the ground is paved with floors, and the outside is surrounded by layers of stands.

The Colosseum is an exemplary masterpiece and wonder in the history of architecture, known for its size, majesty and magnificence.

Xiao Fei said in a voice: "The original name of this large Colosseum was the Flavi Amphitheater, which is also translated as the Roman Gladiatorial Arena and the Colossus Arena. It was the place of the ancient Roman Empire for slave owners, nobles and freedmen to watch the fighting of beasts or slave fights, it was particularly bloody and cruel at that time, there was blood everywhere, and the blood flowed like a river, it can be said that every inch of the Colosseum that we see now is stained with the blood of the poor slaves, the Colosseum was built by the order of Emperor Vespasian, and it was built by ancient Rome at that time to please the triumphant generals and soldiers and praise the great ancient Roman Empire. It was built during the reign of his son Domitian, and is one of the iconic buildings of the ancient Roman Empire. The Colosseum was built on the site of the original Golden Palace of another Roman emperor, Nero, which was destroyed in a Roman fire that occurred in 64. The Colosseum was a place where ancient Rome held a show of man and beast, in which gladiators fought a wild beast until one of them died, as well as between people. In 72 C.E., Emperor Vepasian celebrated his victory in the conquest of Jerusalem by forcing 80,000 Jewish captives to build a building that was inaugurated by his son Titus. It was completed in 80 A.D. and the project lasted 8 years. It was renovated in the 3rd and 5th centuries AD. During the Renaissance, Rome was heavily built, and many stones from the Colosseum were dug up to build palaces and churches. Since then, it has undergone several renovations to preserve this ancient and majestic building to this day. The Colosseum has a history of nearly 1,000 years from its inception to the present day. When the Colosseum project was completed in 80 A.D., a grand celebration ceremony was held for 100 days, you can imagine how magnificent and spectacular the scene was at that time, when the ancient Roman ruler organized and drove 5,000 beasts and 3,000 slaves, prisoners of war, and criminals to perform and fight, and this kind of bloody battle between man and beast and man and man lasted for 100 days, until the 5,000 beasts and 3,000 human lives were killed against each other. It is so bloody, terrifying, heartbreaking, inhumane, tragic, chilling, jaw-dropping, and outrageous. It is no wonder that some people say that as long as you grab a handful of dirt on the gladiatorial ring and put it in your hand, you can see the blood stains printed on your palm. At that time, Spartacus, the famous leader of the slave revolt in ancient Rome, was a gladiator, he initially led 78 gladiators to revolt, and soon grew to more than 90,000 people, and persisted in fighting all over Rome for 2 years. This slave revolt dealt a heavy blow to Roman slavery, and Marx praised Spartak as the most brilliant figure in the entire history of antiquity. The Colosseum in ancient Rome can be said to fully demonstrate the arrogant and brutal lifestyle pursued by the Roman ruling class, and also reflect the cruelty and ruthlessness of the slavery system. From the point of view of the construction time, the Colosseum has a long history, and it is the oldest and most magnificent Colosseum and Arena preserved in Europe and the world. The Colosseum was built very early in the Flavian dynasty of ancient Rome, built between 72-80 years and is a symbol of ancient Roman civilization. As described in the relevant literature, the Colosseum is elliptical in plan, and it is a concrete structure of cylindrical arch and cross arch, and different materials are reasonably selected according to the stress of the structural components. For example, the foundation is made of hard volcanic concrete, the walls are made of tuff concrete, and the vault is made of light stone concrete. Finishes such as columns, steps, cornices, and seats made of travertine stone are used on the outside of the concrete. The façade of the Colosseum can be divided into four floors with a total height of 48.5 meters. The lower three floors are used for coupon corridors, continuously circling the field for a week, and there are 80 coupon holes on each floor every week, using the continuous composition of coupon columns. The ground floor is dominated by majestic Doric columns, the second floor is graceful Ionic columns, the third floor is ornate Corinthian columns, and the top floor is finished with Corinthian pilasters. The repetition of a compositional motif in this way particularly exaggerates the grandeur of the building. The façade has no primary and secondary appearances, which is suitable for the actual situation of evenly dispersed flow of people, and also helps to enhance the feeling of unity, making it look more solid and unshakable. The walls are surrounded by three layers of powerful horizontal cornices, which reinforce this feeling. The fourth layer is a closed wall that makes it more uniform and complete. Due to the rich contrast between virtual and real, light and dark, and square and circle, and the rich changes of light and shade in the sunlight, the Colosseum is not monotonous although it is surrounded by the same color. In each of the holes on the second and third floors of the building, there are rows of railings and 160 statues. The statues are both repetitive and different in posture and image, with the shining bronze shield on the fourth wall and the flag waving in the wind, the Colosseum in Rome is the most typical example of the Roman Empire. The Colosseum, built of stone, was made of travertine – 100,000 cubic meters, which was taken from a quarry near Tiveri and transported to Rome by a special road, and it was the largest circular arena in Rome. About 300 tons of iron were used to make grappling hooks that connected the stones. From the outside, the Colosseum consists of a series of circular arcades on 3 floors, with the highest 4th floor being the Penthouse. The stone columns in the 3-storey arcades are designed according to classical standards – starting from the ground, in the Dorian, Ionian and Corinthian styles. Beneath the eaves of the fourth floor are 240 hollow protrusions that were used to place sticks to support the Velarium, the shade canvas of the amphitheatre that the sailors of the Royal Fleet were responsible for propping up to help keep spectators safe from the heat, rain and cold, thus making the Colosseum a transparent 1st-century arena.

Through the media such as history books, we can more deeply feel the cruel fighting and fighting between humans and beasts that happened here at that time, and all this is just to bring some primitive and barbaric pleasure to the audience watching on the wall, fortunately we were not born in this kind of inhumane slave society, and we have not felt the advantages of the feudal society of the Great Song Dynasty before, and I now feel that the feudal society of our Great Song Dynasty is much better, more humane, and more democratic, so there is no harm if there is no comparison.

We listened to Dumbo speak with great energy, and we seemed to follow his eloquent narration and saw the scene of the brave gladiator Spartacus fighting against the fierce lion. Although many of the exteriors of the Colosseum have long been lost and cannot be found, we can still see some traces of antiquity in the ruins and grasses around it. Not to be outdone, Duan Gongzi gushed endlessly: "I think what is particularly amazing to us is the superb design of the stands, which is still used even in today's large stadiums. It is estimated that many modern architects are unique to this kind of ancient Greek architects, the design of the ancients and the future are not as good as themselves, and they are willing to bow to the wind, the stands of the Colosseum are made of three layers of concrete barrel arches, each layer has 80 arches, forming three circles of different heights of the circular corridor, and the top layer is a 50-meter-high solid wall. The grandstand retreats floor by floor, creating a stepped slope. The 80 arches on each floor form 80 openings, and the top two floors have 80 window openings, and the audience enters according to the number of their seats, first finding which bottom arch they should enter from, then following the stairs to find their own area, and finally finding their seats. The entire Colosseum can accommodate up to 90,000 people, but because of the thoughtful design of the entrance, it is methodical and performs its own duties, and there will be no congestion, chaos and safety accidents. The Colosseum has a long axis of 188 m and a short axis of 156 m, and the central performance area has a long axis of 86 m and a short axis of 54 m. The auditorium has about 60 rows of seats, which rise row by row and are divided into five zones. The first zone in front is the seat of honor, the last two zones are the seats of the lower classes, and in the middle are the knights and other citizens with relatively high status. The seats of honor are more than 5 meters higher than the performance area, and there is also a height difference of more than 6 meters between the lower audience seats and the knights' seats, and the security measures for the upper echelons of society are tight. The upper auditorium has its back against the wall of the façade. The total rising slope of the auditorium is close to 62c/o, and the audience bucket on each floor will not be affected by the audience below, and can be seen at a glance, clearly, and without obstruction. The Colosseum can accommodate about 90,000 spectators. The grandstand has about 60 rows and is divided into five sections, the lowest front row is the VIP (such as senators, prefects, priests, etc.) area, the second floor is for the nobles, the third is for the wealthy, the fourth is for ordinary citizens, and the last area is for women at the bottom, all standing. There are three floors of seating, lower, middle and upper levels, and a stand-only stand on the top floor, which is reserved for the lowest members of society: women, slaves and the poor. But even on other levels, the seats were arranged according to social status and occupation: special boxes owned by members of the royal family and the consecrated ladies who watched the flame. The senators, dressed in white and red-trimmed robes, sat in the choir on the same floor, followed by the samurai and commoners. There are also special seats for people of different professions, such as soldiers, writers, scholars, and teachers, as well as high-ranking monks abroad, etc. Spectators enter the Colosseum through 80 arched entrances on the first floor, and a further 160 exits spread across the seats on each floor, known as spouts, through which spectators can pour in and out, allowing the chaotic and out-of-control crowd to be quickly evacuated, which is said to be emptied in just ten minutes. There is also a canopy suspended by a suspension cable to shade the sun, and the canopy slopes to the center for ventilation. These canopies are controlled by sailors standing on the topmost colonnade as if they were sails. There are many caves and pipes hidden underground, where props and livestock can be stored, as well as gladiators, who are hoisted to the ground at the beginning of the show. The Colosseum can even use aqueducts to divert water. In 248, the Colosseum introduced water into the performance area, creating a large lake where naval battles were staged to celebrate the 1,000th anniversary of the founding of Rome. Gladiatorial fights are the main show of the Colosseum and are the peak of entertainment throughout the day. Gladiatorial schools also appeared at that time that specialized in training gladiators. The Colosseum financed the four gladiatorial schools, which could accommodate 2,000 gladiators, but in reality these gladiatorial schools were nothing more than a combination of training camps and prisons, because the vast majority of gladiators were slaves and captives from all parts of the Roman Empire, who did not have any freedom or power, and lived at the lowest level of society. For the Roman aristocracy, the most brutal fighting was undoubtedly the most exciting. The brawler carries a halberd or short sword. Most of the fighters were slaves and prisoners. There are also those who come to fight voluntarily to earn money, and they are all specially trained. There are many types of fighting – the most famous is the duel, in which one side is a gladiator with a trident and a net, and the opponent is a Roman warrior with a sword and shield, the gladiator with a net wraps the net around his opponent and kills him with the trident, and another gladiator with a helmet and a short sword shield in his desperate pursuit of his opponent who wants to defeat him. In the end, the losing side pleaded with mercy on the part of the spectators, who decided his fate, if they waved a handkerchief, he would be spared, and if the palms were down, it meant that he died. It's so pitiful that these slaves are slaughtered like cattle and have no human rights, so this barbaric system will eventually be abandoned in the long river of history. ”