Western philosophy is broad and profound, and there are so many branches that if you want to systematically understand Western philosophy, you may not be able to understand it in your lifetime, if you really want to understand Western philosophy, you only need to understand the thoughts of two and a half people. Pen % fun % Pavilion www.biquge.info

They are a Socrates plus half Plato, plus a Hegel, and you only need to understand the ideology of these two half-men to understand the whole of Western philosophy, because the ideas of these two half-men represent the whole philosophical spirit of the West.

Socrates and half of Plato created the Western philosophical system, lit a guiding light for the ancient Western civilization, and led the ancient Western civilization to sail forward, Hegel opened up a new concept of Western philosophy, lit a guiding light for modern Western civilization, and led the modern Western civilization to the world.

On the other hand, ancient Chinese science is also the philosophy of two and a half people, they are one Confucius plus half Mencius, plus one Zhu Xi. These two half-human thoughts represent the entire content of traditional Chinese science, Confucius and half Mencius created the philosophical system of ancient China, lit a guiding light for ancient Chinese civilization, and led ancient Chinese civilization to sail forward, Zhu Xi opened up a new concept of Chinese science, and lit a guiding light for modern Chinese civilization, but this lamp became dimer and darker, and finally led China's modern civilization to rush onto the beach, stranded on the beach and could not move forward, it can be said that the Chinese feudal dynasty was pushed to the guillotine, and it can also be said that ancient Chinese science and feudal dynasty died in the hands of this kid。

The greatness of Socrates lies in the fact that he creatively separated the Western philosophical system from the categories of natural science and theology, and brought the philosophical ideas floating in the sky back to the world, defining them within the scope of human beings, and defining the scope of philosophical ideas by being human-oriented. This principle is very great, wherever there are people, there is human civilization, beyond human beings is no longer in the category of philosophy, his thought is very great, no matter how forward-looking your thinking is, you can't jump out of the circle drawn by Socrates, because if you jump out of the scope of human beings, you are not human, philosophy is nothing if you are not human, if there is no human being, there is nothing. If there are no humans on the earth, if monkeys dominate the world, then it is the philosophy of monkeys, and it has nothing to do with humans.

Socrates defined the scope of human nature, starting from human nature, looking at the world with two eyes, knowing oneself with one's heart, attaching importance to the norms of human nature, good deeds come from the heart, and people have no intention to be evil, etc., everything starts from human nature, puts human ideas in the first nature, puts material conditions after human nature, and puts the pursuit of human nature on the "concept of beauty" and "the concept of justice", which lights an inextinguishable lamp for Western civilization.

Socrates made the "idea" of Western philosophy clear above virtue and justice, and believed that spirit can dominate the objective existence of matter, which is the prototype of idealism. He clearly contrasted the spiritual and the material, and also set the tone for the later separation of idealism and materialism.

Plato's greatest contribution to mankind is in education and love, which defined the tone for Western education and set the Platonic rules of love for Westerners.

Socrates and Plato set the philosophical thought between "love and wisdom", starting from the human heart, using the subjective will of man to change the objective reality as the route, setting the tone of Western philosophy on the basis of early idealism, and laying the foundation of later Western philosophy.

Hegel's greatest contribution to philosophy is the theory of Hegel's "rational kernel" of dialectics, Hegel's idea of "rational kernel" has made a significant contribution to modern Western civilization, and the fundamental reason why there is rarely civil strife and rebellion in Western countries is the result of Hegel's idea of "rational kernel" taking root in the hearts of Westerners. Hegel's "rational core" thought believes that since things exist, they have their rationality, this kind of thinking Chinese does not have, and Chinese do not think so, Chinese understand the world is two words, either "forbearance" or "anti".

Hegel's method of understanding the world is similar to the gossip in the Chinese Book of Changes, eight different ways to understand the world and look at the development process of problems, providing effective methods for solving problems.

In fact, what is philosophy? Philosophy is the study of using human love and human wisdom to solve contradictions and conflicts in the process of human social development, judging the direction of the development of things with known experience, and finding the best way to solve practical problems.

According to Hegel, what is realistic is reasonable, and what is reasonable is realistic. Everything that exists is justified and reasonable. This sentence is very philosophical, and his kind of thinking Chinese lacks understanding, and is different from the Chinese's idea of going against the grain.

The idea of Chinese resignation comes from the self-mockery of the oppressive environment and the harsh environment, which is a helpless reaction to the Confucian idea of power politics.

Hegel's thought is an understanding of realpolitik, from the depths of the mind to understand that politics can bring benefits to the people, people should pay attention to realization, do not complain about reality for no reason, since reality exists, there is a reason for its existence, and existence is justified and reasonable. According to Hegel, everything is defective, and if there is a defect, it needs to be improved gradually, and that only the whole exists, and everything else is incomplete. Incompleteness can be changed, and it can be improved with an open mind so that it will ultimately benefit the people. Instead of accusing, striking, or even opposing, striking at what already exists. It's not a resignation that swallows anger and compromises. Rather, it is to actively transform others with a positive mindset, so that they conform to the wishes of the people, and ultimately seek well-being for the people. Hegel's ideas have had a profound impact on modern Westerners, who have a much more mature understanding of politics than Chinese.

Due to the influence of the impact of Eastern and Western cultures, modern Chinese have become complex, confused, ambiguous, empty and so on. Negative feelings towards politics and even reactionary voices appear.

The dialectical thinking of change and immutability in Western philosophy is much more mature and clear than that of traditional Chinese philosophy. Under the control of Confucianism, traditional Chinese philosophy has lost the philosophical concept of dialectical governance. This is related to the era when Confucianism arose.

Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, lived during the turbulent period of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which was the period of transition from slavery to feudalism. It was during the period of continuous wars and long-term social divisions that people urgently needed the emergence of a centralized ideological system, and it was in this context that Confucius's thought was born. Therefore, the central idea of Confucianism is to maintain the centralized power of politics, maintain the centralized suppression of politics, and maintain the absolute rule of politics.

Confucius improved the theory of yin and yang in the Book of Changes, perfected the theory of the mean, revised the six scriptures of "Poetry", "Book", "Rite", "Music", "Yi" and "Spring and Autumn", and established the supreme status of Confucianism as the master of all ages.

Confucianism believes that the world begins with one, divides into two, contracts arise from three, and everything follows the rules of heaven and earth. Confucianism believes that this is an eternal truth that everyone must follow and follow. This kind of dogmatic thinking separated the philosophical concepts of theory and practice, subjectivity and objectivity, and the dialectic and unity of human nature and heavenly principles, and put a tight spell on politics, so that the feudal dynasty in the late Han Dynasty was forced to die and live by this tight circle, and it was constantly changing.

Therefore, since Confucianism entered the political arena in the Han Dynasty, the situation has become more and more fixed, and the ideology has become more and more self-contained, and it has developed into the Song Dynasty, and after Zhu Xi's reform, it has become more rigid, and after Zhu Yuanzhang, it has become completely reactionary form of power politics and feudal etiquette. This kind of thinking is related to the social background in which Zhu Yuanzhang lived at that time.

The root cause of all this is that there is a fundamental problem with the theoretical framework of the Chinese Book of Changes.

The Ming Dynasty arose in the Han nation's counterattack against foreign rule and the internal struggle of the nation, and the Han people were very aware of the rule of foreign people and the internal struggle of the nation, and understood very well that they must find a complete set of means of ruling and set politics on a straight track, not affected by any force, so that the outside will never be invaded by foreign people, and the internal will never be harmed by the political struggle of their own nation.

This kind of thinking prompted the emperors of the Zhu family to constantly improve a form of political customization, and set the political system on a track, with established customization, fixed etiquette, and fixed laws, and the subjective consciousness of human nature was controlled by objective reality, in order to achieve the predetermined goal. So that the emperors in the late Ming Dynasty became younger and younger, more and more detached from the duties of the emperor, and even a carpenter emperor appeared, and he did carpenter work and still became the emperor by mistake. It can be seen to what extent the feudal dynasty's power politics form has reached, and the feudal royal family and gentry stubbornly adhere to the eight-strand doctrine, pushing the Chinese feudal dynasty to the extreme, hanging high on the cliff, building buildings on the cliff, seriously detaching from the lower classes, and eventually leading to extinction.

To this day, some scholars in China's institutions of higher learning are still singing praises and elegy for Confucianism, trying to restore Confucianism.

Confucius is the founder of traditional Chinese science, Confucius defined the definition of "benevolence, righteousness, and propriety", and defined Chinese science as "heaven determines man", that is, the idea of the unity of heaven and man, and laid the ideological foundation of ancient Chinese materialism. "Zhi" was added by Mencius, and "Xin" was added by Dong Zhongshu in the Han Dynasty.

Confucius's thought is very clear, that is, with the word "benevolence" as the core, to start the world of "the unity of heaven and man", and on the basis of "two people", the rolling development of the contract of monarchs and ministers, husband and wife, father and son, yin and yang, even produces a logical state of affairs, and maintains the principles of heaven with "shun" and "righteousness", with heaven as the supreme and human beings as the bottom, and goes with the flow. Everything is providential, and man just does it according to it.

Therefore, Confucianism formulated a unified etiquette standard according to the actual situation of the society at that time, and established a unified etiquette from the imperial power to the people.

Confucius's view of science comes from the Book of Changes, which is the study of conjecting subjective psychological expectations through the objective material existence to calculate the regularity in the development process of things, and to find the peak and distortion points in the process of things through the regularity, so as to deduce the best result and the worst outcome.

Therefore, the root of Confucius's thought lies in placing objective existence above subjective consciousness and placing the doctrine of destiny in the first nature, believing that only by conforming to the principles of heaven can people achieve the realm of "benevolence, righteousness and propriety", and that man is only the second nature of obedience.

Mencius, like Plato, believed that people should be educated, "educated without class", and advocated "eating and erotic sex" in the love between men and women. He laid the tone for ancient Chinese education that "learning and excellence is the best", and also set the tone for the ancient Chinese's concept of sex, so he was half a saint.

Zhu Xi's thought is the ideological foundation of modern Chinese, and this man shot ancient Chinese science to death on the beach.

Zhu Xi's "Theory of Rational Qi" is the prototype of modern materialism, and modern materialism is in the same line, the core content of "Theory of Rational Qi" is that reason comes first, the "reason" of the development of things is the law of prior existence, the law of the development of things, the qi is the driving force for the progress and change of things, there is qi to change, reason first, qi last, and mutually exclusive and mutually reinforcing, acting on each other to roll the development, the reason of all things is one, such as "Tai Chi", yin and yang contract, rotation and development.

This is where Zhu Xi's theoretical problem lies, some of his philosophical views are neither entirely materialist views, some are not entirely idealistic ideas, and in between, his ideas became the official ideas and superstructures of the Song, Ming, and Qing dynasties after they were formed, guiding the ideological line of the ancient Chinese for nearly six or seven hundred years, and finally pushing the feudal dynasty to the guillotine.

What is the problem with Zhu Xi's scientific thoughts?

Zhu Xi's physical illness is rooted in the "knowledge of things", and the specific content of "knowledge of things" is "poor heavenly principles, clear people, speaking holy words, and accidents." At first glance, we can see that this is the theoretical framework of dualism, which is in the same vein as naïve materialists, and has a high degree of naïve materialist worldview.

So why did he put Chinese feudal science on the guillotine?

The reason is very simple, lack of human thinking, focus on rational behavior, poor heavenly principles, will only destroy human ethics, only talk about noble morality, but ignore the public opinion of the lower classes, this kind of thinking can only make the people in power more powerful, make the weak more difficult.

Because when you fully accept this kind of thinking, you will put the objective existence in the first place and the subjective idea in the second place, and you will no longer use the subjective consciousness to change the objective reality, and you will only be left with the "knowledge of things", which will form a very pure materialist viewpoint.

The fall of the Chinese feudal dynasty will perish here, "poor Tianli" you think about it, let you do everything to find the law, ask the fixed number, gossip, do you still have the heart to face the reality of existence, work hard, and strive to change the reality through hard work?

Closing oneself and waiting for the heavenly opportunity is the best way, this turtle's thought instilled the imperial power of the Ming and Qing dynasties along a track, and finally went to the guillotine.

From the point of view of the process of social development, the development of things really cannot only look at the principles of heaven, and what are the principles of heaven? The development of things is indeed regular, but if we do not seek hard work and blindly wait for the law to come, it is really a world where ministers are rampant, and human ethics cannot be guaranteed, and people's hearts are not united, and in the end there is only one result, a dead end.

Therefore, idealism is not a cow ghost, snake god, specializing in the study of demons and monsters, the core value of idealism is "to change the objective reality with subjective ideas", since you have chosen a subjective position, you can achieve your ideals through your own hard work, to achieve your wishes, the spirit of Yugong Yishan is pure idealistic thinking, with the will to change the philosophical spirit of reality.

This is the true truth of looking at the world with philosophy.

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