Feizi was awarded a vassal to the Zhou royal family because of his meritorious work in raising horses, and King Xiao of Zhou gave him a vassal, and the name of the vassal small country was called Qin. During the reign of King You www.biquge.info of Zhou, the dog Rong invaded Haojing, and Qin Xianggong was officially named a vassal state because of his meritorious service to defending the Zhou royal family, and the Qin State continued to be used. Before Qin Shi Huang unified China, Qin was only the name of a vassal state, and after the unification, the name of the vassal state changed to the name of the dynasty of the whole of China.

The Qin in the earliest character book has two explanations in Xu Shen's "Shuowen Jie Zi" in the Eastern Han Dynasty, one is the country that was sealed after Boyi, and the other is the name of He. Boyi is Yi, is Yu's assistant to control the water, was once selected by Yu as the heir, and was later killed by Yu's son, because the Qin people recognized Boyi as their ancestor, so Boyi was later feuded. The name of the grass is the name of the seedling.

Oracle bone inscription and gold inscription, the lower part of the Qin character is two grasses, the pictogram is the grass seedlings growing together in the dense bushes, the middle of the upper part, like a treasure gourd-like character, the pictogram is the grass seedlings of the ears, is growing towards the sky, the general ears of grass will bend down, the upper left and right like a pair of claws like things, indicating the harvest of both hands, from the glyph, Qin should be densely planted with clusters of grass ears to the sky.

"Shuowen Jie Zi" lists the word Qin in the Hebu, and He is an ideographic symbol, and it can be basically concluded that the original meaning of the word Qin is He, not the country name, and what kind of plant is this densely planted grass with grass ears to the sky? After research, it has been verified that He refers to the high-quality grass of the grass family that is now called grass valley or wool grain, cattail grass, horses and mules like to eat it the most, and this kind of pasture grass is still cultivated in today's northwest, northeast and north China.

Qin's country name is closely related to the history of the Qin people's founding, the founding of the Qin people began with Feizi, according to the record of the "Historical Records", it is said that Feizi lives in the dog hill, he is good at raising horses, after King Zhou Xiao heard about it, he summoned Feizi and asked him to raise horses for the Zhou royal family, Feizi was in the area of Huangshui and Weishui, and the horses were fat and strong, and the reproduction rate was very high, King Zhou Tianwang was very happy, so he summoned Feizi.

He said: "Your ancestor Boyi presided over the domestication of livestock for Emperor Shun, and the breeding rate of livestock was very high, so Emperor Shun rewarded him with a piece of land and gave him the surname Ying. ”

Qin, as a political entity, officially began in Feizi, a small vassal state, and the country name was Qin. This grass called Qin was very important at that time, Feizi's status was very low, he was just a horseman, it was hard to imagine that he was a vassal, the vassal was a country smaller than the princes, in order to commemorate this glory, in order to mark the foundation of the country, so the country name was called Qin.

In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang completed the unification of the ancient Central Plains and established the first unified feudal dynasty in Chinese history. "King Qin swept Liuhe, and looked at He Xiongzai" King Qin won the government and built the capital Xianyang, becoming the first emperor in the Chinese feudal dynasty.

At the beginning of the Qin Dynasty, the Xiongnu attacked in the north, and went south to Baiyue, and the territory expanded rapidly, reaching present-day Gansu and Sichuan in the west, Yunnan and Guangxi in the southwest, and Yinshan in the north.

As a large feudal empire, Qin created a highly centralized political system in a vast area of rule. The emperor has supreme power, and all administrative, military, economic and other major powers are held by the emperor.

Establish an official system from the central to the local, that is, the system of three princes and nine secretaries, the three princes are the prime minister - to help the emperor deal with the political affairs of the whole country, the taiwei - responsible for the management of the military, the imperial historian - to take charge of the ministers, to issue the emperor's summons, and to take charge of the affairs of state supervision, the three princes have no subordinate relationship with each other, and the emperor has the final decision-making power.

The county system is practiced in the locality, and the royal family appoints and dismisses the principal officials of the county and county, implements private ownership of land, pays taxes according to the mu, unifies weights and measures, unifies currency, unifies rails, and repairs gallop roads. Books are written in the same language, and small seals are used as standard texts; books are burned to strengthen ideological control; officials are used as teachers, and private learning is strictly prohibited.

The Qin Dynasty created a feudal state system, and in order to consolidate its rule, Qin Shi Huang ordered the weapons of the original six countries to be collected and destroyed, and then cast twelve bronze figures. In order to strengthen their control, the nobles of the former Six Kingdoms were forcibly moved to live near Xianyang.

The Qin Dynasty also promulgated strict laws, implementing a system of shiwu for the peasants, a unified currency, a unified weights and measures, and a unified script. He accepted Prime Minister Li Si's idea, except for a few books, a large number of poems, classics, and hundreds of works of Zhuzi were burned, and more than 460 Confucian scholars and scholars were buried alive, leaving behind a horrific historical event of burning books and pit Confucianism. Qin Shi Huang also built roads throughout the country, especially the opening of galloping roads to the east and southeast.

Qin Shi Huang, who called himself the First Emperor, was bent on extending the Qin Dynasty's world for generations, but he never imagined that the Qin Dynasty would fall only fifteen years later, when the second emperor arrived. Despite all the measures he took to consolidate his rule, his tyranny and tyranny had already laid the foundation.

He recruited more than 700,000 people to build the Afang Palace, and used a lot of manpower and financial resources to build the Lishan Mausoleum. Frequent wars, huge bureaucracy, and successive large-scale construction projects shook the foundations of the rule, and the people were overwhelmed and suffered to the extreme.

The Qin people are a branch of the westward migration of the Han nation, the ancestors of Qin are Boyi, Boyi is the descendant of Zhuan, the ancestor of the Yellow Emperor's concubine gave birth to two sons, the eldest son is called Xuanhuan, the second son is called Changyi, Xuanhuan gave birth to three sons, the father of the emperor, the father of the great cause. Changyi gave birth to a son named Zhuan, and Zhuan had a daughter named Nuxiu; the father of the great cause married the daughter of the Zhuan Xiu, and gave birth to a great cause; the great cause married the daughter of the female Hua, and gave birth to Boyi, who was originally the leader of the ancient tribe, and the Shun Emperor gave the surname to Ying.

In the last years of the Xia Dynasty, Fei Chang, the great-great-grandson of Ruomu, the second son of Boyi, when Xia Wei, left Xia to join Shang, defended Shang Tang, defeated Xia Wei in Mingtiao, and then assisted Yin Shang for generations.

In the last years of the Shang Dynasty, the son of Zhongyan, the ninth grandson of Boyi, and the eldest son of the evil Lai-Lian all served the king with financial resources, and King Wu of Zhou defeated the Shang army, and the king of Zhou Wu personally shot the mouth of the evil to vent his anger, and the evil came from the mouth to vent his anger, and the surname Ying fled to Huo Taishan, and the surname Ying has declined since then. To King Mu of Zhou, the father, the second son of Ji Shengsheng Meng Zeng, Meng Zeng gave birth to Heng's father, Heng's father gave birth to his father, defended the king of Zhou, pacified the rebellion of Xu for thousands of miles, and was enshrined in Zhao City, and his clan was Zhao's clan.

The father's nephew is not a son, the evil comes to give birth to a female defense, the female defense gives birth to a woman, a woman gives birth to a pangao, a few people give birth to a few people, a few give birth to a big Luo, a big Luo gives birth to a non-son, that is, Qin Feizi, Fei Zi is a meritorious horse herding for King Zhou Xiao, King Zhou Xiao gave him a small piece of land Qin, let him continue to sacrifice for the surname Ying, and later Qin Xianggong saved Zhou Yougong and was named a prince.

At that time, in order to seek to strengthen the army and rejuvenate the country, various countries began to change their laws and try to become stronger. Wei Wenhou dared to be the first in the world, and took the lead in using the Legalist Li Kui, who wrote six articles of the "Book of Law" as the way to govern the country, and formulated a complete set of economic policies to develop geographical advantages and reward farming, and the Wei State gradually became stronger.

In order to change the situation of Qin being bullied by Chu and Wei, after the ambitious Qin Xiaogong ascended the throne, he was nineteen years old at the time, and he was determined to revive the Qin State and reproduce the great cause of Qin Mugong. Qin Xiaogong did not hesitate to reward him, ordered to seek talents, and issued the "Seeking Talents Order" to the whole world: "The guests and ministers have those who can make strange plans to strengthen Qin, and I will respect the officials and share the land with them." ”

There must be brave men under the heavy reward, and the defender Shang Ying is this brave man, he came from Wei to help Qin Xiaogong implement the reform of the law, and move the capital to Xianyang.

Shang Ying, a politician during the Warring States Period, was a representative of the famous Legalists. He is a descendant of the monarch of the country, Gongsun, so he is called Wei Ying, also known as Gongsun Marting. Because of the merit of changing the law, it was sealed in Shang, so it is also called Shang Marting. Under the recommendation of Qin Xiaogong's favored minister Jing Jian, Shang Ying presented a set of reform plans of "following the name and being responsible, and rewarding and punishing", which was greatly appreciated by Qin Xiaogong and determined to implement the change.

The law of joint sitting was implemented, and Shang Ying "ordered the people to sit together for the sake of the soldiers, and did not tell the adulterer to be cut in half", and "the one who concealed the traitor was punished with the enemy". Later, family members were forbidden to "rest in the same room", so that fathers and sons, men and women were different.

In addition, it also "leveled the figurines, weighed and measured the ruler", unified weights and measures, implemented the county system, and the Shang Dynasty gathered the small capitals, townships, and towns of the whole country into 41 counties, destroying the fiefdoms of the old aristocracy and strengthening the centralization of the country.

There are standard measurement guidelines throughout the country, which facilitates taxation and exchange. It has played a positive role in the unification of the taxation system and the system of stipulations, and is conducive to eliminating the influence of local separatist forces.

The law of valuing agriculture and suppressing commerce, rewarding cultivation and weaving, and the law of the Shang Dynasty stipulates that peasants who "cause a lot of corn" can be exempted from forced labor and taxes, and those who do not work hard to cultivate or abandon their roots are punished as servants for the whole family, and those who have two or more sons and do not divide the family "double their endowment".

Later, the well fields were abandoned, and the land was allowed to be bought and sold, and the private ownership of land was recognized, paving the way for the development of a centralized economy. These policies were conducive to the increase of the population, the levy of forced labor and household taxes, and promoted the development of the feudal economy.

Avoid private fights, reward military merits, obtain noble titles according to the size of military merits, implement a 20-class knighthood system, except for the Shiqing Shilu system, distribute the field and mansion according to the level of the noble title, and those who have no military merits cannot get the knighthood, and those who fight privately will be punished.

"Military meritorious" is the number of heads killed by the enemy as the basis for the promotion of the knighthood, which broke the official system of Shiqing Shilu, and a soldier can immediately be promoted to a knighthood if he kills an enemy officer, which is much higher than the Wei State's stipulation that only eight taels of copper is rewarded. With military merit, even servants can get promoted, and without military merit, even the nobles of the past can only enjoy civilian treatment.

Since then, the civilians of the Qin State have had the hope of changing their status with their military exploits, and the military has become the most glorious profession. The promotion of military meritorious personnel to the rank of knight greatly stimulated the Qin people's enthusiasm for production and the courage to fight for the country. In this cycle, the Qin army became stronger and stronger, becoming a tiger and wolf army that made the eastern countries fearful.

The core ideas of the Shang Dynasty reform were heavy punishment, weak people, suppression of merchants and prohibition of travel, which quickly transformed the Qin State from an inconspicuous weak country in the West into a military power that was the son of heaven and the princes of Bihe.

In just over ten years after the Shang Dynasty changed the law, the Qin State was governed without leaving it unturned, there were no thieves in the mountains, the family gave people enough, the Qin people were brave in public war and cowardly in private fighting, and they were happy when they heard the war, and the countryside was governed. Even Zhou Tianzi also gave a gift to Qin Xiaogong, named him Fang Bo, the leader of the princes, and all countries came to congratulate, and Qin became the most powerful and wealthy country at that time.