Before his death, Baba Khan ordered his son Hadaan to avenge him: "From now on, take me as a warning, and you will avenge me when you have worn out five fingernails, and ten fingers have been broken." ”

His successor, Khutulat Khan, launched a war of revenge against Hedaan, and Khutulat Khan's nephew quickly rose to prominence and defeated the Tatars. After that, he quickly died at a banquet, and the kingdom of the Muguls fell apart, and Temujin fled.

The Mongols are the descendants of the Mongol kingdom composed of the two major tribes of Tatar, Taichiu, Mirqi, Naiman, Kereh, Wangubu, Yinilun and Dierejin, after the beginning of the twelfth century, the Mongol tribes gradually migrated to the Mongolian Plateau, from the tenth century to the twelfth century, the Mongolian Plateau was ruled by the Liao Dynasty and submitted to the Jin Dynasty, with the gradual decline of the Jin Dynasty and the gradual strengthening of the Mongol power, the Mongols no longer paid tribute to the Jin Dynasty. Temujin unified the Mongol tribes and convened the Kuriltai Assembly at the source of the Troubled River, the Great Khan of Mongolia, known as Genghis Khan, and the state was called the Great Mongolia.

Genghis Khan also promulgated the Great Zaza, the written code of the Mongol Empire, the world's earliest constitution. The organization of the Mongol Empire was ten households, one hundred, one thousand, ten thousand, ten thousand households, ten thousand households formed one banner, ten banners formed one road, ten roads formed one state, and ten states formed one country.

Temujin led his army to conquer Western Xia three times, forcing the Western Xia king Li An'an to submit. After the 90,000 troops of the Mongol Empire attacked the Jin Dynasty and defeated the Jin soldiers in the Battle of Yehuling, in the following year, the troops of the whole country invaded the interior of the Jin Dynasty in three ways, and quickly captured the Jin Dynasty's Hebei West Road, Hebei North Road, Hebei East Road, Shanxi Road, Shandong East Road, Beijing Road, and Tokyo Road.

The rest of the state capitals and counties were also captured, and he led his army to besiege Jinzhongdu twice. In the chaos, the Jin Dynasty Emperor Wei Shao Wang Wanyan Yongji was killed, and the newly established emperor Jin Xuanzong's army transporting relief food from Bazhou to Zhongdu was intercepted by the Mongol army in Hejian Province, Xuanzong felt that Zhongdu was not guaranteed, so he announced the relocation of the capital to Kaifeng, and the Mongol army commanded by Mu Huali finally captured the old capital of the Jin Dynasty. Genghis Khan was submissive here by the Khitan advisor Yelu Chucai. Later, Yelu Chucai became a tax collector and prime minister of the Mongol Empire.

In order to eliminate the enemy Qu Zhulu and the last ruler of Western Liao, the Mongols sent 20,000 troops to conquer the Western Liao, which was usurped by Qu Qu Lü, with Hu Si Hu'er on the banks of the Narun River in Lake Issyk-Kul in the Ili River valley as its capital.

Because Khorezm Shah, the lord of the border city of Khorezmsha, Hail Khan Yinalshu, privately detained and executed a caravan of more than 10 people sent by Temujin's Great Mongol State, Temujin, who was fighting the Mongol-Jin Dynasty War in East Asia at the time, originally did not plan to conquer and destroy the Khorezm Shah Dynasty, so Temujin sent an envoy composed of one envoy and two deputy envoys to the Khorezm Shah Dynasty again to ask the then Shah Allah Uddin Mahamat to investigate the matter and punish the murderer Hail Khan Yinar.

But this time, because the mother of Shah Ala-uddin Mahamat of the Shah Ala-uddin Mahama Dynasty of Khorezm, Tu'er Ganhedun, was in the old capital of Yulongjie Chiling, and tried to interfere in the affairs of the country, and Hai'er Khan Yinalsu was the nephew of Tur Ganhedun, so Shah Ala-uddin. Mahamod could not control it, so Khan Yinalsu once again took matters into his own hands, executing the two lieutenants of the envoy group consisting of one envoy and two deputy envoys sent by Temujin again, and burning the beard of the envoy, so Temujin decided to suspend the war between the Mongols and the Jin dynasty in East Asia.

After preparing for a long time, Genghis Khan personally led an army of 100,000 to conquer and destroy Khorezm, capturing 40 major cities.

Frightened and fled to an isolated island on the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea, Temujin sent two of his generals, Jebe and Subutai, to command a Mongol army of 25,000 men from Samarkand and continued their march westward, capturing the Crimean city of Sudak, Okos, Mulu, Susa, Nakhichevan, Bitlis, Argis, Mirah, Diyarbakir, Erbil region, Ganga, Nisibis, Ani, Kars city, Sivas, Erzherum city, Erzinjan, Tokat, Kayseri City, Kirat, Amid, Kama Turk of the Bolgars, Tsan of the Sycowards, Zanjan, Rayi, Mirah, Tus, Ke Jiyun, Semo Niang, Shamaha.

The massacre, in addition to those who surrendered and submitted, attacked the Kingdom of Armenia, the Kingdom of Georgia, the Kingdom of Azerbaijan, and the Sultanate of Rûm in the Caucasus at that time, and then the 25,000-strong Mongol army under the command of Jebe and Subutai turned north to cross the Taerban Pass of Taiheling, attacked the Kama Turkic state of the Kipchaks and Bolgars at that time, and defeated the army of the Grand Duke of Kiev at the Battle of the Cales River, and then continued to attack westward.

After plundering all the way to the Crimean Peninsula in present-day Ukraine, it continued to march westward to the Dniester River in present-day western Ukraine, but because it could not cross the river, it turned east and marched northeast to besiege Kiev, the political center of Kievan Rus', but failed to capture, and then continued to march northeastward, and crossed the Dniester River and the Don River successively.

After conquering the Volga Bulgarian kingdom in the valley of the middle and upper reaches of the Volga River at that time, after killing and plundering here, it crossed the Volga River and the Ural River one after another, and then returned east and led the main force of the Mongol army from the Indus River valley to the north, and then crossed the Amu Darya River and crossed the Central Asian region between the Syr Darya and the Amu Darya River in the north, and then crossed the Amu Darya River and the Central Asian region between the Syr Darya and Amu Darya Rivers, and came to the Syr Darya River Valley, where they converged and held an audience again.

At that time, many Western countries sent envoys to the Mongol Empire, including the Holy Roman Empire's papal envoys, and then to the valleys of the Emin and Yuldus rivers, and returned to the Mongol Empire itself in the area of the source of the Troubled River and the area around Hala Horin.

On the other hand, the Mongols continued to conquer the Jin Dynasty, and the Mongol army under the command of Mu Huali captured Taiyuan and Pingyang, Jinan and Yidu, Puzhou, Baoan and Juzhou in northern Shaanxi, Chang'an, Baoji, Fengxiang and Puzhou, and Puzhong and Tongguan.

The Mongol army attacked Hanzhong in the Southern Song Dynasty from the Guanzhong region, then went down the Han River Basin, and then turned north to attack the Henan region of the Jin Dynasty, and another Mongol army crossed the Yellow River to the south, the Jin army was defeated in the Battle of Sanfeng Mountain, Jin Aizong fled to Caizhou, and the Mongol and Southern Song Dynasty jointly attacked the Jin Dynasty, and finally the Mongol and Song coalition forces captured Caizhou, and the Jin Dynasty was completely destroyed.

At that time, the Mongol Empire included the present-day Mongolian Plateau, the Loess Plateau of China, the Green Mountains, the Manchurian Plain, the North China Plain, the Transoxiana region of Central Asia, and most of Greater Iran east of Azerbaijan.

Success is a hero, defeat is a bear, some historical figures, although they did not establish immortal feats, but what he did is indeed worthy of respect. Jin Aizong, the king of the Jin Dynasty, is one of them, his insight, his integrity, among the emperors in history, is the most respectable emperor in Chinese history.

Jin Aizong's original name was Wanyan Shouli, and he was given the name Shouxu after being made the crown prince. When he succeeded to the throne, it was an eventful time when the Jin Dynasty was embattled and stormy, with Genghis Khan of Mongolia in the north eyeing the Jin State, and the Song Dynasty in the south in order to avenge the shame of Jingkang and the Mongols to destroy the Jin. It can be said that the Jin State was caught in the north and south of the Song and Mongolian Countries, and within the Jin Kingdom, resistance struggles in various places also continued to occur, and the Jin State can be said to be in internal and external difficulties.

In this regard, Jin Aizong did not sit still, but worked hard to make the country prosperous and took various measures in an attempt to save the Jin country from danger. First of all, he rectified the rule of officials, strengthened law and discipline, and demanded that officials at all levels act impartially in accordance with the state system, and severely punish those corrupt officials who do not abide by the law, bend the law for personal gain, and cause innocent people to be punished in vain. He opened up his views and encouraged officials and the common people to offer suggestions and suggestions for major state affairs, appointed a number of generals who had made meritorious contributions to the resistance against the Mongols, took charge of the military and political affairs, and dismissed all the incompetent people who engaged in personal irregularities and were tyrannical and domineering, and drove them out of the imperial court.

Jin Aizong was very soberly aware that the newly rising Mongol Khanate was the most dangerous enemy of the Jin State, and in order to save the country and survive, it was necessary to concentrate its forces on dealing with Mongolia with all its might. He changed the practice of the Jin Dynasty as an enemy of the Song Dynasty, stopped the war of aggression against the Song Dynasty, and sent people to the Gwangju area to post notices everywhere, telling the soldiers and civilians in the Song Dynasty that they would no longer conquer the Southern Song Dynasty in the future. At the same time, in order to seek an alliance, Jin Aizong also negotiated to unite the Western Xia, which was being invaded by the Mongols, and the two sides agreed that the Western Xia would call Jin a brother, no longer a minister, and not use the Jin country name, and the two sides would not invade each other.

After adjusting the diplomatic pattern, Jin Aizong went all out to deal with the Mongol Khanate, and after more than a year of fighting, he successively recovered Pingyang, Taiyuan and other important towns, and achieved certain victories. At this time, Genghis Khan was concentrating on attacking Western Xia, and after the fall of Western Xia, his worries were relieved, and the Mongol army concentrated all his strength on attacking Jin.

In the face of the large-scale invasion of the Mongol army, Jin Aizong avoided its edge, first led the army to Guide, and then saw that it was difficult to defend Guide, so he went to Caizhou. Caizhou remained calm for six months, and during these six months, officials large and small were relieved that Mongolia would let them go. Soon Caizhou merchants and travelers gathered, and the market was prosperous, but at the end of the year, the Mongol army once again arrived under the city of Caizhou.

At this time, Jin Aizong, who was trapped in the lonely city, thought of sending envoys to borrow grain from the old enemy Song Dynasty, which was actually begging for convenience and sending envoys to ask for peace. Before the envoy left, Jin Aizong learned that the Mongols were going to unite with the Song Dynasty to attack the Jin State, so he repeatedly instructed the envoy to strive for the support of the Southern Song Dynasty, and tried his best to state the truth of interdependence.

Jin Aizong said aggrievedly: "The people of the Song Dynasty have really failed me, since I ascended the throne, I have always restrained my subordinates and prevented the border generals from violating the borders of the Song Dynasty. If some of the border ministers wanted to make meritorious contributions, I severely reprimanded them all, and immediately sent people to return them after they had captured a state in the Song Dynasty. Huaiyin City fell, I didn't take a penny, and returned it to the Song people in its entirety. In the battle of Qingkou, thousands of Song soldiers were captured, and I also sent grain and trays to wrap around and put them back. ”

"Now taking advantage of the fatigue of the Jin Kingdom, the Song people occupy Shouzhou, abduct Dengzhou, and attack Tangzhou, how can they have no foresight. Mongolia has destroyed forty countries, a few years ago has already destroyed the Western Xia, if my Dajin Kingdom is destroyed again, the next country to die must be the Song Kingdom, the lips and teeth are cold, it is a natural truth. If the Song State can unite with the Jin State, it will be beneficial to both the Jin State and the Song State. As an envoy, you must tell this truth to the people of the Song Kingdom. ”

However, it was too late to say anything, but the short-sighted Song Dynasty monarchs and ministers regarded the Song Dynasty and the Mongols as a godsend opportunity to repay the shame of Jingkang and establish immortal achievements. In order to induce the Song Dynasty to unite with Mongolia to destroy Jin, Mongolia promised to return Henan to the Song Dynasty after destroying Jin, but the two sides did not reach a written agreement on the ownership of Henan, but only a verbal agreement, which left a huge aftermath for later.