After Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang, he was determined to further reform the old customs. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 Once, when he was discussing the government with his ministers, he said, "Do you think it is better to change customs or stick to the old ways?"

Xianyang Wang Tuoba Xi said: "Of course, it is good to change customs. ”

Emperor Xiaowen said: "Then I want to announce the reform, and you can't go against it." ”

After Emperor Xiaowen moved his capital to Luoyang, he was determined to start reforms. The reason why his Sinicization reform can be carried out is that he is good at knowing people and being good at his duties, and Emperor Xiaowen started his own reform from reforming the Xianbei old customs and learning the way of life and rules and regulations of the Han people.

It is forbidden for Xianbei nobles to wear Hufu, all change to Han clothes, and prohibit Xianbei nobles from speaking Xianbei language, and all change to speak Chinese. However, people under the age of 30 and those who are officials in the DPRK are not allowed to continue to use the Xianbei language, and they must be demoted or dismissed from their posts if they knowingly commit any offenses. Officials and their families were required to wear Hanfu, and the Xianbei surname was changed to a Han surname, and he changed the royal family from Tuoba to Yuan.

Tuoba Hong's father, Emperor Xianwen, believed in Buddhism, was extremely disgusted with politics, and always wanted to transcend the world and cultivate himself, so when Tuoba Hong was only five years old, Emperor Xianwen gave him the throne. The Tuoba family of the Northern Wei Dynasty has always cited the old method of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to set up his son to kill his mother, that is, to kill the prince's mother while making his son the prince, so as to prevent the recurrence of tragedies like Empress Lu. Tuoba Hong's biological mother was also killed in this way, and the young Tuoba Hong could only be raised by his grandmother, and the power was always controlled by the Empress Dowager Feng.

Empress Dowager Feng has always been wary of Tuoba Hong, Tuoba Hong is smart and precocious, and Empress Dowager Feng is worried that he will be unfavorable to her when he grows up, so she doesn't like him. Once, she listened to slander and punished the young Tuoba Hong with a rod. Another time, Empress Dowager Feng locked the little emperor in a single coat in an empty room in a cold day, did not give him food for three days, and planned to abolish him, but later because of the dissuasion of the minister Mu Tai, Tuoba Hong kept the throne.

Tuoba Hong's biological mother was given death when he was three years old, so he never knew who his biological mother was. He is filial by nature, because he has followed Empress Dowager Feng since he was a child, and he has always regarded Empress Dowager Feng as his biological mother. Although Empress Dowager Feng did not love him very much, Tuoba Hong could really be regarded as the filial grandson of Empress Dowager Feng, and even if he was punished, he had no complaints.

In Chinese history, there was a lesser-known but significant and particularly intriguing dynasty – the Northern Wei Dynasty. It mysteriously rose in the chaos of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, along the trajectory of the triple jump of Shengle - Pingcheng - Luoyang, drew a beautiful arc in history, in the long downturn between the Han and Tang dynasties of the two peaks of Chinese feudal civilization, in the Northern Wei Dynasty realized the three key turning points from weak to strong, from division to unification, from the Hu nationality to the sinicization, and gradually integrated the northern ethnic groups into the Chinese civilization, opening the door to the prosperity of the Sui and Tang dynasties.

Walked into the court of the Northern Wei Dynasty, climbed up step by step in the swords and swords inside and outside the court, and eliminated many political enemies, including Emperor Xiaowen's father, Emperor Xianwen Tuoba Hong. Emperor Wei Xiaowen's personality and hobbies bear the imprint of Empress Dowager Feng, so much so that some people think that he may be the illegitimate son of Empress Dowager Feng and a close Han minister.

Empress Dowager Feng was not only a master of court struggle, but also a far-sighted ruler. During her reign, four major reforms were carried out, which comprehensively transformed the Northern Wei Empire. Since these reforms were carried out during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen, they are often attributed to Emperor Xiaowen in history, and of course these reforms were well consolidated after Emperor Xiaowen came to power.

After the death of Empress Dowager Feng, Emperor Xiaowen became pro-government, and he consolidated the achievements of the reform left by Empress Dowager Feng and pushed the reform to a climax. The relocation of the capital and the reform of Sinicization made him famous through the ages, and Emperor Xiaowen was determined to be the ruler of the Central Plains, and the small and remote Pingcheng in the north could no longer contain his ambitions.

Before the reform of Emperor Xiaowen, the Northern Wei Dynasty stood firm as a conqueror for nearly a hundred years, and after the reform of Emperor Xiaowen, the Northern Wei Dynasty collapsed in internal and external troubles after only more than 30 years, and some people criticized his reform with this. However, after all, the corruption of the ruling class could not conceal the fact of great social development, and it was precisely after the reform that the Central Plains saw a sharp increase in the population of cultivated land and a prosperous economic, cultural, and commercial situation.

After the fall of the Northern Wei Dynasty, although the successive Northern Zhou and Northern Qi regimes had implemented the policy of Xianbei on the surface, the overall trend of sinicization was irreversible. The Northern Zhou Dynasty, in particular, was on the verge of the complete disappearance of ethnic differences. After that, the Sui and Tang dynasties ruled China one after another, and the process of national integration, which lasted for three centuries, was finally completed, and it was Emperor Wei Xiaowen who opened the door to the prosperity of the Sui and Tang dynasties.

Since the unification of Qin Shi Huang, the only time that China could have a long-term split between the north and the south was the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, when the north and the south were not only geographically separated and ruled by different ethnic groups, but also went further and further in terms of customs and thoughts. But Emperor Wei Xiaowen eliminated all this, and after the sinicization, there was only a geographical barrier between the northern and southern regimes, and unification became a historical necessity.

However, the total sinicization of Emperor Wei Xiaowen caused an ancient and numerous ethnic group, the Xianbei people, to disappear after nearly a hundred years.

As for the Xianbei nobles who stayed in the six towns in the north because they were unwilling to move south, they gradually lost their position because they were not valued by the Luoyang court, which made the Northern Wei Dynasty split into two major groups, Xianbei and Sinicization, which became one of the reasons for the civil uprising in the six towns in the future.

The crown prince Yuansui intended to return north to Pingcheng, and Emperor Xiaowen learned that he would depose the prince and give him death. The conservative Mu Tai and Lu Rong mutinied in Pingcheng, and were finally suppressed, and Emperor Xiaowen also personally toured the north to pacify, and after the death of Emperor Xiaowen, the Northern Wei Dynasty began to go downhill.

After the death of Emperor Xiaowen, he was succeeded by Emperor Xuanwu, who was obsessed with Buddhism, the state was in turmoil, and the nobles competed for luxury. After Emperor Xiaoming succeeded him, he was ruled by Empress Dowager Hu. Empress Dowager Hu was extravagant, fornicated with Qinghe Wang Yuanyi and favored Yuancha and Liu Teng, Yuancha and Liu Teng rebelled because of their disagreement with Qinghe Wang, and controlled the government. After Liu Teng's death, Emperor Xiaoming and Empress Dowager Hu pacified the rebellious party, but Empress Dowager Hu remained the same and disagreed with Emperor Xiaoming, and then the people of the six towns in the north took revolt, and the Northern Wei Dynasty went to the road of destruction.

As early as the early years of the Northern Wei Dynasty, in order to avoid Rouran's invasion of the northern capital Pingcheng, six towns were set up in the area of Yinshan and the Yellow River to defend the capital. The generals of the six towns were served by Xianbei nobles, and most of the soldiers were the sons of the Xianbei or Han people, who were regarded as the heart of the country and could return to Beijing at any time to take up their posts.

However, after moving the capital to Luoyang, the status of the six towns declined, and because they still retained the primitive habits of the Xianbei people, the nobles who were Sinicized were discriminated against as the people of the Northern Han, and the promotion of the generals was suppressed and dissatisfied. In the end, the Xianbei nobles and the soldiers in the north had a civil rebellion in six towns, and the people of all ethnic groups in Qinlong, Guandong and other places also rose up one after another. It took three years to settle the matter, and many warlords were formed, among which Er Zhurong, who guarded Jinyang, was the most powerful, and he once defeated Ge Rong, the most powerful in the Kwantung region.

Emperor Xiaoming intended to unite with Er Zhurong to deal with Empress Dowager Hu, but was poisoned by Empress Dowager Hu. Empress Dowager Hu successively appointed Emperor Xiaoming's only daughter, Princess Jingmourning, and her cousin Yuanzhao as emperor. In the same year, Er Zhurong led the army to capture Luoyang and control the government on the grounds of avenging Emperor Xiaoming, and he sank the young lord of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Empress Dowager Hu into the Yellow River in Heyin and drowned, killing more than 2,000 ministers, and established Emperor Xiaozhuang, while Er Zhurong controlled the government remotely in Jinyang.

Emperor Xiaozhuang was angry as a puppet and personally killed Er Zhu Rongjin when he saw him. Later, Er Zhu Rong's son Er Zhu Zhao and his younger brother Zhu Shilong supported Changguang King Yuanye as the emperor, and after capturing Luoyang, he killed Emperor Xiaozhuang and changed to Emperor Jiemin. In the same year, the warlord Gao Huan supported Yuen Long as emperor in Xindu, and after capturing Luoyang, he was renamed Emperor Xiaowu.

Emperor Xiaowu was controlled by Gao Huan, and he intended to unite with Guanzhong Town to deal with Gao Huan. Gao Huan preemptively killed He Bayue, and Emperor Xiaowu appointed Yuwentai instead, and broke with Gao Huan to defect to Yuwentai, Gao Huan chased and killed him too late, and renamed Yuan Shanjian, the son of the king of Qinghe, as the emperor, that is, Emperor Xiaojing of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and moved the capital to Yecheng. Emperor Xiaowu was killed by Yuwentai shortly after running west, and Yuwentai changed the Nanyang Yuanbao Torch as the emperor, that is, Emperor Wen of the Western Wei Dynasty, the capital of Chang'an, and the Northern Wei Dynasty was split into the Eastern Wei and the Western Wei Dynasty and perished.

After the death of Emperor Xiaowen, due to the opposition of some old-fashioned nobles and Xianbei warriors. The rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty gradually abandoned the previous policy of national reconciliation and restored the privileges of the Xianbei people, so new contradictions arose, and the Northern Wei Dynasty began to gradually decline, the Six Towns raised troops, and the Northern Wei Dynasty fell into division and civil war.