After Shi Lang pacified Taiwan, there was a dispute within the Qing court over the abandonment of Taiwan. Many ministers lack awareness of Taiwan's strategic position and advocate moving Taiwan's population to the mainland and abandoning Taiwan's land. Kangxi also once expressed his agreement with this proposal, believing that Taiwan is only a small land, and there is nothing to gain and nothing to lose if it is lost.

Seeing that the voices of the government and the opposition were abandoning the defense, Shi Lang was anxious and hurriedly played a resolute advocate of stationing in Taiwan. In his recital, Shi Lang pointed out that Taiwan has a bearing on the important task of protecting Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, and other places, and must not be discarded.

With what he has seen with his own eyes, he further demonstrated that Taiwan's fertile land and abundant natural products can provide important material support for the southeastern coastal areas. In addition, he also warned: "The Netherlands and other foreign invaders do not want to occupy Taiwan at all times, and if we do not defend it, they will definitely make a comeback." Once Taiwan is again invaded and occupied by foreign invaders, it will be difficult to reach the sky if they send troops on an expedition at that time. ”

Shi Lang's superiority was eloquent, and some ministers agreed with his proposal, which prompted Kangxi to change his mind and resolve to hold Taiwan. Shi Lang died of illness in Fujian at the age of 76. After Emperor Kangxi heard the news, he was heartbroken and ordered a thick burial, and gave the prince and the prince a concubine, nicknamed Xiangzhuang, and built an ancestral hall in front of Quanzhou Mansion to commemorate it.

However, for 300 years, Shi Lang has also been a controversial figure. There have always been different voices on the question of his historical position. Shi Lang's life is nothing more than two things, one is to oppose Zheng and surrender to the Qing Dynasty, and the other is to unify Taiwan. It is precisely these two points that constitute the mixed evaluation of him by later generations.

If Shi Lang's surrender was out of personal revenge, then what he did later was far beyond his narrow vision. Whether it is on the issue of conquest and abandonment of Taiwan, or on the issue of dealing with the aftermath and governing Taiwan, Shi Lang has great foresight and has made indelible achievements in safeguarding the interests of the country and the nation, and is undoubtedly an outstanding politician, military strategist, and patriotic general of that era.

If Shi Lang is judged from the perspective of national heroes and national scum, it is inevitable that there will be a suspicion of narrow nationalism. Because whether it is the Mongols who ruled the Yuan Dynasty or the Manchus who ruled the Qing Dynasty, they are all members of the big family of the Chinese nation, and it is the responsibility of every descendant of Yan and Huang to seek the great unification of the Chinese nation.

The Qing Dynasty was an important dynasty in Chinese history, and the Manchus were important members of the Chinese nation. The Manchus originated from the Jurchens, later changed to Jin, and then to the Qing Dynasty, and lived mainly in Northeast China and North China. With the cooperation and help of some Han landlords, the Manchu aristocracy seized the right to rule China, and then launched a war that lasted for more than a century to unify the whole of China, and finally created an unprecedented situation of China's unification.

However, for a long time, due to the tyranny and brutality of the Manchu rulers and some deviations in people's understanding, some people described the major event of the Qing government's unification of China as a foreign invasion. Therefore, some people regard Shi Lang as the scum of the nation.

Shi Lang surrendered to the Qing but did not rebel against Zheng. Shi Lang's assistance to the Qing government in realizing the reunification of the mainland and Taiwan after defecting to the Qing Dynasty was exactly the goal that Zheng Chenggong struggled for in those years. Although Zheng Chenggong's reinstatement and Shi Lang's reinstatement have their own specific reasons, they both hide the great righteousness of the Chinese nation. The two men are in different situations and have different starting points for conquering Taiwan, but they have the same understanding of the importance of Taiwan's strategic position, and both firmly advocate defending Taiwan. Judging from the two of them's understanding of Taiwan, Shi Lang is not a traitor to Zheng Chenggong, but his successor.

In Shi Lang's hometown of Jinjiang County, Fujian Province, Shi Lang Memorial Hall, there is a couplet that reads: The platform is eternal, and the platform is eternal; Later generations compared Shi Lang with Zheng Chenggong in this way, it should be said that they put aside their personal feelings and affirmed their historical achievements based on the righteousness of the Chinese nation.

In 1683, Kangxi ordered Tsarist Russia to evacuate the Tsarist Russian troops entrenched in the Qing Territory of Yaksa and other areas, but the Tsarist Russian invading army at that time not only ignored it, but even more intensified to run to Aihui to loot and plunder, so the Qing general at that time Sabusu sent troops to defeat the Tsarist Russian invading army, and also burned down the military camp stronghold established by the invading army in the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River, making Yaksa a lonely city.

In order to completely eliminate the invading forces of Tsarist Russia in the territory of the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi sent Peng Chun, the commander of the capital, to lead troops to Aihui and take charge of recovering Yaxa.

Under such circumstances, Peng Chun led more than 3,000 sergeants, and carried warships and various advanced artillery and other weapons, starting from Aihui to attack Yaksa in two teams, one from the land route, the other from the water attack, and a month later the troops came to the city of Yaksa, and gave an ultimatum to Tolbuzin, the leader of the Tsarist Russian army at that time, but Tolbuzin took Yaksa City as a stronghold, with 500 soldiers, as well as several cannons and hundreds of guns, and fought to defend the city.

Peng Chun had no choice but to order the siege of the city by land and water the next day, the army at that time attacked the south side of Yaxa, while the sergeants of the warships and other waterways attacked in the southeast direction of Yaxa, and there were various artillery guns to shoot in the north of the city. It was not until dawn on the third day, when the Tsarist army attacked by the Qing artillery suffered heavy casualties and could no longer hold on, and Tolbuzin finally sent someone to ask for surrender. In this way, the Qing soldiers drove the Russian invaders to Nebuchu.

Although the Russian invaders were driven out of Yaksa, the Moscow Tsar was still a thief and wanted to find an opportunity to invade the Qing Dynasty again. Moscow sent six hundred soldiers to Nebuchu, and after hearing the news of the withdrawal of the Qing troops, Tolbuzin again led a large number of invading troops from Tsarist Russia to invade Yaksa.

This practice of Tsarist Russia winning and losing is one set, which made the Qing government very angry, and at the beginning of the second year, Emperor Kangxi ordered a counterattack against Tsarist Russia's aggression.

This time, the Qing army adopted the battle plan of encircling Yaksa, and ordered Tolbuzin to surrender, but Tolbuzin ignored it, so in the attack of the Qing army, Tolbuzin was shot and died, and in the end, the whole Tsarist Russian invading army was left with only 66 people, at this time the tsar quickly sent people to the Qing court to ask for the withdrawal of troops, and sent an envoy to negotiate the border between the Qing court and Tsarist Russia.

In this way, the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nebuchu was concluded between China and Russia, which stipulated the eastern section of the border between China and Russia from the Transkhingan Mountains to the banks of the Haigelbiqi and Erguna rivers. The areas north of the Heilongjiang River, south of the Outer Khing'an Mountains and east of the Ussuri River were all Qing Dynasty territories.

It can be said that this battle of the Qing Dynasty directly shattered the idea of Tsarist Russia's eastward expansion, and also proved the military strength of the Qing Dynasty in the early days.

This battle took place during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, and it was also China's first major war against Russia, China defeated the invincible Russian old Maozi army on the Eurasian continent with strong military strength, which is the battle of Yaksa familiar to the Chinese, and the outcome of this battle is actually that China is victorious and invincible, and Lao Maozi is defeated and undefeated, and China, as a victorious country, has lost hundreds of thousands of square kilometers of land, which is really sad to think about.

Yaksa was located in Albazino, Russia, north of the main channel of the Heilongjiang River in present-day China, and it certainly belonged to China at that time. The reason why the Qing Dynasty and Russia fought here was a war of self-defense against the invasion and reconquest of lost territory in a vain attempt by the Tsarist Russian invaders to invade and occupy a large area of territory in the Heilongjiang River valley in China.

From the 24th to the 27th year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty, the Chinese army fought two sieges and annihilation battles against the invading Russian army in order to recover the territory of Yaxa. It was China's first self-defense counterattack against Russia.

Until the 16th century, Russia was still a small feudal serfdom in Europe, thousands of miles away from China. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, it gradually invaded and expanded from a small principality in Europe. While still in the Ming Dynasty, Tsarist Russia crossed the Ural Mountains and invaded Chinese territory to the east, and by the time the Qing Dynasty was established, the Russians had invaded the Heilongjiang River valley and nearby areas.

The Heilongjiang River basin has been Chinese territory since ancient times, and the ancestors of the Manchus, the Sushen people, lived here. From the Tang Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, all the imperial courts set up administrative institutions here to exercise jurisdiction. After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, it continued to exercise jurisdiction over the region and strengthened its rule.

From the end of Shunzhi to the beginning of the Kangxi Dynasty, the Russians took advantage of the Qing court's preoccupation with national unification and the pacification of the rebellion of the three feudatories, invaded and occupied the Chinese territories of Nebuchu and Yaksa, and built fortifications there, set up fortifications, and used this as a base to start plundering the middle and lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River. Regarding the aggression of the Russian Lao Maozi, Emperor Kangxi sent envoys to negotiate many times, but to no avail. This made the Kangxi Emperor realize that only the use of the army could drive out the invading army of Tsarist Russia.

For this reason, he went to the eastern part of the Kanto region to learn about the situation in the Heilongjiang River valley and made preparations for combat. In the twenty-second year of Kangxi, the Qing army sent people to order the invading Russian army in Yaksa and other places to withdraw quickly. The leader of the Russian army ignored it, but sent people to Aihui to loot, and the Qing Dynasty general Sabusu defeated it, and burned all the strongholds established by the Tsarist Russian invading army in the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River, making Yaksa an isolated city.

But Lao Maozi still resisted stubbornly, and in order to completely eliminate the invasion of Tsarist Russia, Kangxi ordered the capital Peng Chun to go to Aihui and be responsible for recovering Yaxa. Under the command of Peng Chun, the Qing army of about 3,000 people, armed with warships, guns, swords, spears, shields and other weapons, set out from Aihui, marched to Yaksa by land and water, arrived at the city of Yaksa, and immediately issued an evacuation ultimatum to Tolbuzin, the leader of the invading army.

But Tolbuzin, believing that his lair was strong, with 450 soldiers, three cannons, and 300 guns, refused to obey. The Qing army attacked in two camps by land and water, with the land division deployed in the south of the city, the warships in the southeast of the city, and the artillery in the north of the city. At dawn, the Qing army launched artillery bombardment, and the Russian-Maoist invading army suffered heavy casualties, and Tolbuzin begged to surrender and sent an envoy to evacuate Yaksa under the condition of retaining arms. With Peng Chun's consent, the Russian army withdrew to Nebuchu.

After the Qing army drove away the invading army, they destroyed the city of Yaksa built by Lao Maozi, and then returned to the division, leaving only part of the troops to garrison Aihui, and sent troops to strengthen the defense of the Heilongjiang area.

However, after the old man of Tsarist Russia was forced to evacuate Yaksa, the thief did not die, and continued to piece together troops in an attempt to commit another crime, and Tsarist Russia sent 600 troops to reinforce Nebuchu. When it was learned that the Qing army had withdrawn, Tolbuzin, the leader of the invading army, immediately led a large number of Tsarist Russian invading troops to Yaksa again. Emperor Kangxi was angry when he heard about it, and immediately ordered a counterattack, so more than 2,000 Qing troops entered the city of Yaksa, and ordered the Russian invasion army to surrender, Tolbuzin ignored it, and the Qing army began to attack the city.

The battle lasted for a long time, and after the Russian army was besieged, many people died of death and disease, and only 66 of the more than 800 people remained, so the Russian side requested to withdraw the siege and sent an envoy to negotiate the border. Qing agreed to the request and allowed the remnants of the invading army to withdraw to Nebuchu, and the Yaksa counterattack ended.

This was originally a beautiful foreign counterattack war, and the Qing army could have further pressured the Russian old Maozi while the iron was hot, completely expelling him from the Heilongjiang River Valley, or swinging the army westward to conquer the Yakutsk stronghold of the old Maozi and occupy the vast Siberia, but the Chinese's enterprising spirit on the land was too little compared to the Russian old Maozi, and although the battle was won, it did not play a great role in victory. The problem arose in the Treaty of Nebuchu, a seemingly equal agreement signed between the two countries after the war.

The Chinese plenipotentiary of the post-war peace talks was Suo Etu, and the Russian negotiator was named Golovin, who was much stronger than Suo Etu in negotiation skills, causing Suo Etu to make concessions to him several times, and finally signed the "Nebuchu Parliamentary Boundary Treaty", which led to a great victory in China but also gave Lao Maozi a big advantage.

The signing of this treaty was due to the unprincipled concession made by Suo Etu on behalf of the Qing government, and Suo Etu basically did not take advantage of the impact of the victory in the war, and the negotiators of the other side ceded the rich area east of Lake Baikal and originally belonged to China to Russia under the tactics of attacking him, causing heavy land losses. However, the treaty also stipulated that the eastern boundary between China and Russia from the Outer Khing'an Mountains to the Haigel Biqi River and the Erguna River was the eastern section of the border between China and Russia, and the areas north of the Heilongjiang River, south of the Outer Khing'an Mountains and east of the Ussuri River were all Qing Dynasty territories.

Another point is that the treaty also clearly designated a vast territory of not less than 3 million square kilometers or even larger between the North Norse Mountains and the southern branch from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Bering Strait in the east, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the entire Udi River basin. However, for the next 100 years, the Qing government did not discuss the region, and after that, the Qing Dynasty became poor and weak, and under the great changes in the world political pattern, it was of course extremely difficult to discuss those regions.

What is even more distressing is that the visa of the "Treaty of Nebuchu" also had a very bad impact, that is, the treaties and agreements signed with foreign countries began to follow this blueprint regardless of land losses, so with the signing of treaties one by one in the Qing Dynasty, the phenomenon of land cession and compensation in China emerged in an endless stream.