The Yuan-Japanese War was a war triggered by the Yuan Dynasty Emperor Kublai Khan and the vassal state Goryeo sent troops to attack Japan twice, and these two invasions were collectively called the Yuankou Mongol attack in Japan, and the first attack against the Yuan army was the Battle of Wenyong, and the second was the Battle of Hong'an.

The two invasions were fought in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, known as the Mongol invasions, and in the Edo period, and the main battlefield of these two invasions was the island of Kitakyushu, and the fleet of the Yuan Dynasty was the largest in the history of the world.

Goryeo's resistance to the Mongol forces and the fall of the warrior regime, Kublai Khan came to power, and the policy towards Goryeo was changed from military conquest to Huairou policy, and Goryeo became a cooperative partner in the later Yuan Dynasty's invasion of Japan.

After the Mongol Empire eliminated the Jin Dynasty, Kublai Khan, who was in charge of the affairs of the Han Dynasty in Monan, ascended the throne as emperor in the Central Plains. In the same year, Wonjong of Goryeo became a vassal to him, and Goryeo became his eastern vassal, and the Mongol Empire allied with Goryeo. Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty with the intention of the I Ching Dazai Ganyuan, fixed the capital of Dadu, and asked Goryeo to send envoys to Japan two years later, hoping to make peace with Japan.

Zhao Yi, a native of Korea, suggested that the Yuan court send an envoy to Japan, and the Mongolian military department squire Lang Hei held the tiger talisman and served as the national messenger, and the ceremonial squire Yin Hong held the golden talisman and served as the deputy envoy of the national messenger and sent the envoy to Japan with the national letter. They led a delegation of envoys to Japan to present their credentials, "Letter from the Emperor of the Great Mongolian State".

The envoys arrived in Goryeo, and Wonjong of Goryeo ordered Song Junfei, the deputy envoy of the Privy Council, and Shi Jinzan, the attendant, to accompany Hei and others to Japan. In the first month of the following year, Song Junfei, Jin Tsang and the Mongolian delegation arrived at Songbianpo on Geoje Island to preach the dangers of the storm. However, Kublai Khan insisted that he must go, and in the end Goryeo sent Pan Fu, a resident of Goryeo, to Japan, where he lived for six months, but did not achieve anything.

Kublai Khan asked Goryeo to send a second group of envoys, and the Goryeo envoys arrived at Dazaifu and returned empty-handed. The envoy met with the Jinsai Shogunate, and the representative of the envoy, Pan Fu, presented him with a letter from the Emperor of the Great Mongol State and a letter from the King of Goryeo, who conveyed to the Shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate and the Emperor in Kyoto.

In March, Hojo Tokimune came to power, and the Japanese Imperial Court was in charge of foreign affairs at the time, so the shogunate had to report the incident to the Imperial Court. Minoru Saionji, who served as Shinji of Kanto and the intermediary between the imperial court and the shogunate, accepted the letter of state, named it the foreign letter, and forwarded it to Emperor Saga, the queen of the imperial court, and then the imperial court held a meeting to discuss it.

The shogunate believed that the Mongols had evil intentions, and sent envoys as a prelude to the Mongol attack, conveying that the imperial family was ready. At Kenchoji Temple in Kamakura, a Zen monk from the Southern Song Dynasty came and the monk told the Japanese about the atrocities committed by the Mongol Empire on the mainland. Pan Fu did not receive a reply, so he led a delegation back to China to report.

Kublai Khan ordered Goryeo to build 1,000 warships that could carry 3,000 or 4,000 stones of rice to prepare for war. Choi Dong-so of Goryeo reported to Mongolia that Goryeo had 10,000 troops and 1,000 ships to be shipped, and that Mongolia sent 14 people, including General Mingwei to lead Tuo Shu'er, General Wude to lead Wang Guochang, and General Wulu's deputy commander Liu Jie, to Goryeo to inspect the army and ships, and to attack the Southern Song Dynasty and Japan at any time, and to inspect the road from Montenegro Island to Japan, accompanied by Goryeo officials.

The Mongol envoy Hei and the deputy envoy Yin Hong led a delegation of envoys, accompanied by Pan Fu, a resident of Goryeo, and others, and a total of 75 people landed on the Japanese island of Tsushima. Tajiro and Yajiro arrived in Dadu, and Kublai Khan thought they were Japanese envoys and met with them.

Kublai Khan believed that Japan's loyalty was commendable and generous, and he said: "Your country has made a pilgrimage to China since the Tang Dynasty. ”

Kublai Khan asked Ta Erlang and Mi Erlang to visit the palace, Ta Erlang and Mi Erlang said that this is the Buddha of Heaven, Kublai Khan was overjoyed, and let Ta Erlang and Mi Erlang browse the jade hall of Wanshou Mountain in Yanjing and the cities. In September, Tajiro and Yajiro, who were arrested on the Tsushima Islands, returned home from Dadu with a delegation of envoys led by Kim Yousung and Korou, who were Koreans.

The envoy consisted of three Mongol officials, five attendants, and sixty-seven Koreans, and landed on four ships at Tokiura, Tsushimashima, and went to the Dazaifu Guard. The envoys carried the letters of Kublai Khan himself, the letters of state of the central organs of the Great Mongolian State, the state letters of the Central Secretaries Province of the Great Mongolian State, and the letters of Goryeo.

After that, Kublai Khan continued to send a series of letters, either through Goryeo or by sending emissaries, and threatened with war. The shogunate was in the middle of the Kamakura period, and the shogun, Prince Koyasu, had no real power, and the real power was in the hands of the Hojo clan, a powerful minister.

Tokimune, who was in power at the time, decided not to surrender because of the rudeness of the pleadings, and immediately set about strengthening the defense of Kyushu Island, the closest Japanese territory to Goryeo, and therefore the most likely place to be invaded first.

First the shogunate ordered the daimyo who had been divided on Kyushu Island to return to his station and move the army on Kyushu Island westward to further strengthen the defense of the possible landing site. In addition, the shogunate organized large-scale religious prayer events to respond to the crisis with psychological warfare.

Kublai Khan, who had long wanted to start a war, found that the Korean Peninsula did not have enough money to provide sufficient troops, and he sent a force to Goryeo as a vanguard, but the force was unable to sustain itself on Goryeo soil and was eventually forced to return to China to replenish its supplies. Because the horses needed by the cavalry of the Yuan army, as well as the pasture required for raising horses, severely restricted the movement of the troops, so that the Yuan army could not move in places where there was almost no grass.

In the eleventh year of Emperor Wenyong of Japan, Kublai Khan commissioned Goryeo to build 900 large and small ships; appointed Xin Du as the marshal of the Eastern Capital, Hong Chaqiu as the right deputy marshal, commanding 3,000 volunteers, Liu Fuheng as the left deputy marshal, commanding 15,000 Mongol and Jurchen soldiers, the so-called Han people in the Yuan Dynasty refers to the Khitan, Jurchen, and northern Han people under the jurisdiction of the Jin Dynasty, the army is mainly Liaojin, the Goryeo general Jin Fangqing led the Goryeo army of 5,600 people, plus 6,700 Goryeo sailors, forming a total of more than 30,000 people, expedition to Japan.

In the same year, the Yuan army set out from Goryeo Hepo and successfully landed on Tsushima Island, completely annihilating the Japanese defenders on the island. More than 400 Yuan troops landed on Iki Island, and the father and son of Dai Zong Zhuguo led 80 cavalry to block them, all of them were annihilated, and the Yuan army set up a red flag as a mark.

The defender left guard captain Ping Jinggao led more than 100 cavalry to fight fiercely with the Yuan army, the Yuan army used intensive tactics, and iron cannons and other weapons, the Japanese army was defeated, retreated to the city, the next day the city was broken, Ping Jinglong committed suicide. When the Yuan army approached the coastal islands of Hizen Province, they were strongly resisted by the Matsuura clan, the guardian of Hizen, and there was a fierce battle between the two sides, and the Matsuura party suffered heavy casualties.

The Yuan army advanced to Imatsu at the port of Hakatoku in Chikuzen Province, and the battle of the port of Hakata took place the next day. Although the Yuan army had the advantage in weapons and tactics, they were far fewer in number than the Japanese samurai who had been prepared for a long time, and these samurai were reinforced after learning of the fall of Tsushima and Iki.

In addition, the terrain of the landing site of the Yuan army was not conducive to the deployment of large forces, and there was still a day's journey from Dazaifu, the capital of Kyushu Island at that time, so after holding out for a whole day, the Yuan army withdrew from the ship that night and prepared to re-land and launch an attack the next morning.

The Yuan army landed at Hakuto in two routes, and the shogunate gathered about 100,000 troops from the Kyushu islands under the command of Shoji Keishi, Otomo Yoritai, Kikuchi Takebo, Shimazu Kukei, and Takesaki Kicho. The Yuan Army's Western Route Army landed at Hyamodohara, Fujiwara Keishi led 500 cavalry to meet the Yuan Army, and the Yuan Army's Eastern Route Army successfully landed in Hakutohazaki County in the eastern part of Hakadogawara, defeated the defenders, occupied the pine forest on the shore, and attacked the Japanese army fighting against the Yuan Army in Hyakudohara from behind.

The Japanese army suffered heavy casualties and suffered heavy casualties, and the remaining troops retreated in the direction of Dazaifu Mizujo, at this time it was late, and the deputy marshal Liu Fuheng was wounded by an arrow, and the Yuan army stopped the attack. In the evening of the same day, the Yuan army held a military meeting, and due to the lack of support, most of the generals advocated retreat, and only Jin Fangqing opposed it.

So Xin Du ordered a retreat, the night of the retreat was attacked by a typhoon, heavy wind and rain overnight, the battleship hit the reef and the cliff was destroyed, only some broken wood chips were left on the sea, the Yuan army lost more than 13,000 people, most of them died in the storm. In the end, only 13,500 men were left who returned to China, and Xindu captured 200 Japanese and sacrificed them to the king of Goryeo.

After the Battle of Bunei, the Kamakura shogunate, in order to prevent the Yuan army from committing another offense, built about 20 kilometers of stone barriers along the coast of Hakutoku Bay from Imatsu to Kashii in the east to prevent the Yuan army from landing, the so-called Motoko fortification.

After the failure of the first attack on Japan, the king of Goryeo repeatedly negotiated with the Yuan dynasty against further plans to invade Japan. The Yuan Dynasty also sent envoys to Japan, but the Japanese twice ordered the Yuan Dynasty to behead Du Shizhong and others, and Kublai Khan was very annoyed and began to actively plan a second attack.

After the conquest of the Southern Song Dynasty by the Yuan army, Kublai Khan launched a second invasion of Japan in the fourth year of Emperor Uta Hongan. The scale of the Yuan army's invasion was greater than the first time, and the Eastern Route Army led 19,000 Mongols, Jurchens and Khitan soldiers led by Xindu and Hongchaqiu, and 10,000 Goryeo troops led by Jin Fangqing, with 900 warships, plus 17,000 Goryeo sailors, carrying 100,000 stone of military rations, and set out from Goryeo.

In addition, the Southern Song Dynasty army led by Fan Wenhu, Li Ting, and others surrendered 100,000 troops and set out from Qingyuan and Dinghai in 3,500 warships; the two armies agreed to meet in June, with the Eastern Route Army in charge of the battle, and the Jiangnan Army in the occupied area Tuntian to produce rice and grain, as a long-term plan.

The shogunate began to actively prepare for a possible second invasion by the Yuan army, and in addition to improving the bow and arrow to make it comparable to the Mongol strongbow, and at the same time organizing the samurai of Kyushu more completely, the shogunate also built forts and other fortifications at many possible sites where the Yuan army might land.

Hojo Tokimune ordered the construction of the Motoko fortifications in all important areas along the coast of Japan, which played a major defensive role, and when the warships of the Yuan army reached the coastal waters of Japan, they could not find a place to land, so they had to anchor their ships in the bay of Hakata for a month.

During this period, the Yuan army launched several forced landing operations but failed, and was constantly harassed by Kono and others, and was also attacked by the pirates Kusano until the beginning of July, when the northern and southern armies met off the coast of Kyushu Island. After the Yuan army joined the division, the expeditionary force encountered more stubborn and effective resistance, the Japanese army used the stone wall as a cover, and constantly repelled the attack of the Yuan army, many Mongolian generals were killed one after another, and the battle lasted for more than a month, the Yuan army suffered heavy losses, and still could not break through the stone wall.