Threshold, an intrinsic of the network, a tipping point

It is a coupling process to understand physiology with the framework of artificial intelligence, and then build artificial intelligence with physiological knowledge. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 info is like a simulation of the nervous system, with reflex as the basic unit

Different modes of regulation are at different levels of granularity, which are the result of the distribution of the network: nerves, humoral (hormones are also multi-level regulation), and self-regulation (as in the case of myocardium's heterometric self-regulation and renal blood flow stabilization). This is a static division, and its high-dimensional structure is dynamic, i.e., there are processes of positive and negative feedback and feedforward feedback, and so on. All of the above are selective expressions of the network. The intrinsic nature of a network is homeostasis, which is the relative relationship of a series of variables (static description) and the relative relationship (dynamic) of relative relations, which is reflected in all levels: cells, tissues, organs, systems.

The distribution of the network will inevitably cause a certain potential difference, and the appearance of membranes lays the foundation for the life activities of organisms. With the membrane as the exchange interface, it can be simulated as a computer system, which can process input and output: the lipid membrane is dynamically flowing (providing power), the two sides of the membrane are asymmetrical (the result of distribution), the sugar chains connected to the cell membrane mainly play the role of "recognition" between cells (matching operation), and the membrane protein has a variety of different functions (modular concept processing) ------- structure. Need to be coupled with motion: material transport and membrane renewal (1) Passive transport: including simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion (2) Active transport, including primary active transport and secondary active transport. The overall intrinsic feature is the change in ion concentration

The nature of the movement of fat-soluble and non-fat-soluble molecules is a distribution, energy-dependent, carrier-dependent. Expulsion and intake are patterned intrinses

The recognition of membrane receptors is the operation of the network, and bioelectricity is a larger intrinsic characteristic: the periodic ion pump movement, and more intrinsically the effect of probability on the whole and the distribution of the expression of the result----- resting potential (a sign of the eigentype) and action potential (the form of movement)

Resting potential: There is a difference in ion concentration between the two sides of the membrane, which is mainly permeable to K+ (probability), is a structure of dynamic equilibrium, and is the infrastructure for other movements (selective expression of the network)

Action potential: caused by Na+ inflow, reversible transformation, which can accept stimuli and output processing, is a module of logic operations, and its set can produce complex networks. Sensitive to the initial stimulus (distribution of receptors), the antagonistic balance of ion concentration gradient and electrochemical gradient favors the expansion of change (≥ threshold stimulation→ partial depolarization of cells→ Na+ a small amount of influx→ depolarization to the threshold potential level→ Na+ influx and depolarization form a positive feedback (Na+ explosive influx), → to reach the Na+ equilibrium potential (positive in the membrane and negative outside the membrane) →forming an action potential rising branch) The treatment of channel proteins is the key, and the coupling of concentration difference and potential difference is the key

The excitation of nerve endings (the anterior membrane of the linker) is depolarized→ the permeability of the membrane to Ca2+ is increased (probability), → the influx of Ca2+ → the transmitter AC→ACH from the nerve endings diffuses through the gap of the junction to the posterior membrane of the junction (endplate membrane) and binds to the N-type receptor→ the permeability of the endplate membrane to Na+ and K+ (mainly Na+) is increased→ NA+ influx reaches the threshold potential of the →→ endplate potential→ and the sum of the endplate potentials reaches the threshold potential

Change is a selective expression of the network, i.e., path collapse. Not the explosive growth of the combination of combinations

Muscle contraction process:

The myocyte membrane is excitated and conducts to the terminal cistern→ the terminal cisterna Ca2+ is released→ the concentration of sarcoplasmic Ca2+ increases→ Ca2+ binds to troponin (probability of concentration) → tropomyosin allosteric → myosin transverse head binds to actin→ transverse head ATPase activates and decomposes ATP, → transverse bridge twists→ thin muscle filaments glide towards thick myosals→ myascules are shortened

Blood is another level of circulation, like a membrane, which is the transport and buffering mechanism. Osmotic pressure is balanced

On fire, the instinct secretes a certain fluid, which can diffuse into the excitation of sympathetic nerves, the release of neurotransmitters, and so on

Pulse is a certain form of pulsation, which can be regarded as a multi-dimensional functional coupling, and we can decompose a combination of certain patterns corresponding to a certain network change. Changes in tongue coating are also intrinsic to the network

It is the nature of the network that the continuous role of maintaining a certain level of tension

Neurotransmitters and receptors are the role of the network, its distribution, density, mode of action, degree, and so on. The different movements of the human body are a matrix of the whole, such as blood pressure, resistance (blood) is an intrinsic

m-receptors, most parasympathetic postganglionic fibers, inhibition of cardiac activity, nonvascular smooth muscle contraction, vascular smooth muscle relaxation, increased glandular secretion, miosis; N1 postganglionic nerve, small dose muscle contraction; High-dose muscle paralysis

A1 norepinephrine, vascular, urethral smooth muscle contraction, intestinal smooth muscle relaxation, increased cardiac contractility;

beta-1 adrenaline, inotropia, conduction, frequency; β2 smooth muscle (vascular, gastrointestinal, bronchial, urethral) relaxation

In the absence of Ca2+ influx in the anterior membrane of the junction, there is a small amount of spontaneous release of ACH, which is the basis of neurotonic action and maintains a certain degree of tension, like dynamic equilibrium

The permeability of cell membranes to different ions in different states, the distribution of networks, the basis of movement

Cell membrane sugars are mostly exposed on the outside of the membrane and can serve as a specific marker for the cells in which they reside or the proteins they bind. It's an intrinsic

Polymorphisms at the quantum level are the basis for selective expression, which makes the expression of different environments the most optimized

Different cell ligation patterns, global and local, are reflected in the distribution. The trend at different levels is the high-dimensional structure, like the cell distribution from smooth muscle to blood vessels, and also functional, such as the change of various osmotic pressures from the incoming arteriole to the outflow arteriole, which is a kind of distribution, the coupling of different distribution functions, which is Fourier analysis: multi-level coupling: ion channels (the coupling of the distribution function of the transporter's ions), the permeability and bias of different parts to different ions (such as the tendency of different parts of the renal tubule to different ions), and different parts also have different effects on different drugs, Transit method

Osmotic pressure provides a certain amount of power (passive transport and electrochemical gradient), along with the opening and closing of ion channels for active transport

Changes in osmotic pressure and flow rate of tubular fluid in each segment of the renal tubule are a function of change, such as decreasing blood pressure, but there are other factors that can play a role, and the important thing is the eigen, which is the effective filtration pressure

The renal tubular part is water Na + urea

The medullary loop descending branch is easy to permeabilize, not easy to permeable, not easy to permeable

The medullary loop ascending branch is not easy to permeabilize, easy to permeabilize, and moderately permeable

The thick segment of the ascending branch of the medullary loop is not easy to permeabilize, and the active reabsorption of NACL is not easy to permeabilize

The distal convoluted tubule is dependent on ADHNA+ active reabsorption and is not easily permeable

The collecting duct is dependent on ADHNA+ active reabsorption, and the medullary region is easily permeable

Coupling of different functions at different stages

cl- is active in the thick section of the loop, passive in the rest of the parts; Glucose is completely reabsorbed in the proximal tubule (lumen side: secondary active transport coupled to Na+, basement membrane: facilitated diffusion), and the protein is completely reabsorbed in the proximal tubule; CA2 + 70% proximal tubule, 20% loop ascending coarse segment, distal tubule and manifold 9%; k +65-70% in the proximal tubule, 25-30% in the medullary loop; HCO3-80% proximal tubule:

Adjustment is aimed at forming a certain balance, and the transformation of different levels

The receptor and form of action are the probabilities of the network, and the pathways are intrinsic. The mechanism of action of the various actors is networked, and while the observations are important, we need to pay attention to the probability of the probability below the threshold, because it can accumulate and thus emerge on a large scale

Blood pressure is the nature of the whole, and maintaining a certain amount of blood pressure can sustain life, which is the essence of the whole network: the power of the heart, the radius of the blood vessels. Cytokines and receptors for hormones, etc. (sympathetic receptors, neurotransmitters, etc.)

The difference in ion concentration of the action potential - the osmotic pressure of the colloidal crystal of the blood vessels, these differences can be regarded as the range of frequencies, which is the multi-level effect of the network

To change sensitivity is to change probability; changes in relative proportions, such as a decrease in action potential in the Na+ environment; The all-or-nothing action potential is a quantum property and is a selective expression of the local potential (not additive but a Bayesian sum of probabilities, which is the mathematical form of a matrix); multi-level combinations (receptors and neurotransmitters, how nerve cells connect); The receptors are multi-layered and can maintain homeostasis (blood volume ↓ → cardiopulmonary receptors ↓ → vagus n → hypothalamus ↑ → release ↑) feedback mechanism, and the pre- and post-load is a range-bounded regulation, and the work done is intrinsic (the speed and amplitude of muscle contractions)

The random movement of the proteins in crowded cells will eventually converge to a certain distribution of normal. The premise of the coupling combination of these functions allows the eigens to emerge

Each stage has a certain derivative effect, and different levels may be contradictory, which is the formation of a probability network, and the final observable feature is the intrinsic, that is, the hierarchical competitive game. Each level can be regarded as a network, and the computation of such a network is multi-level, and we should consider rapid eigenfinding, path convergence, and path integration. Find the main mechanism and the level of selective expression in the specific environment, and divide the order of priority and priority, such as the suppression of spinal nerves by the central system

The essence is exchange: the exchange of gases in the circulatory system, the exchange of impurities in the urinary system in the urinary system, and the exchange of nutrients in the digestive system. Buffer pairs are opposing forces, and the result is the achievement of balance, and the feedback is the expansion of balance

The possibility of development is a river that is constantly bifurcating, referring to the form of fractal dimension

Neurons and glial cells are contained in a hierarchical relationship, and the connections of neurons form a network due to the huge network that can be formed by 100 billion cells, and its collapse path is a multi-level secondary network, and the macroscopic intrinsic is our certain observation. The formation of connections is associated with glial cells, and the results of the expression of specific networks within them affect the development and differentiation of neurons, determine the direction of axon growth, maintain the survival of neurons, determine the operation of networks, and are the basis for learning, memory, and thinking

Multiple forms of synaptic connections (axis, tree, cytoids, physical basis) and results (potential formation, degree, form of operation). Object 1: Presynaptic membrane: transmitter, receptor 2: synaptic cleft: hydrolase 3: Postsynaptic membrane: receptor, ion channel. Overall form: the action of transmitters (excitatory or inhibition), permeability of different ion channels (excitatory Na+ (main) K+ permeability ↑ depolarization; Suppression of Cl- (main) K+ permeability ↑ super-generalization)

The operation of the network is the transfer of information caused by the boundary coupling of different elements (secondary networks), just like the overall fluctuation of the economy and society, which is the maintenance of the overall steady state

A coupling of chemical and electrical synapses in distribution: number, location, mode of action

Mode of connection: axon, dendrite, cell body (quantum level); The overall level is the result of the operation: reciprocal inhibition, postsynaptic inhibition is a certain pathway. Local potentials and action potentials are modes of operation

The classification of neurons indicates a certain directionality and connection mode of the network, and long protrusions are a certain intrinsic feature. The electrophysiological properties of nerve fibers and the diameter and source of fibers are a distribution

Nerve fibers: bidirectional, insulating, physiological integrity (non-attenuating, non-fused), relatively non-fatigue; Neurons are the high-dimensional level of nerve fibers, and as a set, the property is not summation, but the network operation of the matrix

The transport, release, action, and breakdown or absorption of neurotransmitters are dynamic network changes

Facilitation (the sum of postsynaptic potentials) excites postsynaptic neurons so that the overall change exceeds the threshold. At the same time, there are resistance changes, such as postsynaptic inhibition (inhibitory neurotransmitters) and overall interaction inhibition (synchronization) and regression inhibition (feedback regulation), so that the movement of the network is coordinated and maintains a certain balance and homeostasis

The potential is an intrinsic property of the network, i.e., it is determined by the combined effect of the opening and closing of multiple possible ion channel proteins. types of neurotransmitters, effects, antagonists and agonists,

Neurotransmitters do not directly cause postsynaptic potentials, but by changing the permeability of ion channel proteins, that is, the change of probability makes the whole tend to a certain state, and when the accumulation exceeds a certain threshold, there can be macroscopic effects, such as excitatory action potentials

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