On the high slope of the northeast corner of Tangya Tusi City, there are two tombs of the Ming Dynasty side by side, one is the tomb of the Tuwang and the other is the tomb of Mrs. Tian, covering an area of 400 square meters. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 infoThe sealed soil of the tomb of the Tuwang is well preserved, and the stone chamber of the tomb is grand and gorgeous. The coffin chamber is made of drilled sandstone. The front view is a three-liter heavy eaves building with a square wooden structure, which is 7 meters long. The roof is carved with tube tiles, the ridge is carved with a dragon's head decorated, the bucket arch under the eaves is obvious, and 5 pillars form 4 burial chambers. The columns are rectangular, with a width of 0.45 meters and a thickness of 0.6 meters. The width between the columns is 1 to 1.1 meters. The distance between the corridors is 1.85 meters, and the height is 2 meters. The roof of the gallery is carved with a circular caisson ornament. Then enter into 4 burial chambers, in front of which there are 8 plastering stone doors. The door is 1.65 meters high, 00.1 meters thick, and about 0.67 meters wide. The burial chamber is made of a single block of sand and gravel, 3 meters long and 1.5 meters high, with two middle chambers 1.3 meters wide and side chambers 1.25 meters wide. Each has a sarcophagus bed, 2.7 meters long and 0.9 meters wide. There is a niche at the back, 0.5 meters high from the coffin bed. The niche is 0.5 meters high, 0.4 meters wide, 0.15 meters deep, and the rooms are separated by a single stone, and the thickness is about 0.15 meters. The carved small lattice window is 0.58 meters wide and 0.9 meters high. The window is a money pattern and can be looked at. The roof of the room is carved with a caisson and a flower pattern. In front of the tomb is a figure-eight altar, with a small beast standing at the front end, and the two sides are decorated with finely carved unicorns, which are about 1 meter high. The whole royal tomb is built with stone, very fine, and its architectural pattern and decoration are really the fine works of Tusi culture, which well represents the level of stone carving craftsmanship in this period.

Burying the king of the earth is well-intentioned. According to legend, after the death of the Tuwang that year, forty-eight of the same coffins, the same scale and the same burial style, were used to bury at the same time, confusing the authenticity and preventing tomb robbery. There are many tombs with different patterns in the mountain behind Tusi City, all of which have no inscriptions and cannot be identified.

The tomb of Mrs. Tian is on the left side of the Tusi tomb, and the sealed soil is well preserved. There are stone monuments and stone archways in front of the tomb. The stele is 0.97 meters wide, 1.9 meters high, and the base is 0.45 meters high, with a table and several patterns. The inscription on the stele is "the tomb of the Tian family, the wife of the general of Wuluo", the front note "the record of the filial piety man Yin Zong", and the back title "Emperor Ming Chongzhen Sui Gengwu Ji Xia Ji Danli". In front of the tomb, there is a relatively short plain stone archway, the shape is simple, and there is no carved pattern. The torii is built of stone, with a height of 3.5 meters, a side height of 2.5 meters, a width of 2.04 meters for the middle gate, and a width of 1.4 meters for the side door. The two sides of the archway are guarded by drum-shaped stone pillars, and the stone is used as the square, and the tenon is chiseled.

Then it is the tomb of Qin Ding, the general of Wu Liu. Near the tomb of Qin Ding, there are 5 tombs of generals of the same period, the same type system, and the same level, and there are no inscriptions. In the jungle on Xuanwu Mountain behind Sicheng, there are many tombs with different patterns. It can be concluded that this area is the family cemetery of the Qin family.

The cultural relics seen in Tusi Castle mainly include residual tiles, pottery fragments, stone fragments after construction, and destroyed architectural decorations. In 1986, local farmers found three copper seals behind the yayuan. Among them, one is "Yongning Wei Qianhu Hundred Household Seal", which is 7 cm long, 1.3 cm thick, 5.7 cm long and weighs 850 grams. The front is engraved with "Yongning Wei Thousand Households Hundred Household Seal", the right side is engraved with "the Ministry of Rites made Hongwu five years November Day", the left is engraved with "Yongning Thousand Households Hundred Household Seal", and the seal is engraved with "Yu Zi No. 25". Yongningwei is in Xuyong County, Sichuan, Yuanzhi Yongning Road, so the place of governance is in the west of Xuyong County, Ming changed Yongningwei, moved to Xuyong County, and Yunnan border, very far away from Tangyasi. The seal was issued when Yongning Wei was first established. "The Ming Tangya Toast is the most stubborn", has conquered Shu many times, and this seal should be a victory. The other two are "Tang Ya Chief Official Seal", which is engraved with seals. There is a text on the back, engraved on the right "Tang Ya Chief Official Seal", engraved on the left "December of the first year of Zhou (the thirteenth year of the Qing Shengzu Kangxi)", engraved in the middle "Li Cao Zao", and engraved along the seal "Yu Zi Sanbai 44". The seal is 6.9 cm long, 1.2 cm thick, the handle is 8.2 cm long, and it weighs 675 grams. This seal was issued by Wu Sangui according to Yunnan. The other has no text on the back, the print is 7.1 cm long, 1.8 cm thick, the handle is 7.5 cm long, and it weighs 1100 grams. This seal should have been issued by the Qing court. According to the regulations of the Qing court, the old seal issued by Wu Sangui should be handed over to the imperial court, but Tangya Tusi hid it. From the point of view of manufacturing level, the front printing casting process is relatively rough, and the seal character strokes are thick and square, and there is no planning; The post-printing strokes are thinner, the rules are uniform, and the craftsmanship level is also higher.

In addition, cultural relics and archaeologists also found a stone brazier in the city site, which was carved into the same brazier shape as it is today, with a length and width of 0.7 meters and a height of 0.2 meters; A stone manger, a stone beast, flowers, grass leaf pattern stone carvings, etc. Stone materials used in construction abound, as well as patterned bricks decorated with flowers and plants, porcelain tiles with green flower patterns, and "Taichang Tongbao" in the money pattern. The porcelain in Tusi Castle comes from the "Wanchanggou", where high-quality white porcelain ware was fired, and the site of the cellar and the cushion utensils used for firing the cellar have been found.

Tangya Tusi City is a fortress-like building with military strategic significance, from the back to the steep Xuanwu Mountain, facing the galloping Tangya River, to the stone men and stone horses that are ready to go out at any time, and then to the stone memorial arch engraved with "Jingnan Xiongzhen, Chushu Pinghan", as well as the left and right barracks, shooting ranges, racecourses and the city walls built on the east, north and south sides, from different sides to convey the historical information that the Tusi City of Tangya Tusi is brave and good at fighting attaches importance to military defense. The prosperous scene set off by the 36 courtyards of 38 lanes of 3rd Street shows the self-sufficient feudal serfdom economy of the Tusicheng community. The academy specially opened for the children of Tusi to learn Han culture proves that Tangya Tusi has a strong atmosphere of learning Han culture; The Qin clan ancestral hall, which was built specifically for the Qin family, shows that they have a clan concept of ancestor worship. Several large temples have been built in the religious area, indicating that Buddhism was once popular here, and incense was flourishing. The legendary Mrs. Qin resolved the grievances between the two surnames of Qin and Tian, and also showed the marriage radius of Tangya Tusi. The surviving pillar base of the building reveals the "dry column" characteristics of the house building in Tusi City. The carved "Tuwang Patrol" map on the archway conveys the unique etiquette and customs of Tusi City. The concentrated distribution of tombs and the inscriptions preserved to this day interpret the funeral culture of Tangya Tusi. The folk literature that has survived to this day and the ceremonies and sacrifices that can be seen in the chronicles all carry the cultural customs of the ancient royal city.

Therefore, more than 400 years ago, Tangya Tusi City was the political, military, economic and cultural center of an area of more than 1,000 kilometers. Now it is the largest, most complete and most national cultural relics site in the southwest of the country, with extraordinary historical status and academic research value. To study the Tujia family, we have to study the Tangya Tusi; In order to study the ethnic culture of the southwest region, we have to study Tangya Tusi

If you don't get to Tangya Tusi City, it is not easy to imagine how difficult it was to build the Chinese nation. Tangya is located on the bank of the Tangya River in Jianshan Township, Xianfeng County, Hubei Province, and is the center of the Tujia family; The Tujia area, except for the southwest corner bordering the southwest minority areas, the rest of the surrounding areas are Han Chinese. Such an isolated island, the Han Dynasty belonged to the "Ba people"

The land, Tang and Song Dynasty is "Mi Prefecture", Yuan, Ming and Qing are Tusi territories, until the twelfth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty, "change the land and return to the stream" and incorporate the "orthodoxy" of China. Until the Republic of China, the Tusi system still existed in some places, and the Red Army dealt with some southwestern Tusi during the Long March.

Tusi City is larger than the Forbidden City in Beijing, and in terms of personal enjoyment, the Tusi Emperor is no less than the Tusi grade of the Great Emperor of the capital. Tang Ya Division has been raised and lowered several times in these grades, and finally ended with the "Tang Ya Chief Lawsuit". Regardless of the grade, Tang Yasi actually maintained a semi-independent state, assumed certain obligations to the imperial court, and became a "soil emperor" when he was sealed by the imperial court, and even Tusi City has always been called "Tusi Imperial City" by the people. Tangya Tusi reigned as the king and hegemon in this side, successively eighteen generations, lasting more than 460 years, longer than the two Han dynasties in the east and west combined.

The area of Tusi City is even larger than the Forbidden City of the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Forbidden City of the Ming and Qing dynasties is about 960 meters long from north to south and 760 meters wide from east to west, which is no more than 73 hectares. Tangya Tusi City is 1 km long and horizontal, with an area of more than 1 square kilometer (100 hectares, that is, 1,500 acres). Although Tusi City is less than 1/4o of the capital city of Beijing in the Ming and Qing dynasties, in terms of "personal enjoyment", the Tu Emperor is not inferior to the Great Emperor of Beijing.

Tangya Tusi City is close to the Tangya River, and the lower reaches of the river flow into the Wujiang River. The Bazi State established by the ancestors of the Tujia family was developed along the Tangya River "backwards for 3,800 miles" and down to the east of Sichuan, so the relationship between the Tangya Tusi and the east of Sichuan in later generations was quite close.

The location of Tangya Tusi City is very clever. The east side is the Tangya River, the west side leans on the Xuanwu Mountain, and there are ravines on both sides of the north and south, which naturally forms a whole gentle slope inclined to the east; There is an abundant water source around, and sewage is not a problem. The city wall is built along the inner bank of the ridge and the river ditch, which can be described as a deep ditch and high fortress, turning over the Xuanwu Mountain. It can be seen that there is a fairly vast fertile land and flat dam, which makes people believe that this "attached Guo" farming has enough food to supply Tusi City, and even if it is besieged, it can be held for a long time. On the east bank of the Tangya River, the "cliff bank is high", and the city defense must be considered first, but the view also makes people feel that they are both majestic and beautiful, and they are fascinated. In recent years, attention has been paid to protection, and the surrounding forests are gradually lush, and the atmosphere of the former "Wangcheng" is being restored.

Many ethnic groups have the primitive belief of "Chongdong", and the general direction of Tusi City is also to "sit in the west and face east" to occupy the gentle slope, which is the traditional rule of the people's settlement in western Hubei Province, and the Tusi City of Tangya has only enlarged the scale. The gentle slope does not occupy fertile land, which is convenient for spring drainage and is conducive to flood control. Now the Chaoyangguan Reservoir has been built in the lower reaches of the Tangya River, and the backwater overflows, exceeding the boundary of Tusi City, but the water level is far below the urban area. It is conceivable that even if the mountain torrent occurred back then, it did not damage Tangya Tusi City in the slightest.

Tusi City chose the general direction to face east, I am afraid it is not accidental, it is worth further study. Many peoples all over the world have the primitive belief of "Chongdong". China's two Han Dynasty and six dynasties still used "east-fed sitting" as the honorable position, and the recently reported position of Emperor Jingdi Yangling of the Western Han Dynasty sits west to east, which fully confirms this. It is likely that at the beginning of the construction of the city in the Yuan Dynasty, the Tujia people still maintained such old habits, which were inadvertently revealed.

The remains of Tangya Tusi City were originally very rich, but they also shared the same fate as the ecology of other parts of the country, and the slogan of "Agricultural Village" brought a devastating disaster to Tangya: everywhere to open fields and prepare the land, and many relics came to a "ploughing garden". However, the towering Tusi Yamen archway, the vivid stone man and stone horse in front of Zhang Fei Temple, the finely carved and mysterious Tusi Mausoleum and the tomb of Mrs. Tian are still the pride of Tangya. In Hubei, in addition to the "Xuanyue of the Governing World" archway of Wudang Mountain, there is no one that can surpass the "Jingnan Xiongzhen, Chushu Pinghan" square of Tangya. Tusi Mausoleum is more likely to be the only one in the country. The stone slabs of the "Three Streets" are still intact, and the "Eighteen Alleys" are also countable. There are many relics of the city wall to be found, and the walls around Jiajiagou are clearer. The rest of the city was built, and the local elders could point out their location (see the "Schematic Map of the Ruins of Tangya Tusi City" attached to this article). The main buildings all pay attention to feng shui, axis, and scenery, and it is not difficult to accurately locate them. There is no difficulty in making some signs on the original site; This makes it easy for visitors to imagine and think about the ancient times. Even archaeological reconstruction of some parts is not impossible. In recent years, in order to promote Tujia culture and carry out tourism, there is a proposal to revitalize Tangya. Of course, this requires a long-term view, discussion of its feasibility, and detailed planning. Some people advocate that the valuable but difficult to protect Tujia stilted buildings in various places should be moved to Tangya to form a Tujia Folk Village, which is a suggestion worthy of serious consideration.

The Tusi system has a long history, and Tangya Tusi City is a vivid example of the Chinese Tusi system, which not only has a long history, but also is widely distributed, and is a huge "existence". Tangya Tusi is one of the most vivid examples of this huge existence, "according to the summary of the "Qing Historical Manuscript", the two foreign feudal kingdoms and the seven inland provinces were all covered with Tusi. In the summer and April of the twelfth year of Yongzheng, Huguang Rongmei Tusi (the center is in today's Hefeng County), first "changed the soil and returned to the stream". Immediately afterwards, in May, "Shi Nan Xuanfu Division was re-established as a liuguan", Tang Ya belonged to Shi Nan, and the "gas number" of Tang Ya Tusi came to an end. In June, "Huguang Zhonggang and other fifteen Tusi were reorganized into liuguan", and the entire Tusi system in Huguang (Hunan, Hubei) was completely "cleared" (see the above quotation and also "Qing Historical Manuscripts, Ninth and Sejong Chronicles"). The reason why the Qing government first attacked Rong Mei and Shi Nan was because this area was deep in the interior and had long been a problem for the Qing Dynasty's henchmen. All the Tusi have sent troops to serve the "former Ming", and the archway of the Tang Cliff Tusi City is the Ming Court's reward for the Tang Cliff military exploits. After entering the Qing Dynasty, a large number of "unscrupulous people", including the relics of the former Ming Dynasty, took refuge in the field of Tusi, waiting for an opportunity to "make a fool". The remnants of Li Zicheng established a base in this area and fought guerrilla warfare for more than 20 years. On the day of Wu Sangui's rebellion, the forces also reached Huguang Zhutusi; In recent years, the "Tang Ya Chief Official Seal" unearthed was actually issued by Wu Sangui's "Pseudo Zhou". All this could not but make the Qing court uneasy.

(To be continued.) )