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Very good, Ye Yu is very satisfied. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 info "Forget it, the guys up there can't find me, but it's 6." ”

"Report, Ye Yu is here to report!" The instructor glanced at Ye Yu: "Are you going to run 50 laps by yourself, or am I going to run with you?"

Ye Yu said calmly: "Report, I found a thousand-year-old tomb. "Hahaha......" The students all couldn't stand up with a smile, and the instructor glanced at Ye Yu: "You have read too many tomb robbery notes, right, okay, what about the tomb?" Ye Yu replied confidently: "Follow me." ”

Walking to the river, Ye Yu stopped. "Instructor Fang, there it is. Fang Yu followed Ye Yu's fingers, and sure enough, a stone slab was stranded in a place that was not easy to detect. Ye Yu made a gesture: "Please!"

…………

"A thousand-year-old tomb was found in the river of Hangzhou National Defense Park, three bodies were dug up, and identification ...... is now underway"

Xu Lei smiled flatteringly: "Boss, you are famous now!" "If you have something to say, let it go." Ye Yu was a little helpless, it was okay not to report it, but as soon as he reported it, this trouble simply came one after another, and it was endless.

"Boss, have you found the official kiln?" Xu Lei didn't ink, and said it in one mouthful. "Guan Yao?" Ye Yu glanced at Xu Lei a little strangely, "I found Jun Yao!" Xu Lei's legs were weak and he almost fell to his knees: "Mom, boss, are you a person, you can actually find Jun Yao!"

"What, the official kiln is worthless?" Ye Yu looked at him with some amusement. "Ahem," Xu Lei cleared his throat, and his voice gradually became a little proud, "Boss, do you want to hear the information from the official kiln?"

"Don't sell it, say it. Hearing the word "official kiln", Ye Yu finally became interested. Xu Lei pursed his lips and said: "Hehe, you don't know this, the official kiln is the porcelain fired by some kilns for the court during the Gaozong period of the Southern Song Dynasty and Song Dynasty, for the royal to pick up and retreat, and it was commonly known as the "official kiln" at that time. Guanyao, the first Maogongdong (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu). The porcelain of the official kiln of the Southern Song Dynasty follows the style of the Northern Song Dynasty, which is regular and symmetrical, the palace is imposing, elegant and elegant, and meticulous. Because the iron content of the fetal soil is extremely high, the feel is heavy, and the fetal soil is dark black and brown, which is later called "purple iron foot". The glaze is heavy and bright, the glaze is thick like a pile of grease, and warm and moist like jade. The glaze is repeatedly scraped in multiple layers, the glaze sinks without dazzling, the texture layout is regular, and the shape is solemn and generous. In addition, the "flesh rot and bones" (the exposed fetus resembles the bones of a dead man, commonly known as "Gu Dong") was also created at that time. What we call the official kiln today generally refers to the porcelain fired by the government of the previous dynasties, in fact, the history only refers to the porcelain fired in the Song Dynasty, and there is no such name in later generations. ”

Ye Yu waved his hand: "Yes, I know this, let's talk about it." "Okay. Strictly speaking, official kilns are divided into two categories. 1--- imperial kiln porcelain, 2--- official kiln porcelain. Since the two kinds of porcelain are supervised and procured by the "official family", they are collectively called official kiln porcelain for the people. But in terms of management, there is a big difference. Let's take the imperial kiln porcelain as an example.

The so-called imperial kiln porcelain, refers to the porcelain exclusively for the use of the royal family, in the shape, ornamentation have strict etiquette regulations, strict hierarchy, and the "car uniform system" strictly corresponds, misuse or unauthorized use is a felony.

Imperial kiln porcelain is a special porcelain for the royal family under strict grade specifications, and its subdivisions are as follows:

1---. Royal porcelain: For example, the "Zhenghuang porcelain" of Qing Yongzheng is a special color for the royal family, which can only be used by the emperor and the prince.

In terms of patterns, the emperor used a five-clawed golden dragon, and the prince could only use a four-clawed dragon, and was called a python (in the Qing Dynasty, only Prince Gong, who had "one edict and two seals", enjoyed the treatment of giving Zhenghuang and five-clawed golden dragon), all of which have been systematically handed down to this day, and the first "Tongzhi Emperor's wedding porcelain";

2--- Wangfu porcelain: The model is specially burned according to the rules for other royal family members, including the prince. The famous "Le Dao Tang porcelain" in the cultural relics is a model work in the palace porcelain.

3--- Yipin palace porcelain: under the whole world, it is not the king's land, the shore of the land, and the king's ministers. It is used as a reward for the emperor. The early palace porcelain themes were mostly taken from the supplementary elements on the official uniforms, such as the unicorn of Wu Yipin, the crane of Wen Yipin, etc.

It is worth mentioning that the folk kiln porcelain uses dragons to hide their claws in the clouds and water, which can be said to be a mutual compromise between the royal ritual system and folk customs.

"You should know that the "Qing Historical Manuscript" records: the royal kiln firing, under the responsibility of the Yangxin Palace Office, that is, by the Yangxin Palace Office to provide the type, system, pattern, process requirements, many samples are in the capital test firing, this is especially in the Kangxi Dynasty. During royal ceremonies, senior officials (often members of the royal family) are assigned to supervise them. For example, the "Tongzhi Emperor's Grand Wedding Porcelain" was specially supervised by Prince Gong, who was the prime minister and auxiliary king at the time.

Official kiln porcelain, mainly used by the huge bureaucratic monarchy, the type requirements are relatively low, mostly limited to flowers, birds, insects, fish myths and other "etiquette" outside the theme, sometimes the royal will be used as a "fun" toy purchase, but mostly for officials, rich businessmen use. This kind of porcelain is generally procured by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and there is a special pottery supervisor in Jingdezhen, who has been firing for many years.

The official kiln originated from the Tang Dynasty and has two meanings, one refers to the tribute vessel and the other refers to the official factory. From the Tang Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty (AD 8th century ~ 14th century, there are many tribute vessels in the official kilns, and there are few official factories, and the form taken is "official prison and people burning", and the porcelain burned out is "ten out of a thousand, one out of a hundred", and paid tribute to the ruling class. This kind of porcelain is called tribute porcelain and official kiln. At that time, the Tang Dynasty had a secretary in the porcelain-producing area, such as the early Tang Jinglong (AD 707~709) Chu Sui was the secretary of Xinping Jingdezhen, and was edicted to burn the sacrificial vessels. The Song Dynasty set up a supervisor, such as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in 976~983 AD, sent the palace to Zhao Renji to supervise the Yuezhou kiln. In the Yuan Dynasty, a bureau was set up to raise the supervision of Tao, and later changed to the head of the department. The porcelain of the "Jingde Year System" and "Shufu" that they fired were respectively called "Jingde Kiln", "Shufu Kiln" and so on.

The name of the official kiln has different connotations in the history of ancient Chinese ceramics. In a broad sense, it is a porcelain kiln that is different from the private kiln and is exclusively run by the government, and its products are monopolized by the court. In the porcelain of the Song Dynasty, the official kiln is a special name, referring to the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty in the capital Bianjing (Bianliang, now Kaifeng) and Lin'an (now Hangzhou) by the court kiln fired celadon, so there are "old officials" and "new officials" are divided, the former is the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty, the latter is the official kiln of the Southern Song Dynasty. The official kiln was built in Bianliang during the Song Dynasty Daguan and Zhenghe, the celadon glaze is crystal clear, there are cracks or borne-shaped, and the pink and purple iron must be its characteristics.

After the Song Dynasty moved south, an official kiln was set up at the foot of Phoenix Mountain, also known as the official kiln or inner kiln of Xiu Neisi, and the official kiln under the suburban altar was set up under the suburban altar, with more vessel shapes and large products with a diameter of more than one foot.

From 1128 Yuan ancestor Kublai Khan set up the "Fuliang Magnetic Bureau", to the fall of the Qing Dynasty in the 20th century, Jingdezhen is the location of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties of royal porcelain, China's official kiln system continued here for 632 years, Jiangxi Jingdezhen also has the longest firing time, the largest scale, the most exquisite craftsmanship of the official porcelain factory. As a result, there are a large number of ancient broken porcelain buried on the spot due to the prohibition of flowing into the people, and it has become the official kiln site and the "underground porcelain capital" with the most complete category, the most reliable age and the most abundant information in China. The official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty is also called the official kiln of Bianjing. According to legend, during the period of Daguan and Zhenghe in the Northern Song Dynasty, a kiln was set up near Bianjing to burn porcelain for the court, that is, the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty.

The Southern Song Dynasty Gu Wenjian's "Miscellaneous Records" recorded: "Song Xuanzheng (Xuanhe, Zhenghe, i.e., 1111~1125 AD) Jingshi self-kiln firing, called 'official kiln'", Southern Song Dynasty Ye Ning in his "Yuanzhai Biheng" on Beijing official kiln also recorded: "Zhenghe Jingshi self-kiln firing, called 'official kiln'". In the Ming Dynasty, "Things and Pearls" and "Staying Green" were attacked. At that time, the Beijing division was Bianjing and now Kaifeng, Henan, because the Bianjing site of the Song Dynasty had sunk into the ground, and so far, the ruins of the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty have not been excavated. For the Northern Song Dynasty official kiln site lack of archaeological excavation site data and sufficient documentary data support, therefore, to this day, there are still different theories about where the Northern Song Dynasty official kiln site is, there are generally three theories: one says that the Northern Song Dynasty official kiln is Ru kiln, the second is to deny the existence of the Northern Song Dynasty official kiln, and the third is to say that the Northern Song Dynasty official kiln is the Bianjing official kiln, which exists successively with the Xiunei Siguan kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty. There are many people who support the third statement.

There are very few heirlooms of the official kilns of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the shape and craftsmanship have something in common with the Ru kiln. There are many antique utensils, mainly bowls, bottles, washing, etc. The carcass is thick, the fetal bone is dark gray, purple or black, the glaze color is light blue, pink blue, moon white, etc., the enamel is smooth and gentle, especially the glaze is known for the large crack piece, which is different from the porcelain of the Southern Song Dynasty official kiln and Ru kiln and Longquan kiln. There are nail burn marks at the bottom, and there are characteristics of "purple iron feet".

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