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During the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Xiu Nei Si Kiln" and the "Suburban Altar Kiln" were set up successively. Pen Fun Pavilion wWw. ｂiquge。 infoSouthern Song Dynasty official kiln, the tire is black, dark gray, light gray, beige, etc., there are thick and thin, and the tire quality is delicate. The glaze is opaque, more open, and the glaze color is pink green, light green, gray green, moon white, beige, etc. Because the glaze in the mouth of the vessel is thin, slightly exposed purple, and when the glaze is scraped and burned, the foot is exposed and the hematite color is exposed, so it is called "purple iron foot".

In addition to bowls, plates, plates, washers and other daily utensils, there are also imitation Shang Zhou bronzes such as zun, ding, furnace, goose and other furnishing porcelain and sacrificial ritual vessels.

So far, there are still historical relics at the foot of Phoenix Mountain in Hangzhou: the site of the Tiger Cave of the Southern Song Dynasty official kiln, the site of the suburban altar of the Southern Song Dynasty official kiln, etc., which are now national cultural relics protection units, and the Hangzhou Southern Song Dynasty official kiln museum is built on the site of the suburban altar kiln site of the Southern Song Dynasty official kiln.

The Ming Dynasty adopted the form of "government-run and private burning", and began to have official factories to burn tribute-paying porcelain. For example, in Jingdezhen set up the imperial ware factory, also known as the Jingdezhen imperial kiln factory, the special factory official, the funds come from the locality, the staff and the husband, set up more than 50 kilns, and specialize in firing the imperial vessels, that is, the tribute vessels. After the development of the two Song dynasties, porcelain firing has reached a peak in terms of firing technology and types of utensils, and there are different representative varieties in each period, such as Yongle sweet white, Yongxuan blue and white, Chenghua Doucai, Jiawan Wucai and other porcelain leaders.

During the reign of Emperor Yongle, the porcelain production in Jingdezhen flourished, and this period was an important stage of China's porcelain firing, internal and external exchanges, inheriting the Song and Yuan dynasties, and extensively exchanging and learning with foreign countries. In addition to inheriting the exquisite craftsmanship of their predecessors and imitating the typical utensils of the Yuan Dynasty, the skilled craftsmen also boldly innovated and improved, and fired into Yongle sweet white, blue and white, glaze red and other new porcelain with the characteristics of the times, especially multi-color low-temperature glaze color porcelain, which broke the tradition of monotonous colors of porcelain in the past, making it more pleasing to the eye, and laid the foundation for the later Chenghua Doucai, Jiawan Wucai and even Kang Yongqian pastel porcelain firing. On the occasion of Zheng He's voyage to the West and foreign envoys, Yongle porcelain was able to exchange with the rest of the world (export porcelain and porcelain for vassal countries) and learn the art of imported pigments from foreign countries (such as Su Ma Li Qing, which was used in Yongle blue and white). A number of Islamic porcelain with strong regional colors also appeared in Yongle porcelain, which is not only the inheritance of the previous dynasty, but also the proof of learning from foreign countries in the new era.

The Qing Dynasty was a period of great achievement in the history of Chinese porcelain, and its porcelain-making level reached an unprecedented peak. Influenced by the hierarchical feudal ruling system and the historical tradition of porcelain-making, the official kiln porcelain and the folk kiln porcelain of the Qing Dynasty also have certain conventions in the inscription, and at the same time, they have newly created the inscription process of gold color, ink color, enamel color, etc., and various hall names, flower charges, and auspicious language are also more diverse.

There were ten emperors in the Qing Dynasty, and all of them had imperial porcelain handed down.

The Shunzhi official kiln is mainly written with two lines of six-character regular script blue and white sections of "Shunzhi Year System of the Great Qing Dynasty", and there are also four-character paragraphs written "Shunzhi Year System". The words are powerful with the pen, the pen is strong, the pen is seen to see the peak, the pen is stopped, the stroke is more pull-down, and the hook is ticked, but the overall layout is not very regular. The folk kiln is more diverse, there are the famous models of the seal book, such as "Yutang Jiaqi", "Jishantang", "Zisangxuan", etc., there are all kinds of flower deposits, pseudo-trusts. The sacrificial vessels are mostly used in the Ganzhi year.

The Kangxi Dynasty lasted 61 years and had a lot of knowledge. Most of its official kiln paragraphs are "Kangxi Year System of the Great Qing Dynasty" six-character two-line or three-line blue and white regular script, and there are a small number of seal scripts in the late period. In the early stage, it was common to see the cadres and branches, such as "Kangxi Xinhai Zhonghetang System" and so on. There is a pair of Kangxi blue and white cups in the database of this website, which is signed as "Daqing Ding Wei Year System", which is the porcelain of the sixth year of Kangxi. The enamel color ware is written on the "Kangxi Imperial System" four-character regular script material paragraph. Its font is wide in the early stage, the strokes are thick and straight, and the abruptness is obvious. The font in the later period is delicate, and there are subtle differences in the specific writing, such as: the four points of the Xi character are mostly straight points or straight points, and less reverse points. The first two horizontals of the three horizontal characters of the year are shorter, the third horizontal is longer, and they are tightly leaning up, and one vertical is longer. The style is decorated with single circles, double circles, double square frames, etc.

Kangxi Minyao is more diverse, there are pictures and records, such as autumn leaves, horns, Jue, Fang Sheng, miscellaneous treasures, as well as allegorical patterns, such as a pen, silver ingots, Ruyi combination for the must (pen), Ding (ingot), Ruyi, etc. Private items such as "Xinglin Spring Banquet", "Beiqing Hall", "Yiyou Hall", "Ruoshen Collection" and so on. There are light painting double circles, and there are double circles that do not write. There are also idle chapters such as "article mountain buckets". Imitation of the previous dynasty's sustenance, to imitate Jiajing in the majority.

The Yongzheng official kiln is mainly the "Yongzheng Year of the Great Qing Dynasty" six-character two-line regular script blue and white double circle model, and there are also two-sided frame models, followed by the three-line six-character seal book that is mostly used on monochrome glazed porcelain. From the font analysis, Yongzheng style is inscribed by a special person, so the font on all kinds of porcelain is roughly the same. In the early period, the regular script was a three-line double-circle, and in the later period, it was a double-line, double-circled or double-framed. "Yongzheng year" four-character seal book carving is mainly used in imitation of the even, the furnace and the end of the tea and other utensils. "Yongzheng year" or "Yongzheng imperial system" four-character regular script stacking is only used for enamel porcelain.

Most of the Yongzheng fine road folk kilns fall into a variety of famous styles, such as "Zhengyi Book House", "Baiyi Mountain House", "Laning Hall", "Wangyin Pavilion", etc., and the general folk kiln ware is complex and diverse, such as Ganoderma lucidum, incense burner, group flowers, squares, dried tofu, four flowers, etc.

The porcelain output of the Qianlong Dynasty was huge, and the most used in the official kiln was the three-line six-character seal book of the "Qianlong Year of the Qing Dynasty". The words are generally written in blue and white, but there are also smeared red writings, and special utensils such as white porcelain, tea powder, coral red are often engraved with six characters and three lines of "Qianlong Year System of the Qing Dynasty".

The form of the Qianlong folk kiln is also very rich, and the name of the hall and the flower deposit are roughly the same as those of the Zhengchao, so there is a certain degree of difficulty in identification. The Qianlong Dynasty appeared for the first time in the grass note.

The Qianlong Dynasty has the most fonts, the most writing arrangements, and the fonts of the official and private kilns are easy to confuse. Generally speaking, the official models are more refined, beautiful, fine and moist than the civilian models, while most of the folk kiln models are rougher and sloppy, and there are also imitation Xuande and Chenghua models.

Jiaqing official kilns generally use the "Qing Jiaqing Year System" three-line six-character seal book, mainly blue and white, no fence. There are also a small number of regular scripts. Pastels are often smeared in red. Individual utensils are engraved with paragraphs.

There are six-character seal characters in the folk kiln, and there are also four-character paragraphs of "Jiaqing year", most of them are very sloppy, some only write half of the words, and also save the strokes, which is called the grass note, so it is very difficult to recognize. The name of the hall is more common than "Xingyouhengtang", "Jiayintang system", "Zhibentang" and so on. , new bats, peaches and other types of recognition.

As for how to distinguish the official kiln, there are 5 aspects that can be started.

(1) There are two kinds of products: thin glaze and thin glaze celadon, which are loose and purple-gray.

(2) Thin-tired thin-glazed celadon is fired with nails, and the whole body is full of glaze, and there are 3 to 4 or more nail marks on the outsole.

(3) The thin tire and thin glaze celadon are fired by cushion cake pad, the glaze is opaque, the glaze color is mainly pink and blue, there are also light yellow and blue-gray, the decoration is rare, and there is the phenomenon of purple iron feet.

(4) There are bowls, plates, washers and various bottles, furnaces, etc., and antique copper and jade shapes are more common. [2] As for the five famous kilns, the Song porcelain kiln field first recommended the five famous kilns, namely Ru, Guan, Jun, Ge, and Ding.

Ru kiln is an official kiln established in the late Northern Song Dynasty during the reign of Song Huizong, less than 20 years before and after. The kiln site is in Shenyuan Town, Ruzhou, Henan Province (one says that it is in Baofeng Qingliang Temple, Henan Province), so it is named. Ru kiln is mainly celadon, the glaze color has pink green, bean green, egg green, shrimp green, etc., Ru kiln porcelain carcass is thinner, the glaze layer is thicker, there is a jade-like texture, and the glaze has a very fine opening piece. Ru kiln porcelain adopts the nail firing method, and the bottom of the porcelain leaves small nail traces. The shape of the vessel mostly imitates the style of ancient bronzes, mainly washing, furnace, respect, plate, etc. There are less than 100 pieces of Ru kiln hand-me-down, so they are very precious.

The official kiln was built in Bianliang, Beijing during the reign of Emperor Zongzheng of Song Hui, and the kiln site has not been found so far. The official kiln mainly fired celadon, and during the Daguan period, the glaze color was the most popular in three colors: moonlight, pink blue, and big green. The official porcelain carcass is thicker, the azure glaze is slightly pink, and the glaze is large and patterned. This is due to the effect of the different expansion coefficients of the tire and glaze after heating. The porcelain foot is unglazed, and after firing, it is iron black, the mouth glaze is thin, and the fetal bone is slightly visible, which is commonly referred to as "purple iron foot". This is a typical feature of the official kiln porcelain of the Northern Song Dynasty. The porcelain of the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty has been handed down very little, and it is very rare and precious.

Dingyao is one of the "five famous kilns" in the Song Dynasty and is a private kiln. It was founded in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Northern Song Dynasty, and finally in the Yuan Dynasty, with a burning time of nearly 700 years. The kiln site is distributed in Cijian, Yanchuan and Lingshan villages and towns in Quyang County, Hebei Province, where the Tang Dynasty belonged to Dingzhou, so it is called Dingyao. The kiln is mainly burned white porcelain, the porcelain is delicate, thin and bright, and the glaze is as smooth as jade. Black glaze and sauce glaze are called "black ding" and "purple ding", which are also unique, exquisite in production and elegant in shape. There are various patterns, such as scratches carved with a knife, embroidered with needles, "bamboo silk whiskering", "tear stains" and so on. In the unearthed porcelain pieces of Dingyao, it was found that the words "official" and "Shangshi Bureau" were engraved, which shows that some of the products of Dingyao were fired for the government and the court.

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