The book is a compilation of Aristotle's treatises on logic. Logic, like language, doesn't feel how important it usually is, but only feels essential when the mind is in a mess. Logic is the framework of sorting out thoughts and knowledge, without it, theory and science can not be produced, Zeng Heling and others are after all a first-class talent in the Ming Dynasty, the vision is still there, the benefits of logic are practical He does not say much, with their talent can be experienced, this is the benefit of the Ming Doctor, for learning, always hold the attitude of seeking up and down, and Yang Zheng also has to thank this attitude, it is this attitude that allows him to sneak into the night with the wind, moisturizing things silently, the logic infiltrated into this atmosphere, He believed that the atmosphere he had injected today would soon set off a storm, and what he had to do now was to take advantage of this turmoil and try his best to sort out his books and let the turmoil become a storm, and then his goal would be achieved.

Fortunately, three years ago, when he also came to this era, in addition to a different set of clothes, he also brought a few books of that era, such as "Jin Pingmei", "Journey to the West" and the like, the strangest thing is that there are a few "categories", "explanations", "pre-analysis", "post-analysis", "thesis", "arguments", "arguments" of logic and numbers, as well as, "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", "Optics" and Tang Shunzhi, Qi Jiguang and other military books, I didn't care at the time, but now I think about it, It's a shame that I brought it that day, otherwise I really don't know how to deal with this group of studious prides.

The turmoil of this day was really as Yang Zheng expected, his logic was first studied by people everywhere in the Hanlin Academy, and then in just one day's effort, it was transmitted to the temple, and those officials recited it on weekdays is Zhu Cheng's science to grow up, so as to be an official, Zhu Xi's science can be said to be regarded as a classic, where to tolerate others to say irresponsible things, immediately began to impeach, this theory is Taiji, is the whole of the principle of heaven and earth, that is, the principle of the total ten thousand principles.

"Tai Chi is just a rational word". Tai Chi includes the principle of all things, and all things can be reflected in the whole Tai Chi separately. This means that everyone has a Taiji, and everything has a Taiji. Every person and thing takes the abstract principle as the basis for its existence, and every person and thing has a complete principle, that is, "the oneness of reason".

Qi is the second category in Zhu Xi's philosophical system after Li. It is metaphysical, sentient, formal, and traced; It has the characteristics of cohesion, artificiality and so on. It is the material from which all things are cast. Everything in the world is the product of the unity of reason and material. Zhu Xi believes that the relationship between reason and qi has a primary and a secondary. Reason is angry and resides in qi, reason is the main, first, is the first nature, qi is the object, is the genus, is the second nature, the reason is here, there is no need for any logic to let the world understand this true reason, and in enlightenment is used, inference is the ladder. The purpose of reading is like a mystery, and the taste of its reason is true, and it is the original of the reason for the exhaustion! thinks that Yang Zheng's logic is a demagogic language, and Yang Zheng should not be allowed to serve as the head of the Hanlin Academy.

The other is that the reason is that living things are based on qi, and from qi they develop a biological movement that is divided into two and is constantly moving, that is, one qi is divided into two qi, moving is yang, static is yin, and it is divided into five qi (metal, wood, water, fire, and earth), which are scattered into all things. Dividing into two is an important form of movement in the process of differentiation from qi into matter, so Zhu Zi believes that by the unity of opposites, things are infinitely changing. He explores the causes of things, seeing motion and stillness as an infinitely continuous process. The infinity of time and space illustrates the infinity of movement and stillness, and movement and stillness are inseparable. This expresses the dialectical viewpoint of Zhu Xi's thought, where movement and stillness are not only treated and exclusive, but also unified with each other, so there is no need for any logic to debate at all! “

Finally, many old scholars also believe that the "nature of heaven and earth" or "the nature of the mandate of heaven" refers exclusively to reason, which is the supreme perfection and perfection; "The nature of temperament" is in terms of reason and miscellaneous, there are good and bad, the two are unified in people, and one is missing. Related to the "nature of destiny" and "the nature of temperament", there is also the theory of "Tao heart, human heart". Zhu Xi believes that the "Dao Heart" is based on the principles of heaven or the righteousness of life, and it is originally endowed with the heart of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom, and it is good to be compassionate, shameful, right and wrong, and resignation. "Human heart" is selfish and refers to hunger, thirst and drink. If so, even a saint cannot be without heart. However, the saint does not focus on the human heart, but on the heart of the Tao.

He believes that the relationship between the "Dao Heart" and the "Human Heart" is both contradictory and connected, and that the "Dao Heart" needs to be settled through the "Human Heart", and that the "Dao Heart" and the "Human Heart" also have a master-slave relationship, and the "Human Heart" must obey the "Dao Heart". Zhu Xi started from the theory of heart and nature, and discussed the problem of heavenly reason and human desire. He thought that the human heart had selfish desires, so it was in danger; The heart of the Tao is the principle of heaven, so it is subtle, and the principle of heaven is in the reason, and there is no need to rely on the objective truth of kilometers, reasoning rules and theorems, so Yang Zheng's logic is not learned! “

In the midst of the condemnation, Yang Pu of the three Yangs couldn't look at it, and stood up and said loudly: "The imperial examination has been a long time, and the famous Confucian and Jugong have all come out of this." Those who are now scholars are not exempt from this. However, the gains and losses of the field house, regardless of its skills and the likes and dislikes of the division, are not so distinguishable as gentlemen and villains. And in this world, so that they are submerged in this place and cannot extricate themselves, then those who are engaged all day long, although they are called the book of the sages, but the place where they want to be, there are those who go against the sages. If you push it up, then only the official seniority is humble and the thick and thin is the plan, how can you devote yourself to the affairs of the country and the people, so as not to be disappointed by the envoy? In the meantime, more experience, the familiarity of the lectures, is it not a word? Gu is not afraid of the ...... of the prosthetic ear? This passage is to say that for many years, the imperial examination system has been inherited, so that no scholar is exempt from it. However, the criterion for selecting a scholar in the imperial examination is to see how good his skills are and whether he has the right thing to do. In this way, it only leads people to the pursuit of skill and the atmosphere of mercenary. In this way, how can we not make people "profitable" and how can we not run counter to the teachings of the sages?

Therefore, in order to overcome these obstacles, it is necessary to put forward a "will." Determination is not to take the gains and losses of the field as the goal, but to determine the standard of life with the "distinction of righteousness and benefit"; This is the idea of fame and fortune, not favoritism, taking the sage as the ambition, and taking peace and order. He thought that only by asking questions with this attitude could he "learn properly". Otherwise, "more experience" and "familiarity with training" can only be counterproductive.

Therefore, he said: "It is inevitable to engage in a field house for the sake of resignation." Gou Zhi Dao, is it safe to harm? "If you are knowledgeable, you can see the reason, get the situation, and know where to go." Retreat without indulging in the vulgar and have self-reliance, and progress without what you have learned and self-achievement, so that the disadvantages of a thousand years will be reversed from its positive ....... As long as those who are "scholars" decide to "go" based on the distinction of righteousness and benefit, they can make the "disadvantages of a thousand years" of the imperial examination "go against the right".

Although it is said that he supported himself from the Southern Song Dynasty, firstly, Yang Pu's high-ranking and powerful status, and secondly, Yang Pu's character has always been respected by the people of the time, and he supports Yang Zheng's logic so much, which is enough to show that this logic still has some benefits, and the opposition is much smaller for a while, and thirdly, this passage is said by Lu Jiuyuan, a master of science in the Southern Song Dynasty, this person and Zhu Xi are at the same time, both of them are physicists. Lu Xue is directly from Mencius's "Xinxue" of "all things are prepared for me", and believes that "the human heart is the soul, and this principle is clear; Everyone has a heart, and every heart has reason"; "The universe is my heart, and my heart is the universe"; "The internal affairs of the universe are internal affairs of oneself, and the internal affairs of oneself are internal affairs of the universe." He believes that people's hearts and principles are innate and eternal, and that benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and faith are also inherent in human nature, not external.

The purpose of learning is to exhaust this reason and do its best. People are inevitably deceived by material desires, and when they are blinded, their minds will not be spiritual, and their reasons will not be clear. Cultivation lies in seeking the inner self and cultivating the heart. The specific method is to observe oneself, seek their own reassurance, and distinguish between righteousness and benefit. He calls this method "simple kung fu", "the one who stands on its own", "knows the original", and "knows the original heart". As for reading, he attaches the most importance to the "University", "The Mean", "The Analects" and "Mencius", and asks for satirical self-satisfaction in relation to daily things, and opposes the study of Xi Annotations and Chapters and Sentences, and the texts of the field house, in order to seek profit. He and Zhu Xi often argued with each other. The first was in the second year of Chunxi's "Goose Lake Meeting" (the former site of the Goose Lake Academy, in present-day Leadshan County, Jiangxi), Zhu Xi advocated that the exhibition should be exhaled first and then returned to the covenant, with Lu Jiuyuan's teachings being too simple, and Lu Jiuyuan advocating that the original intention of the inventor should be first made and then made to be expositional, with Zhu Xi's teachings as fragments. The second time was in the eighth year of Chunxi, Zhu invited Lu Deng to the lecture hall of Bailudong Academy, and said that "the gentleman is in righteousness, and the villain is in profit".

In his later years, Zhu Xi persuaded scholars to take advantage of the strengths of the two families, and paid tribute to Lu. Someone once persuaded Lu Jiuyuan to write a book, he said: "The Six Classics note me, I note the Six Classics", and said, "Learn Gou Zhiben, the Six Classics are all my footnotes, although this move is not a burden, but from the Southern Song Dynasty, from time to time some people questioned Zhu Xi's doctrine, and Zhu Xi's descendants, the disciples also failed to refute, so Zhu Xi's doctrine was left to the world is very problematic, Yang Pu quoted Lu Jiuyuan's words at this time, the intention could not be more obvious, although Zhu Xi's science is a must read in the imperial examination, but it may not be completely correct, Lu Jiuyuan has long questioned it, he questioned it, why Yang Zheng questioned that this was one of them.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Fourth, it's even more coded, what are you waiting for, send your monthly pass, subscribe!