Everyone has always known that the master of the academy lectures are funny, good at using interesting things Bojun smiled, after the lack of laughter, leaving people endless thinking, this is quite a bit of Zhuangzi's style, so for the lecture of the master of the academy, everyone is seven points of joy, three points of sorrow, the joy is that the lecture is not a serious book, nor the words of the saints, it sounds funny, but also can learn the real skills, the knowledge has risen greatly, the worry is that the knowledge of the master is too incredible, often people can not keep up with the rhythm, over time, for these heavenly pride, It was undoubtedly a fatal blow, but in his bones he was very curious about these unheard of interesting things, so after hearing Yang Zheng's words, everyone first nodded, then shook their heads, and finally nodded in response.

Yang Zheng didn't know the little bit of fancy intestines of these Jishi, he was eager to integrate his own knowledge into it, so as to give Da Ming Chuangzào an excellent scientific foundation, so when he saw everyone nodding, he couldn't wait to speak.

"It is said that in ancient times there was a tyrannical king who once caught a man who opposed him and had to put him to death. Although the king wanted to put his opponents to death, he pretended to be merciful: "Let God decide the fate of this poor man, and I will allow him to say a word before his execution, and if he tells the truth, he will be beheaded by the sword; If he tells a lie, then he will be hanged; Only when his words silence me is God's will for me to forgive him. ”

This kind of beginning is not very attractive, but everyone has long been accustomed to the lectures of the master of the academy, and the more bland the beginning, the more thought-provoking the effect in the end, so everyone listened to this painless words, but it was not as comfortable as the previous green pine.

The field became very peaceful, but Yang Zheng's voice continued: "Behind the king's high-sounding words, there is his wishful thinking; Although it is you who say it, it is up to me to determine whether it is true or false, so it is not up to me to say whether to be slashed or hanged. Think about it, what should the opponent say to save his life? Maybe you can come up with it, but if you can't, I sue you, and the opponents say, "I'm going to be hanged." Speaking of this, Yang Zheng glanced at everyone and said, "Guess what, did this king kill the philosopher?" “

Everyone looked at each other and sighed to each other: "Sure enough, it's here!" “

Everyone bowed their heads and whispered for a while, this is said to be killed, because the king is simply going to kill philosophers, saying so much is just a pretense, and there is no way to be true or false.

Another said loudly: "I think this philosopher is too smart, can he have a good end, the cunning rabbit dies, the lackeys cook, the birds are exhausted, the good bow is hidden, the enemy country is ruined, the ministers are ......, and eighty percent of them are killed by the king!" “

This statement immediately caused everyone to applaud, Yang Zheng was not annoyed, looking at everyone with a smile, at this moment he felt that these people were so cute, they were not contaminated with the habits of officialdom, and they saw the problem much more purely, and he was also glad that he chose this time to make some changes to Daming.

"There is no way, we might as well use the knowledge of logical reasoning to analyze this sentence." Yang Zheng said with a smile.

"Analysis is analysis, I still don't believe it, what kind of logic can analyze flowers?" Yang Ding said loudly.

"Isn't it!" Zhang Ben, who was beside him, immediately echoed.

Yang Zheng smiled and did not scold, and said: "If the king judges that this sentence is true, then according to the king's regulations, the opponent should be beheaded." However, the objection is that he "will be hanged", so it is clear that it cannot be counted as the truth. If the king is found to be a lie, then according to the rules for telling lies, the opponent will be hanged, but the opponent is precisely saying that he "will be hanged", which shows that his words are true. Therefore, the words of the opponents cannot be characterized as false. Since the king could not justify himself, in order to save his own face, he had to let go of the opponents. What do you think? ”

Everyone listened to this tongue twister and felt incredible, but after thinking about it carefully, they had to admit that what Yang Zheng said was very reasonable.

Yang Ding said: "My lord, is this tongue twister-like thing logic?" ”

Yang Zheng nodded and said: "Yes, this is logic, you see, this problem seems to be very difficult, but as long as you master such knowledge, under the rational understanding, and then deduce, the result is not difficult to come out, this world, we are not enough to rely on perceptual understanding, in order to grasp the essence of things, the whole and the internal connection, perceptual understanding must rise to rational understanding." ”

When everyone heard this kind of remarks for the first time, they only felt new, and began to bow their heads and ponder, and many people even whispered to each other.

Among the crowd, Zeng Heling was the best learner, and he was the first to react, and hugged his fist at Yang Zheng and said: "When things happen, people know their habits and preferences." "Those who know things in the realm, if they can learn what they say, they will be known. Grid, come also. What is already known can lie in the coming thing; If you know the depth of good, you will come to good things, and if you know the depth of evil, you will come to evil things. Words of good deeds come as people do good, and evil things come as people do evil. Words of good and evil come to the good of others. Those who know the character of things later, and then know the good and evil of things when they come. When good things come, we know that they are good, and if evil things come, we know that they are evil. If you know what you can do, you will do good and not evil. The logic of adults is based on the knowledge of things, right? ”

As soon as these words came out, everyone was stunned, and said in their hearts: "Why didn't I think of it, exhaustively studying the truth of things, so that I know the truth of heaven in my heart." "Ge is still poor, things are still reasonable, and it is just poor and reasonable. Exhausting reason is enough to achieve it, and if it is not poor, it cannot be achieved. "Everything in front of us is nothing but a thing, and everything is reasonable. For example, the reason why the fire is hot and the reason why the water is cold, as for the monarch and the minister, father and son, it is all reasonable. "Grid, to also, is said to be poor to physics." Asked: "Is it a foreign object?" Is it sexually divided? He said: "No matter what, everything in front of you is nothing more than a thing." Everything is reasonable, just as the fire is hot and the water is cold. As for the relationship between the monarch and the minister, father and son, it is all reasonable. "Ge is still poor, and things are still reasonable, and it is just said that the poor are reasonable." "Things, too. Everything is reasonable, and everything is reasonable. Isn't that philosopher "the knowledge of things" to distinguish the severity, order, cause and effect, good and evil, and other aspects of things, so as to guide one's words and deeds in thinking, so as to arrive at correct judgments! “

Yang Zheng has to admire Zeng Heling's talent, logic and Chinese Gewu Zhizhi are quite similar, which also contains the spirit of "seeking truth from facts", but its connotation is far richer than "seeking truth from facts". This set of roads was originally extremely correct, but after being sorted out by Zhu Xi in the Song Dynasty, it gradually changed its taste.

Although Zhu Xi is a great Confucian in the history of Confucianism, the reason why his view of "learning from things" became mainstream in later generations was not because he was generally endorsed by later generations of Confucian scholars. In fact, Zhu Xi's doctrine was still denounced as "pseudo-learning" in the Southern Song Dynasty due to the imperial court strife, and many Confucian scholars in later generations also criticized Zhu Xi's doctrine of "learning from things". However, because Zhu Xi's "Annotations on the Four Books" was officially adopted as the examination criterion for the imperial examination in the middle of the Yuan Dynasty.

Since the Ming Dynasty began to respect Zhu Xi's doctrine as the only official ideological authority on the "Four Books", Zhu Xi's doctrine has become the official dogmatic view of the Ming and Qing dynasties in the imperial examination for more than 500 years. Therefore, Zhu Xi's views on "learning from things" have become a popular view in later societies under the authority of official dogma for hundreds of years. Therefore, in the Western-style school at the end of the Qing Dynasty, physics, chemistry and other disciplines were called "Gezhi", that is, the abbreviation of "Gewu Zhizhi". This is undoubtedly ridiculously wrong, and stems from the wrong understanding of "Gewu", so that many people blindly pursue the so-called freedom of the West and are unwilling to accept constraints. It also made it difficult for China to develop in science after the Song and Yuan dynasties, and I have to say that Zhu Xi's science played a lot of bad roles.

This is also one of the fundamental purposes of Yang Zheng's dedication to the transmission of logic, through guò logic, so as to master rational understanding, to achieve a qualitative leap, so that people can extract the materials obtained from perceptual cognition, remove the false and retain the true, from this and the other, from the surface and the inside of the analysis, comparison, processing and production, to form concepts, and from the concept to form judgment, from judgment to reason, so as to obtain the understanding of the essence, the whole and the internal connection of things, and its reflection formation is concept, judgment and reasoning. Thinking is, first and foremost, a function unique to the human brain.

Secondly, thinking is a reflection of the rational cognitive stage on the cognitive stage. For example, a person's appearance, body shape, and clothing are sensual perceptions. Its characteristics, character, and abilities are rational understanding. This is also the origin of any scientific research. Because in Yang Zheng's view, whether it is astronomy and geography, natural science, or social science, it is not based on the cognition of predecessors, and new knowledge is obtained on the basis of the existing one.

After the emergence of Aristotle's logic in Europe, European science, literature and art, astronomy and natural sciences have broken out one after another, which is not entirely due to Aristotle, but at least his logic is indispensable, complete logic is to be able to summarize any science into a comprehensive proposition, they debate, fight, so as to find the truth, in the process of searching, they find a truth, thus breaking the original cognitive ability, promoting the progress of new learning, birth, so For example, the era of a hundred schools of thought in the Warring States period gradually emerged, and Chinese philosophy lacked this rigorous knowledge, coupled with the influence of the Western Han Dynasty's exclusive respect for Confucianism and the deposition of a hundred schools, it can be said that for thousands of years, the phenomenon of a hundred schools of thought contending has remained in the Warring States period forever, even if it is revived, it also lacks a foundation.

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