In ancient times, the chief of the Jiuli tribe, the god of martial arts in Chinese mythology. Originally a subordinate of Emperor Yan, after Emperor Yan was defeated by the Yellow Emperor, he led eighty-one brothers to raise troops to fight with the Yellow Emperor and fought a fierce battle in Zhuolu. Legend has it that it has eight legs, three heads and six arms, copper head and iron forehead, and is invulnerable. He is good at using knives, axes, and ge, and is extremely brave. The Yellow Emperor is invincible, so please ask the gods to help him break it. The sky was dark, and the blood flowed like a river. Killed by the Yellow Emperor, the emperor beheaded his head and buried it, and the head turned into a blood maple forest. Later the Yellow Emperor was revered as the "master of soldiers", that is, the god of war. His image of bravery is still feared, and the Yellow Emperor painted his image on the military flag to encourage his army to fight bravely, and the princes saw that they surrendered without a fight. Legend has a bold temperament, uprightness, courage to fight, full of the masculine beauty of generals and emperors, not for a generation of heroes. Later, in order to praise the Yellow Emperor, people scandalized him and treated him as a demon and an evil god. The Image of the Three Ancestors and Miao Nationality in China: "Beginner's Notes" Volume 9 Quotes "Returning to Tibet? Qi Zheng "cloud: from the amniotic fluid, eight humerus and eight toes are sparse, climb Jiu Nao to cut down the empty mulberry, and the Yellow Emperor killed it in Qingqiu. Later, the "Dragon Fish River Map" ("Taiping Yulan" volume 78 citation) clouds: "Eighty-one brothers, and beast body and human language, copper head and iron forehead, eating sand and stones", "Shu Wei Ji" cloud: "iron eating stone", "human body ox hooves, four eyes and six hands, ears and temples like a sword halberd, head with horns". And the clouds: "Eighty brothers" ("Dragonfish River Map") or seventy-two people ("Narrative of Differences") are like a giant tribe in the world. And "The Emperor's Tour? The Tomb of the Tomb "Fuyun: "The tomb, in the city of Kan Township, Dongpingshou County, is seven zhang high, and the people often worship it in October. There is red air like a silk silk, and the people's name is the flag. Shoulder and spleen mound, reunited in Juye County, Shanyang, size and Kan mound, etc. It is rumored that the Yellow Emperor fought in the field of Zhuolu, and the Yellow Emperor killed him, and his body was different, so he was not buried; It is also rumored that the Yellow Emperor killed a part of the family, and sacrificed himself to change clothes in a desperate situation where he was seriously injured and fell into a desperate situation, and committed suicide for the Lord. Chase the soldiers, distinguish the clothes. After his death, he was buried in Zhuolu Alum Mountain"; "Feng Zen Book" records the worship of the eight gods, "three said soldiers, worship". He finally went down in history as the god of war.

[edit this paragraph] is the name of the farming tribe see the official history, contained in the "Historical Records: Five Emperors Benji" Yellow Emperor Ji. It is famous for its experience of losing the battle with the Yellow Emperor.

Historians of the past dynasties have made annotations to it. Pei Qian wrote "Historical Records Collection Explanation" quoted Shao as saying: ", Ancient Son of Heaven"; He also conveyed the quotation of "Hanshu Yinyi" and Chen Zhan's quotation of "Confucius Three Dynasties": "The greedy of the common people". Two different versions are cited.

After the God of War, Sima Zhen wrote "Historical Records Suoyin", questioning the two theories of "Son of Heaven" and "Shuren". First quote Taishi Gong's original text "The princes invade each other, the most violent", analyze its meaning, not for the Son of Heaven, and quote the "Guanzi Di Shu" said "by the gold of Lushan and make five soldiers", indicating that it is not a common man. And then put forward the theory of "covering the princes".

However, Zhang Shoujie wrote "Historical Records of Justice", quoting the cloud of "Arowana Map": "The Yellow Emperor is the regent, there are eighty-one brothers, and the beast body and human language, copper head and iron forehead, eating sand and stones, making soldiers and swords and halberds and crossbows, invigorating the world, killing no way, and not merciful. All the people want to make the Yellow Emperor do the things of the Son of Heaven. The Yellow Emperor could not prohibit it with benevolence and righteousness, but looked up to the sky and sighed. Heaven sent Xuannu to grant the Yellow Emperor soldiers the letter rune to subdue it. Emperor Yin made the main army to control the eight directions. After that, the world was disturbed. The Yellow Emperor then painted the image to power the world. The prestige of the world is immortal, and all the nations of the eight directions are subdued."

Quoting this folklore mixed with myths obviously negates the "princes", "sons of heaven" and "people". Because, just a posthumous image is enough to make "all the eight countries are subdued", and its majesty is far from being comparable to ordinary princes, nor is it beyond the reach of ordinary people. However, there is also a saying that Heaven sent the Xuannu to help the Yellow Emperor instead of helping, which shows that it has no relationship with the "Son of Heaven".

The reason why scholars put the concepts of "Son of Heaven", "Shuren" and "Princes" on their bodies is obviously limited to the cognitive framework of the feudal social structure model of the Zhou and Qin dynasties, so they cannot correctly interpret the identity at the end of the primitive society and the social and historical connotation of this concept.

In the era, according to the records of the "Historical Records of the Five Emperors", it was at the time of the "decline of the Shennong clan".

The Shennong clan is a clan in the history of the Chinese nation. "Yi Zhi Ci" notes: "Shennong's work, chopping wood for plowing, kneading wood for plowing." The benefits of the old man are to teach the world". Since then, in the land of China, many ethnic groups who have taken hunting and gathering as their main means of livelihood have successively turned to agriculture as their main mode of production. As recorded in "White Tiger Tongyi": "The ancient people all ate the flesh of birds and beasts. As for Shennong, there are many people and there are not enough birds and beasts, so Shennong divides the benefits of the land because of the sky, makes the plows, and teaches the people to farm. God and turn it into a god, so that the people are suitable, so it is called Shennong's". This is a reminiscence of the history of the carnivorous people who turned to farming. Another example is the "Huainanzi Cultivation Training": "The ancients drank grass, picked grass and trees, and ate the meat of snails, and were often harmed by diseases and poisons. So Shennong began to teach the people to sow grains." This is also a memory of the history of the people who collected and stored fruits and the meat of snails and mussels turned to agriculture and production.

The invention of Leiyun was a great leap forward in the productive forces of China's primitive society, which laid the foundation of China's primitive agriculture and led to the emergence of a new historical era, namely the "age of Shennong". Shennong's great achievements are revered as the "Agricultural Emperor", also known as the "Earth Emperor". "The Great Biography of Shangshu, Volume 4" says: "Shennong is the emperor of agriculture." …… Shennong is based on the discipline of the land, and the land is sparse in the valley, so the emperor of Tuonong is in the ground". It refers to the essence of its merits in exerting the power of the earth, also known as the "emperor of the earth".

In ancient Chinese legends, the meaning of "Huang" has two layers: one is the person who has made a major invention and is a great virtue and beauty by the world, "Huang, Jun, Mei, Daye"[1], such as the Suiren clan invented a drill wood flint to make fire and was respected as "Suihuang"[2]; The Fuxi clan made knotted ropes and made nets, which were used to catch animals and fish, and to formulate marriage and marriage rituals, so that the reproduction of human beings themselves entered a healthy and orderly track, so they were revered as "Xi Huang" [3]. The second refers to the early primitive society where there was no public power, "the moral yuan is like the emperor, so it is called the emperor"[4], "annoying a husband and a woman to work the world, not the emperor." If you don't disturb the woman, you will be the emperor"[5]. The scene is as described in "Zhuangzi Thief": "In the world of Shennong, lying down is to live, starting from Yu, the people know their mother, but they do not know their father, coexist with elk, plough and eat, weave and clothe, and have no intention of harming each other."

In the late Shennong clan, as farming gradually became the main mode of production, the primitive groups that wandered and foraged for food gradually settled, gradually formed a clan society, and developed into a tribal organization, and the leader of the tribal alliance with more influence than his own tribe appeared, which was the "emperor". "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" explains: "Emperor, Di Ye, the number of the king of the world." "Truth" refers to "judging the truth", that is, the measures are meticulous and thorough, and conform to objective laws. The White Tiger Tongyi says, "Those who are virtuous and heavenly are called emperors"[6]. "The trumpet of the king" refers to the appeal beyond the confines of the tribe. The appearance of the title of "emperor" marked the transformation of primitive society from the early stage of nomadic group and clan society to the stage of late tribal society. At this time, the Shennong clan also began to be called the "Emperor of Yan".

The "Yandi" of "Yandi" has two meanings: one is fire, burning. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" explains: "Flame, fire." "Jade Chapter" explains: "Heat, heat, burning". This is related to the fact that primitive agriculture is inseparable from "fire farming". The so-called "fire farming" refers to a reclamation method that first cuts down the weeds and shrubs on the burned wasteland, and then cultivates and sows on demand. The second is the god of the guide. "Hanshu Volume 74": "Emperor Yan, the God of the South", this is from the geographical perspective of the Yellow River Basin, the Shennong clan that originated in Lishan, Hubei and collapsed in Chaling, Hunan is undoubtedly in the south.

From the "life of the Shennong clan", which was revered as the "Emperor of Agriculture", to the time of the "decline of the Shennong clan", which was known as the "Emperor Yan", it was a turning point in history.

When he was active on the stage of history, that is, when he was the "Yan Emperor" of the "Shennong clan". At that time, there were many tribes, and each tribe relied on its own economic strength and force to fight with each other, and no longer obeyed the constraints of the leader of the tribal alliance Yandi Shennong, which was naturally formed due to the exploits of the invention of the dragon. "The Shennong clan is in decline, the princes invade each other, tyrannize the people, and the Shennong clan can conquer ...... the most violent" [7]. The "princes" mentioned here are not the nobles who were divided into five titles, such as duke, marquis, uncle, son, and male under the Zhou and Qin social systems, but the chiefs of various tribes at the end of the primitive society. is one of them.

"Chi" is a derogatory word. "Shuowen Jiezi" is interpreted as "worm". It is used as an article, such as the word "little reptile" and the like. "The Truth and Falsehood of the Six Books" says: "All those who are ignorant are famous." "You" is the name of the tribe. It means farming. Yang Shen's "Dan Lead Record" cloud: "From the agricultural communication". "Han Poems Biography" cloud: "East and west ploughing is horizontal, and north and south ploughing is said to be by". "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period: Don't Bow" exemplifies "Guan Zifu Yu Huan Gong said: 'Cultivating the fields and Dayi, opening up the soil and art, making the best use of the land, if the ministers are not as good as Ningqiao, please put it as a big reason'". Note: "Da Yu, Da Nong also". "Guanzi Provincial Official" said: "Compare with each other, look at the fertility and barrenness, look at the power of the earth, during the Ming edict period, the farmers before and after, and cultivate at all times; so that the five grains and mulberry and hemp are all in peace, and the things of the fields are also." The edict is the date of the so-called "royal decree of the cloth" in the "Book of Rites and Monthly Order". From the field is farmland, and it is also called a farmer. "Money Spectrum" Shennong's coin text "agriculture" as "by". "You" is the name of the tribe recorded according to the rumors, and it is homonym with "by". Therefore, the "You" tribe is the "by" tribe, that is, the agricultural tribe. To depreciate it is to mean "". In ancient China, the names of clans and tribes were often indistinguishable from the names of their chiefs and clansmen, so "" is not only the name of the tribe, but also the common name of the chieftain and the tribe people.

[edit this paragraph] has an ethnic relationship with Emperor Yan and Emperor Huangdi. "Lu Shi Biography" said: "The surname Jiang is also the descendant of Emperor Yan."

Emperor Yan and both developed from the Shennong clan and belonged to the alliance of farming tribes. The Yandi tribe is the direct descendant of the Shennong clan, and is known as the "Yandi" because of the achievements of its ancestor Shennong's invention of the Shennong clan. Emperor Yan and Shennong belong to two different historical stages, so when the "Historical Records and Feng Zen Book" cites the Feng Zen ceremony, Shennong and Emperor Yan are listed in order. In the "Records of the Five Emperors", the account of Shennong and Emperor Yan is very close, but the relationship between them is not specified. "Imperial Century" said: "Shennong's work is for Emperor Yan", and the kinship between the two has been noted. "Hanshu 2 Ancient and Modern People Table" and "Yi Ji Ci" Shu Wei and Shennong are collectively called "Yan Emperor Shennong".

"Yi Zhi Ci" quotes the "Imperial Century" cloud, the name of "Emperor Yan", where the eighth generation: Emperor Linkui, Emperor Cheng, Emperor Ming, Emperor Zhi, Emperor Yan, Emperor Mourning, Emperor Yu. In the world of Emperor Yu, he began to see the Ministry of Water emerge.

The tribe is the strongest of the farming tribes developed from the Shennong clan. The reason for its strong strength is, first, it is beneficial to its residential real estate salt; Second, in the production process of boiling salt, the smelting of metals and the production of weapons were invented.

"Mengxi Pen Talk 2 Volume 3" notes: "Jiezhou Yanze, twenty miles. The long rain, the water of the four mountains, all in it, did not overflow; The drought has not yet dried up. The halogen color is red, under the version of the spring, the slang is called blood". In the Song Dynasty, Jiezhou was governed in Jiezhou Town, Yuncheng City, Shanxi. Shiozawa is known as the "national treasure", with sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate and other salts, containing calcium, iodine, potassium, boron, lithium, cesium, strontium and other rare elements. "Taiping Huanyu Ji, Volume 46" objectively exists under the article of Yi County: "The sky is in the south of the county 18 miles". Therefore, Anyi County is now a county, and it is also under the jurisdiction of Yuncheng City. It was once a tribal settlement. With the wealth of Yanze, the tribe has the strength to fight against the Yellow Emperor. For example, "Historical Records: Five Emperors Benji" cloud: "Xuanyuan is accustomed to fighting, so that he does not enjoy it, and the princes and guests follow." And the most violent, Mo Nenghua".

"Guanzi Di Shu Chapter" said: "The mountain of Gelu comes out of the water, and the gold follows it, and it is controlled by it, thinking that the sword, armor, spear and halberd are the nine princes of the year." The mountain of Yonghu came out of the water, and the gold was from it, and it was controlled, thinking that the halberd of the Yonghu Rui Ge was the prince of the twenty years and the princes. The specific reference of Gelu Mountain and Yonghu Mountain is not examined. Its location should not be too far from the city of Jinyun. Or right there. "Gold" refers to metals in general, not limited to gold.

Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, adjacent to Yuncheng City, Shanxi, is also the center of peasant tribes. Thousands of years later, there are still descendants of the Shennong clan here. According to the "Historical Records: This Week", King Wu of Zhou succeeded in defeating the Emperor, "remembering the first holy king, and praising Shennong after Yu Jiao". Pei Chu's "Explanation of Historical Records" notes: ""Geographical Chronicles" Hongnong Shaanxi County has Jiaocheng, so Jiaoguo is also". "Hanshu Geographical Chronicles" Hongnong County, the first county Hongnong, is governed in present-day Lingbao County, Henan. Shaanxi County now belongs to Sanmenxia City. "Geographical Chronicles" contains Hongnong County "There are iron officials, in Huangchi" Huangchi is now Mianchi County, which also belongs to Sanmenxia City. There are gold mines in Lingbao County, which still have significant mining value. Other mineral resources such as silver, copper, iron, zinc, aluminum and other mineral resources are also abundant, and the area has the necessary conditions for metal smelting. According to legend, the Yellow Emperor picked the bronze casting place of the first mountain, that is, in the territory of Lingbao County [8], and its relative historical age was after the battle of Xuanyuan and . This area is not only rich in mineral deposits, but also fertile land, rich in five grains and forest fruits and Chinese herbs such as purple beard, gastrodia, Huangling, salvia, etc., which is suitable for agricultural tribes to live.

According to the historical records, the tribe has become the most powerful tribe in the agricultural tribal alliance headed by Emperor Yan because of the benefits of salt ponds and the method of metal smelting. He is a descendant of the Shennong clan with Emperor Yan, and the illustrious ones are called Emperor Yan, and the losers are called them.

Regarding the battle with the Yellow Emperor, there are three theories: one is that after the Yellow Emperor defeated the Yan Emperor, he won and consolidated the throne, and the battle between the Yellow Emperor and the Yellow Emperor seems to be the aftermath of the war of Huang Yan; The other is to expel the Red Emperor (that is, the Yan Emperor), the Red Emperor appealed to the Yellow Emperor, and the two emperors joined forces to kill in Zhongji; The third is that he attacked the Yellow Emperor as a soldier, and was defeated and killed.

The first statement is as contained in the "Historical Records of the Five Emperors": "Xuanyuan is to cultivate virtue and revitalize the army, govern the five qi, and the five kinds of art, care for the people, measure the Quartet, and teach the bear to fight with the Yan Emperor in the field of Hanquan." Three wars and then got their will. To make a mess, you don't need the emperor's order. It was the Yellow Emperor who was the prince of the army, and he fought in the field of Zhuolu, so he was attached to kill". Taishi said that the name of the Yellow Emperor is Xuanyuan, and the country name has Xiong Xuanyuan, which originally means car, which should refer to the name of the clan and its leader who invented the technology of making cars, such as the invention of the technology of making agricultural tools called Shennong's, the invention of the technology of making fishing tools and called Fuxi, and the invention of the technology of drilling and fire. There is the Bear Country. At that time, the "country" was actually a tribe. Bear, 罴, Pi, 貔, 貅, 貙, and Tiger are the names of the six beasts, which should be the names of the six clans in the bear tribe, or totems. Hanquan, the name of the water, is in present-day Yanqing County, Beijing. Zhuolu, the name of the mountain, is in present-day Zhuolu County, Hebei Province, not far from Hanquan.

The second statement can be found in "Yi Zhou Shu Taste Wheat Solution": "It is to chase the emperor, fight for the Zhuolu Ah, the nine corners are exhausted, and the Red Emperor is terrified." It is said that the Yellow Emperor is obsessed with it, and it is killed in Zhongji". The land of Guangping is called Ah. The battle took place in the open area at the foot of Zhuolu Mountain, and the corner refers to the corner, and "nine" means many, and is not limited to the specific number of eight plus one. "Nine corners" means that the Red Emperor (i.e., Emperor Yan) tribe is expelled without leaving any land. Diji refers to Jizhou in the Central Plains. "Erya Shidi": "Jizhou between the two rivers". Guo Pu's note: "From the East River to the West River". At that time, the place where the Yellow River entered the sea was called the East River, and the place where the Hetao flowed to the south was called the West River. "Zhou Li, Staff" notes: "Zhengbei is said to be and state", which is now Taiyuan, Shanxi, and Baoding, Zhengding, Hebei; "Youzhou in the northeast" is now part of Beijing Municipality. In ancient times, Jizhou was located in the south of Shanxi and southwest Hebei. Legend has it that the place where he was killed was in present-day Jiezhou, Yuncheng, Shanxi.

The third statement is such as "The Classic of Mountains and Seas: The Great Wilderness North Classic": "Fighting the Yellow Emperor." The Yellow Emperor ordered the dragon to attack the wilderness of Jizhou. Should be dragon animal water. Please wind and rain master the wind and rain. The Yellow Emperor is a goddess of heaven, and when the rain stops, he is killed." Feng Bo Yushi is a sorcerer who specializes in meteorology in agricultural tribes, and later is the god of agricultural meteorology, with a temple, and he is a word when he is old. "Han Feizi: Ten Mistakes" said: "The former Yellow Emperor was a ghost and god on Mount Tai...... In the front, the wind and the rain are swept, and the rain master sprinkles the road", reflecting the close relationship between the wind and the tribe, because the harvest produced by the agricultural tribe is inseparable from the wind and rain.

There is no possibility or necessity for examination. For such prehistoric legends that were recorded in the book after thousands of years, the focus of historians' attention is the historical shadow revealed in them; Ethnologists are concerned with the types and cultural characteristics of the ethnic groups reflected in the legend, as well as the process of formation and evolution.

The result after the defeat is that he was captured and killed by the Yellow Emperor, as recorded in the "Historical Records", "Yizhou Book" and "Classic of Mountains and Seas" quoted above; Another theory is that it was reused by the Yellow Emperor, as stated in the "Dragon Fish River Map": "The Yellow Emperor subdued, and the emperor made the main soldier to control the eight directions." When it came to the Qin and Han dynasties, the people still had the custom of worshipping the soldiers and worshipping the ancestors. As a result, Qin Shi Huang traveled eastward and Gaozu Liu Bang raised troops, all from the folk ritual shrine, which are recorded in the "Historical Records: Feng Zen Book" and "Historical Records: Gaozu Benji".

"Guanzi Five Elements" also has a record of the Yellow Emperor's reuse: "The Yellow Emperor of the past was able to understand the way of heaven...... Tomorrow is the way, so it is the time". "At that time" was a kind of public name of the Yellow Emperor tribal alliance in the Central Plains, and its status and functions were similar to the "heavenly officials" in the "Zhou Li", and were also similar to the prime ministers of later dynasties, and they were the ministers who assisted the leaders (emperors) of the tribal alliances to manage the public affairs of various tribes. The "Heavenly Dao" mentioned here refers to the empirical knowledge of the astronomical calendar, the year, the month, and the order. Familiarity with this knowledge is the key to arranging the production and life of agricultural tribes and managing the agricultural tribe society well.

The accounts of the two very different endings reflect the different stages and aspects of the relationship between the Yellow Emperor and the Yellow Emperor. "He is a farmer tribe, and he is not only a name for the chief of the tribe, but also a name for all members of the tribe. The first chief of the tribe is called, and the second chief is also called; First-generation tribal members are called, and second-generation tribal members are still called. Just like the actual connotation of rumors such as "Three Hundred Years of the Yellow Emperor" in "The Great Book of Rites: Five Emperors". Putting the post-war relationship between the Yellow Emperor and the primitive tribe in the historical background of the war, killing is inevitable, and it is impossible to kill them all, and in the end it can only be to let the defeated tribes live as they are under the condition of obedience.

The remnants of the tribe left records of settlements (later so-called "cities"), burial mounds, shrines and other relics in the places where the tribe was active, and tracing these relics can show the areas of the tribe's activities and reveal the clues of their remnants.

The record of the city can be found in the Zhuoshui Article (Shuijing Note, Volume 13): "Zhuoshui flows out of Zhuolu Mountain, known as Zhanggongquan in the world, and flows through the south of the ancient city of Zhuolu County in the northeast...... and the "Wei Land Record" says that there is a city in the southeast of Zhuolu City. The spring water is deep but does not flow, and the rain flows sideways into the spring of Han". He also quoted the "Jin Taikang Geographical Record" and said: "Hanquan is also a place name." The spring flows northeast, and meets with the spring, and the water goes out of the city, and the city has no east." Therefore, Zhuolu is in Zhuolu County, Hebei Province. Zhuoshui to be examined. The spring is in the center of Longwangtang Village, Jinshan Town, Zhuolu County, and the source of the river comes from Dongling Mountain, that is, the "Lingshan" said in the "Classic of Mountains and Seas", and the river turns east from Jinshan Town and flows into the Sanggan River. Hanquan is in present-day Yanqing County, Beijing. There are houses in Xin'an County, etc.

"Taiping Huanyu Ji Hedong Dao VII" objectively exists in the Yi County Article under the record: "The city is 18 miles south of the county...... and its city is now destroyed." Therefore, Anyi County is governed in Anyi Town, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province.

The record of the mound can be found in the "Huanglan Tomb Record": "The mound, in the city of Kan Township, Shouzhang County, Dongping, is seven zhang high, and the people often worship it in October. There is red air like a silk silk, and the people's name is the flag. The shoulder mound is reunited in Juye County, Sanyang County, and the size is similar to Kan Mound". The East of the Three Kingdoms was governed by Shouzhang County, Yanggu County, Shandong Province. Shanyang Juye County is governed in present-day Juye County, Shandong.

The record of the ancestral hall can be found in the "Historical Records and Feng Zen Book". Qin Shi Huang paraded to the east, sealed Mount Tai, Zen Liang father, and the eight gods of the ancestral hall. Among the eight gods, "the three are called the master of the soldiers, the ancestral hall." In the land supervision township of Dongping, the western border of Qi is also". Today's Dongping County, Shandong Province is its former rule. In addition, the county article of Shouliang (Zhang [9]) in Dongjun in the "Hanshu Geographical Chronicles" reads: "The ancestral hall is in the northwest (Shu) [10], and there is a city of Qu". When Handong County Shou raised troops, "the Yellow Emperor was in Peiting". Qin Shipei County is governed in Pei County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province. The eastern border of Pei County faces Shandong across Weishan Lake.

In "Yi Zhou Book, Taste Wheat Solution", there is a saying "fate is in Yu Shaohao". The "yu" here is interpreted as "edge". In the house, the eaves are the universe, and the country is the four hanging for the universe. It means that the tribe was once arranged to live on the edge of the Shaohao tribe. At that time, the Shaohao tribe lived in Qufu as the center. "Zuo Chuan 2 Sets Four Years" Du pre-note: "Shaohao Ruins, Qufu also, in Lucheng". In the west of Shaohao.

"Narrative of Differences: Volume I" cloud: "Taiyuan villages worship gods, do not use cow heads". "When the Han Dynasty was martial, there was a god in Taiyuan...... It is then a shrine." Again: "There are famous music operas in Jizhou today, and its people are two, two, three, three, and three, and they carry horns on their heads and offset each other. The Han Dynasty made the horn to resist the play, and covered its legacy". Qin and Han Dynasty placed Taiyuan County, belonged to the state, the first county Jinyang, ruled in Taiyuan City, Shanxi. During the Han Dynasty, Jizhou was located in the southern part of present-day Hebei, the southern part of Shanxi and the north of the Yellow River in Henan Province.

According to the above list of records, the relics, customs, and legends about it have lasted for thousands of years, and they are still preserved in the folk with strong colors until the Qin and Han dynasties. In the vast area of Zhuolu in Hebei Province in the north, Yuncheng in Taiyuan in Shanxi Province in the west, Dongping in Shandong Province in the east, and Pei County in Jiangsu Province in the south, the customs of the ancestral hall have endured for a long time. According to the ancient custom of "the people do not worship non-ethnic groups", there must be a large number of remnants in these areas in order to have the social conditions for forming and maintaining this kind of sacrificial folk custom. These areas were also the political, economic and cultural heartland of the Han people during the Han and Han dynasties, and there is no doubt that a considerable number of descendants became members of the Han people.

The descendants are seen in the registers, including the Zou Tu family. Wang Jia's "Collected Memories" contains: "The murderer of Xuanyuan went to move the good people to the land of Zou Tu, and the evil people to the land of Youbei. It was first divided into the Earth Life Clan, and then divided into the Zou Clan, the Tu Clan." The surname Zou and the surname Tu are now common surnames of the Han nationality.

"The Township of the North" refers to the cold and barren land in the north, which can be seen in "Poetry, Xiaoya, Xiangbo", and Yingda Shu: "The air of the northern Taiyin is cold and has no soil hair, no grass and trees, and it is cold and unlivable." This indicates that some of the descendants were once moved to the north. Mongolian scholar Tao Ketao wrote "Spring and Autumn in Felt Township - Xiongnu Chapter", which is the title of the Xiongnu in the legendary era, and the meat porridge that was driven north by the Yellow Emperor should be [11] (tribal relics). Sima Zhen's "Historical Records Suoyin" explains the meat porridge: "The alias of the Xiongnu is also, Tang Yu is above Shanrong, also known as smoked porridge, Xia is said to be Chunwei, Yin is said to be a ghost, Zhou is said to be a rampant, and Han is said to be a Xiongnu", "Zhou Shu Emperor Ji I": "Emperor Taizu Wen Shouwen's family, Tai, the word black otter, and the people of Wuchuan on behalf of him." It first came from the Yan Emperor Shennong's clan, was destroyed by the Yellow Emperor, and his descendants lived in Shuoye." "New Tang Dynasty Book Prime Minister Lineage Table" pointed out: "Yuwen clan is from the descendants of Xiongnu Nandan Yu".

In ancient times, there was an enmity against the Jews, and it was destroyed by the Jin Zhibo in 457 BC. "Historical Records: The Biography of Lizi" records: "Zhibo's attack on the hatred of the Jews, the legacy of the vast car, because of the ensuing soldiers, the hatred of the Jews died." There are ruins of hatred of Jews in the northeast of Yuxian County, Shanxi Province. The hatred is close to the sound, and its country may be built by the remnants.

The remnants of the tribe who moved south are not known, but they have a good reputation. The epic "Maple Song" of the Miao people in southeast Guizhou says that Jiang Yang (Yan), the ancestor of the Miao people, was born from the heart of the maple tree. Miao scholars contacted the "Classic of Mountains and Seas: The Southern Classic of the Great Wilderness": "There are Song Mountains, and there are trees on the mountains, which are called maple trees." Maple, the shackles that are abandoned, are called maple." It is argued that the Miao are of this descent [12]. "A Brief History of the Miao Nationality" contains: "There are temples in southern Sichuan and northwest Guizhou, which are worshiped by the Miao people." The legend of the ancestor of the Miao people was born from the maple tree, which contains the symbolic meaning of reincarnation.

"Shangshu, Zhoushu, Lü Xing" will be compared with Miao Min: "But the beginning of the chaos extends to the common people." Ignorance of thieves and righteousness, treachery and pretentiousness. Miao Minfu uses the spirit to punish him". It is said that "rebellion" is from the beginning, extending to the common people, all of whom take people and property in various ways: attacking and robbing in groups, killing people and thieves, and taking righteousness as a lie; Chaos is called treachery outside, chaos is called palace inside, forcible seizure, theft, fraud, and reverence. "Spirit" means good, that is, not to educate with goodness, but to make criminal laws. Accusing the Miao people of following the habits. To this day, the Buyi people still call the Miao people "Buyou". Buyi "Bu" means "person" or "clan". In the ancestral law, it is a restricted ingredient after the central ingredient, and "Buyou" means "by the clan", which can also be recorded as "You clan". Consistent with the other names of the tribes.

"Imperial Century" contains the burial of Emperor Yan Shennong's in Changsha Tea Township. The tea town is now Chaling County, Hunan, on the west side of the Luoxiao Mountains on the border of Hunan and Jiangxi. The ancient Sanmiao residence was also in Hunan and Jiangxi. According to the "Historical Records: The Biography of Wu Qilie": "The residence of the three seedlings in the past, Dongting on the left, Peng Li on the right." Dongting is today's Dongting Lake, and Peng Li is today's Poyang Lake. Therefore, it is very likely that the three seedlings developed from the descendants of the Shennong clan, or the remnants of the (peasant tribes). The Miao people generally have a legendary history of long-distance migration. This is inseparable from the mode of production that has maintained a nomadic agricultural economy for a long time. Of course, there are also political and social reasons.

It should also be noted that, just as the Han people are formed in diversity, as an ancient ethnic group in southern China, the original ethnic origin of the Miao people is diverse. The Miao people were called "Miao people" or "three seedlings" in ancient times. In addition to the above-mentioned Yandi Shennong clan and (peasant tribe) have a direct ethnic relationship with the "Miao people" and "three Miao", the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, the Jinyun clan, and the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, the donkey are also one of the main ethnic sources of the three Miao and Miao people. The "ancient songs of the Miao people" excavated in a remote Miao Sai in the Rongjiang River have solved the ancient mystery of the "Miao Wang Temple" on the west mountain of Rongjiang River, and at the same time explained and confirmed that the ancestral statue offered by the "Miao Wang Temple" is one of the three ancestors of the Chinese nation.

The beginning of the "Three Seedlings" is recorded, and there is "Shangshu Yushu": "The Three Seedlings are in the Three Dangers". Kong Yingda Shu: "Sanmiao, the name of the country, after the Jinyun clan". This so-called "country name" is actually the name of the tribe. "Jinyun Clan" is a clan name in the Yellow Emperor tribe, which later developed into a tribal name. "Historical Justice" case: "The Yellow Emperor has Xiong Guojun, known as Xiong's, Jinyun's, Dihong's, and Dixuan's." Directly refers to the Jinyun clan as the Yellow Emperor. "Historical Records Collection Explanation" said that the Yellow Emperor "is also called Xuanyuan". Du pre-annotated "Zuo Chuan: The Eighteenth Year of Wen": "Jinyun, the official name of the Yellow Emperor". This so-called "official name" actually refers to the name of the Yellow Emperor's tribe. "Zuo Chuan: The Seventeenth Year of Zhao" notes: "The Yellow Emperor's clan in the past was named after Yun Ji, so it was named after Yun Shi." That is, the name of the military establishment (Yunshi) of the tribe with the clan as the unit and the name of the tribal official office (Yunname) held by the clan.

"Historical Records Collection Explanation" quoted Shao said: "The Yellow Emperor was ordered, and there was Yunrui, so the cloud chronicle was also." The spring official is the table cloud, the summer official is the Jinyun, the autumn official is the white cloud, the winter official is the black cloud, and the middle official is the yellow cloud". List the official names of spring, summer, autumn and winter, such as "Zhou Li", Chunguan Zongbo is in charge of rituals and music, Xia Guan Sima is in charge of administrative and military, Autumn Guan Si Kou is in charge of criminal law bans, and Winter Guan is in charge of air traffic control project construction. As for the name of the tribal alliance held by each tribe after the Yellow Emperor became the leader of the tribal alliance, as recorded in the "Guanzi Five Elements", it is called "at that time" (Tianguan), "Yuzhi" (Diguan), "Tushi" (Chunguan), "Situ" (Xia Guan), "Sima" (Qiu Guan), and "Li" (Dong Guan). There is Jinyun County in Zhejiang Province today, and Jinyun Mountain is in its county, which is said to be the place where the Yellow Emperor travels to immortals.

"Guangyun" interprets "channeling" as "release", that is, the meaning of exile. "Three dangers", Kong Anguo said: "The mountain of Western descent", descendant refers to remote places. "The Classic of Mountains and Seas, The Classic of the West Mountains" has "Three Dangerous Mountains", Guo Pu's note: "Now in Dunhuang County". Hanzhi Dunhuang County, ruled in present-day Dunhuang City, Gansu Province. There are three dangerous mountains in the northeast of Dunhuang City, and now there are three dangerous towns. "Historical Records: The Five Emperors" contains: "The number of three seedlings in Jianghuai and Jingzhou is chaotic. So Shun returned to the emperor, please ...... Move the three seedlings to the three dangers, in order to change the Xirong". "Rong" originally meant the mountain valley, used to refer to the crowd, that is, the people who lived in the mountain valley, and the so-called "mountain people" today is also. "Xirong" refers to the western mountain people. The ancient history and legend of the Miao people in northwest Guizhou today say that their ancestors originally lived in the west of Jishi Mountain, moved from the direction of Rifu to Jishi Mountain, and after several generations of long-distance migration, crossed the Yellow River, reached the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and finally entered the southwest region. [13] "The Classic of Mountains and Seas: The Great Wilderness of the North" records: "Northwest overseas, north of the black water, there are people with wings, and their names are Miao Min (Dunpu note: the people of the three seedlings) are born in the head of the donkey, and the head is born in the Miao people. See "Shangshu Shundian": "Put the donkey in the mountain". It is also made as a donkey, see "Historical Records: Five Emperors Benji": "Put the donkey in the lofty mountains to become a southern barbarian." Chongshan is in the southwest of Dayong City, Hunan, which belongs to the Wuling Mountain Area, and the administrative construction belongs to the Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Xiangxi. "A Brief History of the Miao Nationality" said that the surname Shi, one of the five major surnames of the Miao people in Xiangxi, is related to the Doudou. The surname Shi is divided into large and small, and the surname Dashi is called "驩dou" in the Miao language,[14] Luxi and Huayuan have a tomb and a temple.

According to the ancient Chinese records, it is the name of an agricultural tribe active in present-day Shanxi, Hebei Province and western Shandong Province at the end of China's primitive society, that is, the common name of the chieftain and the tribesmen of the farming tribe. The tribe is a descendant of the Shennong clan and belongs to the Yandi tribal alliance. Legend has it that the tribe excelled at smelting metals and making weapons. The tribe lost the battle with the Yellow Emperor tribe, and most of its descendants remained in the Central Plains. According to the Guanzi, the tribe joined the tribal alliance headed by the Yellow Emperor and held important public offices in it. According to the "Collected Memories", Zou and Tu are the surnames that can be found among their widows.

Some of the tribes moved to the north and had a relationship with meat porridge (another name for the Xiongnu).

The southward migrants in the tribe have a relationship with the Miao people and the three Miao. The source of the three seedlings is diverse, in addition to the name of the relics, there are still after the Yellow Emperor Jinyun's family, after the Zhuan family, etc.

From the description of the legend of He Sanmiao, we can see that in the land of China, there was a large-scale stirring movement composed of gathering, fighting, merging, and migrating among the tribes at the end of the primitive society. This kind of stirring movement has created a situation in which all ethnic groups in China are already inseparable from each other in the stage of origin and formation.

[edit this paragraph]

Thousands of years ago, many clans and tribes lived in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins in China. Among them, the Yellow Emperor is one of the most famous tribal leaders in the Yellow River Valley. Another famous tribal leader is called Emperor Yan. The Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor were brothers. In the Yangtze River valley, there is a Jiuli tribe, and their leader is named and is very strong.

There are eighty-one brothers, all of them with beast bodies and human faces, and their copper heads and iron arms are extremely fierce. They are good at making a variety of weapons such as knives and bows. He often leads his powerful tribes to invade and harass other tribes. Once, when he invaded Emperor Yan's place, Emperor Yan raised troops to resist, but he was not an opponent and was defeated. Emperor Yan had no choice but to flee to Zhuolu, where the Yellow Emperor was, to ask for help. The Yellow Emperor has long wanted to get rid of the scourge of this tribe, so he united the leaders of the tribes to start a decisive battle in the field of Zhuolu, which is the famous "Zhuolu War".

At the beginning of the war, with good weapons and brave soldiers, he won one victory after another. Later, the Yellow Emperor invited dragons and other strange beasts to help in the battle. Although the soldiers were fierce, they encountered the army of the Yellow Emperor, plus this group of fierce beasts, they couldn't resist it, and they fled one after another.

The Yellow Emperor led the soldiers to chase after the victory, but suddenly the sky was dark, the fog was thick, the wind was strong, the thunder and lightning were combined, and the sky was raining heavily, and the soldiers of the Yellow Emperor could not continue to chase. It turned out that the "Wind God" and the "Rain God" were invited to help in the battle. Not to be outdone, the Yellow Emperor invited the "drought god" in the sky to help disperse the wind and rain. In an instant, the wind and rain stopped, and the sky was clear.

He also used witchcraft to create a fog that disoriented the Yellow Emperor's soldiers. The Yellow Emperor took advantage of the phenomenon that the Big Dipper in the sky was always pointing to the north, and built a "guide car" to guide the soldiers out of the fog.

After many fierce battles, the Yellow Emperor killed eighty-one brothers and finally captured them alive. The Yellow Emperor ordered him to be shackled and then executed. Because he was afraid of doing something bad after death, he buried his head and body in two places far away. The shackles he had worn were thrown on the barren mountain and turned into a maple forest, and every blood-red maple leaf was stained with blood.

After his death, his image of bravery was still feared, and the Yellow Emperor painted his image on military flags to encourage his own army to fight bravely, and also to intimidate tribes who dared to oppose him. Later, the Yellow Emperor received the support of many tribes and gradually became the leader of all tribes.

[edit this paragraph] is about the place where the tribe has been active, leaving records of settlements (later called "cities"), burial mounds, shrines and other relics, tracing these relics, you can see the area of the tribe's activities, and the clues of its descendants can be revealed.

The record of the city can be found in the Zhuoshui Article (Shuijing Note, Volume 13): "Zhuoshui flows out of Zhuolu Mountain, known as Zhanggongquan in the world, and flows through the south of the ancient city of Zhuolu County in the northeast...... and the "Wei Land Record" says that there is a city in the southeast of Zhuolu City. The spring water is deep but does not flow, and the rain flows sideways into the spring of Han". He also quoted the "Jin Taikang Geographical Record" and said: "Hanquan is also a place name." The spring flows northeast, and meets with the spring, and the water goes out of the city, and the city has no east." Therefore, Zhuolu is in Zhuolu County, Hebei Province. Zhuoshui to be examined. The spring is in present-day Zhuolu County. Hanquan is in present-day Yanqing County, Beijing. There are houses in Xin'an County, etc.

The merits and status of the Miao ancestors in Chinese history

1. It is one of the three great ancestors of the Chinese nation, and the statue has no written records due to the primitive social stage, so since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and even today, China's historical classics are only based on historical legends dating back to the Neolithic Age 5,000 years ago, the Yellow Emperor period of the patrilineal clan commune stage. However, at the time of the Yellow Emperor, the Chinese nation had three famous great ancestors, namely the Yellow Emperor, the Yan Emperor, and the Yellow Emperor. However, in the official orthodox history of our country, the Yellow Emperor has always been regarded as the ancestor of the Chinese nation, the first monarch, and later the Yan Emperor was gradually recognized. Therefore, here we will focus on the issue of being one of the great ancestors of the Chinese nation.

First of all, it should be noted that it is the ancestors of the Miao people in China. Because of the ethnic origin of today's Chinese Miao people, they have a close relationship with the "Jiuli", "Sanmiao" and "Nanban" in ancient times. At the end of primitive society, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the lower reaches of the Yellow River in China, there were many primitive humans living in ancient times; Through generations of living and reproduction, through hard labor, they gradually formed a tribal alliance more than 5,000 years ago. This tribal alliance is called "Jiuli", and I think it is a leader. The note in the "Chinese Dream Language" says: "Jiuli, the disciple also". "Shu Lu Criminal Interpretation", "Lu's Spring and Autumn Swinging Soldiers", and "Warring States Policy Qin" are all said to be the king of Jiuli. With the help of superior geographical conditions, they continued to work hard to open up, so that the productivity was continuously improved, the social economy continued to develop, and they became a powerful tribe in the east, and were the first to enter the Central Plains. Comrade Fan Wenlan, a well-known historian of our party, wrote: The legendary ancient inhabitants of China, "the people who live in the south are collectively called 'barbarians'. Among them, the Jiuli people were the first to enter the central region. Jiulidang is an alliance of nine tribes, each of which contains nine brother clans, for a total of eighty-one brother clans. He is the leader of the Jiuli clan, and his brothers are eighty-one people, that is, eighty-one clan chiefs. …… It is a powerful tribe with fierce beasts as totems and is brave and good at fighting. [2] After the Jiuli tribe entered the Central Plains, the Yandi tribe also entered the central region from the west, and there was a long-term inter-tribal conflict with the Jiuli tribe. The Jiuli tribe expelled the Yandi clan until Zhuolu. Later, the Yandi clan, together with the Yellow Emperor clan and the Jiuli clan, launched an unprecedented tribal war at the end of the primitive society - the Zhuolu War. At the beginning of the war, due to the lack of troops, the Yellow Emperor did not understand and were not accustomed to the terrain and climate, so "the Yellow Emperor and the Nine Battles were invincible" [3]; Later, the Yellow Emperor created a guide car to identify directions; [4] and greatly increased its strength,[5] before turning defeat into victory. In the end, the two sides fought a decisive battle at Zhuolu, Jiuli was defeated, and its leader was also captured.

After the defeat of Jiuli, its power declined greatly, but they still possessed a vast area in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. By the Yao, Shun, and Yu periods, they formed a new tribal alliance. This is the development of the tribal group of "Sanmiao" mentioned in the history books, also known as "Youmiao" or "Miao people", and finally formed a tribal emirate. Fan Wenlan wrote: "After the Miao were defeated by Yu, they withdrew from the Yellow River Valley, and according to the people of the Warring States Period, the three Miao had established a great power in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. This great country should be a large tribal alliance, a collection of many tribes, the largest of which is Jingchu. [6] Therefore, in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the "Sanmiao" was also called "Jingchu", and sometimes also called "Nanban". Subsequently, Jingman grew stronger and stronger, and developed into the main inhabitants and main ethnic group of Chu State, one of the "Five Hegemons" and "Seven Heroes" of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

It can be seen that Jiuli, Sanmiao, Nanman, Jingman, and Miao have a lineage of origin relationship, and they all include the ancestors of the Miao people, and the latter is the Miao descendant of the former. "Punishment of Miao Min" in "Zhou Shu Lü Punishment", "There is the virtue of Miao Fu Jiuli" in "Chinese Zheng Note", "Three Miao, after Jiuli", and other records, have already shown the kinship between "Jiuli" and "Sanmiao". "The Book of Rites, Yishu, Yinfu Punishment, Zheng Note" said, "After Miao and Jiuli...... The phrase "Sanmiao" who live in the West also directly points out that "Sanmiao" is a descendant of Jiuli. "Nanban" is another name for some of the "Sanmiao" who were expelled to the south of the Yangtze River, while "Jingman" is the name of the "Nanban" in the Lianghu region during the Shang and Zhou dynasties. Many books believe that the Miao people are related to the three Miao, for example: "The Miao people, the descendants of the ancient three Miao"[7]; "Miao, the descendants of the three Miao"[8]; "Kaohong Miao Pan is based on the boundaries of Chu, Shu, and Guizhou provinces, that is, the relics of the ancient three seedlings" [9]. This makes us clearly see the clues of the origin of the Miao people, Jiuli - Sanmiao - Nanban (Jingman) - Miao. That is to say, the ancestors of Miao are Jiuli, but the leaders of Jiuli, so the Miao people generally regard them as their ancestors.

Secondly, it is also the ancestor of many ethnic minorities in southern China. Five thousand years ago, the Jiuli tribal alliance of the same era as the Yellow Emperor, according to historical records, its members were not only Miao, but also Li, Yao, She and other ethnic minorities. If, according to the titles of the past history books, the people who lived in the south in ancient times are collectively called "barbarians", or "southern barbarians" and "Jing barbarians", then many ethnic minorities in the south of our country are included. That is to say, Jiuli, Sanmiao, and Nanban are not only the ancestors of the Miao people, but also the ancestors of the Li, Yao, She and some other ethnic minorities in the south. It is the king of Jiuli, so he is not only the ancestor of the Miao people, but also the ancestors of the Li people, the Yao people, the She people and some other ethnic minorities. At the same time, we should also note that in the process of many migrations in ancient times, including the process of moving south and west, the Miao people gradually evolved into several ethnic groups, and only some of them still maintain the title of Miao people. It can be seen that these evolved peoples are naturally also the descendants of Jiuli, and they should also be their ancestors.

Again, it is also the ancestor of the Qiang people in our country. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Xiqiang" said: "The origin of Xiqiang comes from Sanmiao, and the surname Qiang is also different." Its country is close to Nanyue. and the four evils of Shunliu, the three dangers of migration, and the Xiqiang land of Heguan is also. That is to say, the Qiang people are from Sanmiao, and they are descendants of Sanmiao, and they are other branches of the surname Jiang. According to historical records, the surname Jiang is the original Jiang people in the northwest, later called Qiang, and then gradually moved south and west. Therefore, from the present Qinghai in the north, to the present Tibet in the west, and to the present Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan in the south, there are Qiang people living there. The people of the Qiang people who moved west to Tibet called themselves "Wusizang", Wusi is Wushi, Zang is Qiang, and Wusizang is the collective name of Wushi Qiang. They are also called "Tibet", and in fact Tibet is Xiqiang. This can prove that the current Tibetans are also formed by the fusion of the Qiang and Wu peoples. Among them are also Hmong. Those of the Qiang people who moved south, those who went to Sichuan and merged with the local cousin tribe were called Qingqiang, and some of the Qiang people who moved south were called Qingqiang after the integration of the local Qing people in Sichuan, and some of them moved from Sichuan to Guizhou and Yunnan. Now the Qiang people in western Guizhou, their public clan name is Qiang, and the tribe still calls itself Miao. The Qiang people in Yunnan come from roughly the same origin as the Qiang people in western Guizhou, and their public family name is Qiang, and the people still call themselves Miao. It can be seen that the Qiang people are also the descendants of Jiuli and Sanmiao, and as the king of Jiuli, they should also be the ancestors of the Qiang people.

Again, it is also the ancestor of the Han people. Comrade Fan Wenlan wrote: "In ancient times, in the territory of China, many clans and tribes of different ancestors lived. Over a long period of time, they have influenced and struggled with each other, and some have gradually merged, while others have developed". [10] "The Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor, and some of the Yi, Li, and Miao tribes, gradually merged, forming the initial basis for the Hua people in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Han people after the Han Dynasty. [11] "Shun ordered the contract to educate the people, ordered Gaotao to use the criminal law to control the Miao people, and ordered to abandon the sowing of a hundred grains to support the Li people, but in fact, the criminal law was used to force the Miao people and Li people to cultivate to feed the educated people." [12] Another example: Lu Ciyun's "Dongxi Xianzhi" said: Or someone captures Feng Ren's makeup slave, puts wooden boots on him and adds wooden locks, and he will not be able to escape for the rest of his life. That is to say, those who capture the other nation are slaves, and then gradually integrated into the other nation. Moreover, by the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "the Chinese and the ethnic groups living in China and the four directions often had struggles due to cultural differences, and as a result of the struggles, the Chinese culture expanded, and China also expanded. [13] Obviously, this ethnic integration naturally included a part of the Miao ethnic group. Since part of the Miao people merged with the Chinese people and became the initial foundation of the Han people, and a part of the Miao people continued to integrate into the Han nationality in the future, then Jiuli should also be the ancestors of the Han people, and the king of Jiuli should also be the ancestors of the Han people, and should not exclude him from the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor.

To sum up, we can conclude that it is not only the ancestors of the Miao-Li ethnic group and the ethnic minorities in southern China, but also the ancestors of other ethnic groups such as the Han people, and therefore the ancestors of the Chinese nation. During the period of the Yellow Emperor, the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor were the three great figures of the same era, the three leaders (i.e., the great chiefs) and outstanding representatives of the three major tribal alliances in ancient China during the Yellow Emperor period before the disintegration of the tribal alliance in the primitive social stage, and the three ancestors of the Chinese nation.

Third, it is one of the great historical figures remembered by the Chinese people for a long time, and historical materialism holds that history is created by the people, and "the people, and only the people, are the creators of history." "At the same time, recognize the role of the individual in the development of history. The emergence of outstanding figures is a historical necessity and a product of certain historical conditions. In Chinese history, there have been many historical figures. However, according to historical records and historical legends, the first three great historical figures in Chinese history should be the Yellow Emperor, the Yan Emperor, and the Yellow Emperor. Moreover, it can be said that the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor are the first three great historical figures in Chinese history that the Chinese people have long missed. Many articles have been expounded on the situation of the Chinese people remembering the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor, but very little has been discussed about the situation of the Chinese people remembering the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor. Therefore, we are here to focus on the situation that the Chinese people have been remembering for a long time.

First of all, after his death, the Yellow Emperor and his descendants all regarded him as the "master of soldiers" and regarded him as the "god of war" to revere and remember. "The History of the Road, Later Ji IV, Biography" said, "Later generations of sages wrote that it was 'like Yu Zunyi, thinking that it was greedy'. Luo Ping Zhuyun: "The god of heavenly runes, the shape is not constant, three generations of Yi weapons, many images, for the greedy and abuser." "Arowana River Map" said: "After Lingyou is gone, the world will be disturbed and restless. The Yellow Emperor then painted the image to power the world. The world is immortal, and all the countries in all directions are in a state of destruction. It can be seen that after the Jiuli tribal alliance strategy was captured and killed, the image of the Yellow Emperor and his people was used to intimidate the world, so that they would become their own protectors, and revered and remembered them.

Secondly, the Miao people generally regard it as their ancestors, and they remember and sacrifice for a long time. When the Miao people in Xiangxi and northeast Guizhou sacrifice, they must kill pigs to worship "Caiyou", and it is said that "Caiyou" is a brave and warlike leader in ancient times. "Section", according to the Xiangxi Miao language, means father-in-law, "You" is the name, and "Section" is the meaning of "You Gong". The Miao people in Chengbu Miao Autonomous County, Hunan Province have the custom of sacrificing the "Maple God" to expel the "ghost plague" for the sick, and the people dressed up as the "Maple God" are dressed up very mightily; This awe-inspiring "maple god" is the incarnation, which is related to the legend of "abandoning its shackles and entering the maple" recorded in the "Classic of Mountains and Seas: The Great Wilderness South Classic". There is a song called "Maple Song" in the "Ancient Song of the Miao Nationality" in the southeast of Qiandong, and the meaning of the lyrics in the song is also to treat and miss Chi as the ancestor of the Miao people. There are also "temples" in the south of Sichuan and northwest Guizhou, which are worshiped by the Miao people.

Thirdly, a considerable number of Han people have long been nostalgic to varying degrees. Folklore has always said that he is a historical figure who has been remembered for a long time. "The Romance of the Su Family" said: "The people of Jizhou call it a god, and the folk people often make plays; Between Qi and Wei, the gods were sacrificed in the villages of Taiyuan; When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the people of Taiyuan were still standing ancestral halls; Now, there are still tombs, monuments, ancestral halls, temples, etc. in Zhuolu County, Hebei Province, which are deeply remembered and sacrificed by the local people.

In addition, the people of the Yao, Li, She, Qiang and some other ethnic minorities in the south have long remembered him to varying degrees, and have praised and commemorated him as a great historical figure.

It can be seen that he is a great historical figure that the Chinese people have long remembered.

IV. Getting Rid of Erroneous Ideas and Views, Restoring the Original Face of History, and Confirming the Historical Status From the above discussions, we can clearly see that he was indeed a great historical figure in ancient Chinese history who was a contemporary of the Yellow Emperor and had a major impact in Chinese history. However, for thousands of years, the image and status of greatness have been seriously distorted and degraded. We are historical materialists, and we should restore history to its original face and confirm its historical status in order to enhance the scientific nature of Chinese history and promote the great unity of the Chinese nation.

However, over the years, there have been several erroneous ideological viewpoints that have seriously hindered the rectification of the problem. In order to get rid of erroneous ideas and viewpoints so that we can give a more smooth name, it is necessary for us to distinguish and analyze these erroneous ideas and viewpoints here.

There is a view that heroes are judged by victory or defeat, or "victory and defeat hero theory". Those who hold this view are based on the old view that "the winner is king, and the loser is the loser". They believe that they are the losers in the battle of Zhuolu, so they should be included in the list of "rebels", not as our ancestors. Obviously, this view is wrong and untenable. Historical materialists cannot judge heroes only by victory or defeat. If our history books only write about the victories and erase the losers from the history books, then this kind of history books will be incomplete and unscientific. History should be the recording and evaluation of the historical facts of the past era. The task of Marxist historical science lies in discovering and explaining the laws of human historical development, expounding the process of historical development, and using historical knowledge and experience to raise people's level of understanding of social transformation. The Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor were the three great chiefs of the three major tribes in ancient China, which is a historical fact and cannot be erased. If the losers are all erased from the history books and not recognized, then how will Emperor Yan be treated? Because "the Yan and Huang tribes had three major conflicts in Hanquan (it is said that Hanquan is in Huailai County, Hebei), and the Yellow Emperor led the various tribes with bears, Zong, Maung, Xiu, and tigers as totems to defeat the Yan Emperor." "It can be seen that Emperor Yan was also a loser in the ancient tribal war. Can we not recognize Emperor Yan as the ancestor of the Chinese nation because he is a loser? Apparently not. Therefore, we should not deny that he is our ancestor because he is a loser. At the same time, we should also point out that if history is written according to the viewpoint of judging heroes by victory, then whether they can be called historical figures from Chen Sheng and Wu Guang in the Qin Dynasty, Zhang Jiao in the Han Dynasty, Li Mi and Dou Jiande in the Sui Dynasty, Huang Chao in the Tang Dynasty, Song Jiang and Fang La in the Song Dynasty, Li Zicheng in the Ming Dynasty, and Hong Xiuquan and Yang Xiuqing in the Qing Dynasty cannot be written into history. Isn't this contrary to historical materialism?! Now, since our "General History of China" has written the above-mentioned figures into history as historical figures, why don't we recognize them as historical figures and write them into history?

Another viewpoint is to emphasize the use of correct history as the basis, or to call it "the theory of correct history only." Those who hold this view believe that there is no writing or affirmation in China's orthodox history books. In fact, this view is also wrong. Because the so-called orthodox history of China in the past is actually the official history, and not only the truth is confused. And often the fake overwhelms the real, and it is very necessary to rewrite it. As Mr. Lu Xun said, there are many Chinese studies to be sorted out, and since it is like history, it is necessary to compile a separate one. Therefore, when we are compiling Chinese history, especially ancient Chinese history, we should not emphasize that we should only rely on the so-called official history as the basis, but should pay attention to the use of historical materials and historical legends. Comrade Hua Gang said in his book "The Overturning of the Case in the General History of China": "In the work of overturning the case of Chinese history, in addition to straightening out our own stance and ideological methods, we should also pay special attention to the use of historical materials of wild history. Because just as Mr. Lu Xun said: 'History is written with the soul of China, indicating the future destiny.' It's just that the coating is too thick and there is too much nonsense, so it's not easy to detect the details. Just like the moonlight cast on the berry moss through the dense leaves, only a few broken shadows can be seen. But if you look at the wild history and miscellaneous records, it will be easy to understand, because they don't have to put on the shelf of a historian too much. It can be seen that the authenticity of both wild history and miscellaneous records is far beyond the reach of the official history. Therefore, we should not look lightly at historical facts such as history, miscellaneous notes, historical legends, anthologies and poems, and ignore the attitude of orthodox historical theory. At the same time, on the issue of Chinese historiography, Comrade Guo Moruo has taken the lead for us in the work of overturning certain parts of Chinese history, such as "Self-Criticism of Ancient Studies," "Qu Yuan Studies," and "Ten Criticisms," as evidenced by his books. Therefore, the viewpoint of only emphasizing the basis of correct history is one-sided and does not conform to the stand, viewpoint, and direction of Marxist historical materialism, and therefore it should be corrected. As for the problem, in fact, the official history, the wild history, miscellaneous records, poems, historical legends, etc. are all recorded and discussed. "Historical Records" Volume 1, "Five Emperors' Benji" and "Historical Records of Justice", are all talked about.

Another view is to ignore the problem, or "ignore the theory". Those who hold this view believe that raising questions is a big deal in order to make a fool of themselves, and they are therefore indifferent to the problem. In our view, this attitude is very inappropriate and undesirable. It should be pointed out that this issue is by no means a small issue, but a big one, an issue that has a bearing on the three founding fathers of the Chinese nation, and a major national and political issue, which we must not ignore lightly. For the sake of illustrating the extreme importance of the issue, we must not dwell here on some of the relevant developments that have taken place recently. First, it has been learned that in March 1995, at the Third Session of the Eighth National People's Congress, deputies Lu Zhenfan, Long Mingwu, and other deputies put forward a proposal on "requesting the Chinese history to inform the relevant departments that the term 'all ethnic groups in China' should no longer be replaced by the term 'we are all descendants of Yan and Huang' in the Constitution, so as to benefit national unity." In June 1995, the General Office of the Propaganda Department of the People's Republic of China replied: "The people of all ethnic groups in China have jointly created a glorious culture and have glorious national traditions. In accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, our ministry has always required the propaganda system units to correctly use the normative terms used to safeguard national unity and promote national prosperity. At the briefing meeting of the main news units in the capital held by our ministry on behalf of the central government, the leaders of the ministry repeatedly proposed to the news units not to use similar non-standard terms such as 'we are all descendants of Yan and Huang' and 'Chinese at home and abroad are all descendants of Yan and Huang'. What needs to be pointed out here is, why do China's ethnic minorities not approve of the use of the phrase "we are all descendants of Yan and Huang"? Doesn't this have something to do with the unrecognized status of the ancestors? Third, according to the "People's Daily", the first national seminar on the culture of the three ancestors of Yanhuang Chi opened in Zhuolu County, Hebei Province on September 25, 1995, and 48 experts and scholars from both sides of the Taiwan Strait participated in the seminar and received a total of 28 papers. The seminar was co-sponsored by the China Pre-Qin History Society, the Chinese Yanhuang Culture Research Association, and the Zhuolu County Government. The scholars at the meeting agreed that Zhuolu County is the location of Emperor Yan, Emperor Huangdi, Jizhuolu and Hanquan where many historical records record each other, and should be one of the ancestors of the Chinese nation like Yanhuang. Scholars on both sides of the strait jointly believe that it is necessary to strengthen the study of the three ancestors and the archaeology of Zhuolu to promote the development of Chinese culture and the unity of the Chinese nation. Third, according to the "Yangtze Evening News" report on July 25, 1995, "Nanbo excavated the ruins of Luzhuang in Funing, and solved the mystery of the disappearance of the tribal Liangzhu culture for the first time", the report said: "The Liangzhu culture with the most developed and highest degree of civilization in ancient China suddenly disappeared in the Taihu Lake area 4,200 years ago, becoming a "mystery through the ages" in the archaeological community. Thus solving this "mystery of the ages". The discovery is also "of great significance for the study of the origins of civilization and the emergence of nations," the report added. According to the "Historical Records", before the 21st century BC, the leader of the Liangzhu cultural tribe had a major battle with the Xuanyuan Yellow Emperor - the Battle of Zhuolu. …… This excavation imprinted the northward movement of the tribes, and gave the archaeological community a new understanding of the ancient cultural types in the eastern Jianghuai region. The above situation shows that raising questions for the sake of justice is well-founded, reasonable, and meaningful, and is by no means a trivial matter. Therefore, we should not adopt a blind and deaf attitude to the problem. It has been learned that because of this, General Chen Jing, a veteran Red Army and army writer, sent letters to his superiors in November 1994 and February 1995, suggesting that he should be resigned to his superiors. Regrettably, there has been no significant progress on this issue so far.

In order to ascertain the truth of the problem relatively quickly and to make a correct appraisal of the image and historical status of historical figures in a realistic, comprehensive, objective, and fair manner, we suggest that the central authorities instruct the departments concerned to take the lead in organizing relevant experts and scholars to conduct special studies and strive to draw conclusions within this century, so as to restore the status of the ancestors for the sake of justice. We are convinced that if this is done well, it will be a major contribution to the Chinese nation and Chinese historiography.

In short, he is one of the three great ancestors of the Chinese nation, the great founder of ancient Chinese civilization, and a great historical figure that has been remembered by the people of Chinese for a long time. We should confirm our historical status in order to enhance the great unity of the Chinese nation and promote the all-round political, economic, and cultural development of our country and the all-round progress of society.

[edit this paragraph] is one of the great founders of ancient Chinese civilization, history is the foundation and premise of reality, and reality is the starting point of future development. China's modern civilization is developed from ancient Chinese civilization and is the result of inheriting and developing ancient Chinese civilization. In ancient China during the period of the Yellow Emperor, the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor made important contributions to ancient Chinese civilization, and also made important contributions to ancient Chinese civilization, and were one of the great founders of ancient Chinese civilization.

First, it has made important contributions to material civilization. At that time, the Jiuli tribal alliance under the command of the commander, living in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, was a tribe that grew up in the face of the Haihe River, and was the most powerful tribal alliance among the three major tribal alliances at that time, and the material civilization had developed greatly. With the help of the local geography, climate, water and other superior conditions, they invented grain cultivation, and began to develop from gathering, fishing and animal husbandry, and nomadic herding to agriculture, which is a great progress in history and civilization, and a major contribution to ancient civilization. And cereal planting needs seedlings, transplantation, seedlings and so on. It is for this reason that people later used the word "Miao" to name their descendants "Miao". At the same time, they were able to create more elaborate pottery, and handicrafts began to develop. It is also a major contribution to Chinese civilization.

Second, metal smelting and the manufacture of metal weapons were invented. "Shimu Composition" says that "gold is used as a weapon". Jian Bozan wrote: "It is said that 'gold is used as a weapon' and is the earliest inventor of metal smelting. [15] In my opinion, Buling was the earliest inventor of metal smelting, and also the earliest inventor of metal weapon manufacturing. "Pipe and Ground" said: You can use gold as a soldier to make "swords, armor, spears, and halberds". "Historical Records: The Records of the Five Emperors" righteously quotes "Arowana River Map" and says: "The Yellow Emperor is the regent, and there are eighty-one brothers", "copper head and iron forehead", "build a cane, a sword, a halberd, and a crossbow, and power the world". The history books also say that the earliest inventor who could make it made a significant contribution to ancient Chinese civilization. The emergence of the smelting industry has the significance of dividing generations, since then, human beings have begun to enter the era of using metal tools, which marks a new leap in the primitive social productivity.

Third, it is the earliest creator and enforcer of the establishment of laws and regulations and the implementation of the legal system. In ancient China, the first laws and regulations were introduced, and the criminal law was implemented to enforce discipline. "Zhou Shu Lu Xing" said: "The Miao people are punished by punishment", which is a powerful proof. After being captured and killed, the "History of the Road, Later Ji IV, Biography" said: "Later generations of saints wrote about their respect for Yi, thinking that they were greedy. Luo Ping said: "The god of heavenly runes, the shape is not constant, three generations of Yi weapons, the image of my work." for the corrupt". "Taiping Yulan" volume 79 quotes "Dragon Fish River Map" and says: "After Lingyou was gone, the world was disturbed and restless, and the Yellow Emperor painted an image to threaten the world." The world is immortal. All the nations in all directions are in ruins. This also shows that the strict application of the rule of law has established a dignified image and has had a far-reaching impact. At the same time, Zheng Xuan said: "Miao Min is also a descendant of Jiuli. "Those who are punished with heavy sentences to change the people of Jiuli Yan." This also shows that he is the initiator and enforcer of the criminal law. Some historical sources also say that weapons and criminal laws were invented, and were later imitated by the Yellow Emperor tribal group. It can be seen that he is the founder of the ancient Chinese legal system.

The above facts show that he is indeed the great founder of China's ancient civilization.