PS: First, the Sulu ingot spear

The Mongolian word for Sulu ingot means "spear" and is a symbol of Mongolia and a symbol of the god of war. According to the rotation record www.biquge.info of Yelu Chucai, when Temujin was born in the seventh lunar month of 1162 AD, he held a piece of fetal blood in his hand, and after breaking it open, it was found that it was a diamond-shaped pattern with two sharp ends.

1. Sulu ingot spear

The Mongolian word for Sulu ingot means "spear" and is a symbol of Mongolia and a symbol of the god of war. According to the rotation record of Yelu Chucai, when Temujin was born in the seventh lunar month of 1162 AD, he held a piece of fetal blood in his hand, and when he broke it open, he found that it was a diamond-shaped pattern with two pointed ends.

Later generations said that Genghis Khan was born with a "Sulu ingot" in his hand, and was a hero sent by God to save the Mongolian nation, and "Temujin" means the change of iron. Later, the first adviser of the Golden Horde, Yelu Chucai, who came to Mongolia from the Jin Kingdom, captured the Russian skilled craftsmen according to this pattern, named Sulu ingot, which was located on the top of Genghis Khan's Golden Horde, and served as the military flag and military emblem of the Mongolian army. From then on, Sulu ingot represented the god of war, Genghis Khan, and supreme.

Sulu ingots, that is, battle flags. It is divided into large and small, the large one is located in the center, and the small one is in the shape of a sword, and the rapier head or sword peak is thirty-nine centimeters long and three to nine centimeters wide. The flagpole is more than 300 centimeters long. Legend has it that Genghis Khan was once besieged in a place called a thousand trees, and in the midst of a critical moment, he turned over and dismounted, put the saddle upside down on the ground, and shouted to the heavens: "O immortal father, please save your son". As soon as the words fell, something like a spear fell from the sky. Mu Huali is going to be taken down from the tree. But he didn't succeed three times. Genghis Khan suddenly realized, he personally stepped on the horse's back and removed the thing. From now on. Genghis Khan held this spear, and wherever the spear pointed, a triumphant song was played. It became the invincible banner of Genghis Khan and the mascot of peace. On the 17th day of the third month of the lunar calendar every year, the Mongolian people hold a solemn ceremony to express their respect for Genghis Khan and remember the great achievements of Genghis Khan.

Gongsun Guiyi used the magic eye with the Sulu ingot spear in his hand, and found that the gods and beasts on the other side of the alien demons turned out to be some genetic cloning products.

2. Cloning

Cloning is broadly defined as the process of using biotechnology to produce offspring from asexual reproduction that have the exact same genome as the original individual. In horticulture. Cloning refers to the offspring of a single plant produced through vegetative reproduction, and many plants obtain a large number of offspring from a single plant through asexual reproduction such as cloning. Biologically. It refers to the selective copying of a DNA sequence (molecular clone), a cell (cell clone), or an individual (individual clone).

1. Introduction

Clone is a transliteration of the English word ''' or 'ing', while the English word ''' is of Greek origin and originally meant a seedling or twig that cultivates a plant by means of vegetative propagation or vegetative propagation. Such as cuttings and grafting. In mainland China, it is translated as "asexual reproduction", and in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao, it is generally translated as replication or transcolonization or colonization. Chinese also have more precise words for cloning, "asexual reproduction", "clones" and "pure lineage".

Cloning refers to the asexual reproduction of an organism through somatic cells, as well as a population of offspring individuals formed by asexual reproduction that are identical to the genotype. It is usually the process of using biotechnology to produce offspring from asexual reproduction that have the exact same genome as the original individual. Scientists call the process of artificial genetic manipulation of animal reproduction cloning, and this biotechnology is called cloning technology, which itself means asexual reproduction, that is, a pure cell line formed by the division and reproduction of cells of the same ancestor, and the genes of each cell in the cell line are the same as each other.

Cloning can also be understood as copying, copying, that is, producing the same copy from the prototype, its appearance and genes are exactly the same as the prototype. "Cloning" no longer means more than "asexual reproduction". A group of individuals from the same ancestor who reproduce asexually is also called a "clone". This group of asexual reproduction offspring from the same ancestor is also called "clonal line". Abbreviated as clones. To put it simply, it is an artificially induced form of asexual reproduction. But cloning is not the same as asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction refers to the reproductive mode in which only one organism produces offspring without the combination of male and female reproductive cells, and the common ones are spore reproduction, budding reproduction and division reproduction. The production of new individuals from the roots, stems, and leaves of plants through striping or grafting is also called asexual reproduction. Animals such as sheep, monkeys, and cows cannot reproduce asexually without human intervention. Cloning Dolly the sheep is also a product of cloning. Regarding the idea of cloning, the great writer Wu Chengen of the Ming Dynasty has a wonderful description - Sun Wukong often plucks a handful of monkey hair at a critical moment to conjure up a large group of monkeys, which is of course a myth, but in today's scientific terms, Sun Wukong can quickly clone himself. Theoretically, monkey hair contains all DNA sequences. That is, it can be cloned, but in fact. Technology is not advanced to such an extent.

Another cloning method is to extract the genetic cells of two or more human beings and combine them to form embryos, and the clones after birth have the characteristics of several people who provide the genes. Just like Clone 47\17 in the game (Ultimate Assassin Codename 47), the main character Killer 47 is a clone. His genes are derived from a combination of five people put together.

2. Basic process

The nucleus of a donor cell cloned with genetic material is transferred to an egg cell with the nucleus removed, and the two are fused together by microcurrent stimulation, etc., and then the new cell divides and multiplies into an embryo, and when the embryo develops to a certain extent, it is implanted into the animal's uterus to impregnate the animal, and an animal with the same gene as the cell provider can be born. In this process, if the donor cells are genetically modified, the genes of the asexually reproduced offspring will undergo the same changes.

Cloning technology does not require male and female mating, does not require the combination of sperm and egg, only a single cell is extracted from the animal, artificially cultivated into an embryo, and then implanted into the female animal to give birth to a new individual. This cloned animal, cultured in single cells, has exactly the same characteristics as a single-cell donor and is a "replica" of a single-cell donor. Scientists in England and Oregon in the United States have cultivated "cloned sheep" and "cloned monkeys" successively. Some even believe that cloning technology can be compared to the advent of the atomic bomb.

3. Early research

The genetic makeup of all members of the same clone is identical, with the exception of mutations. Natural clones of plants, animals and microorganisms already exist in nature, for example, identical twins are actually a type of clone. However, the incidence of natural mammalian cloning is extremely low, the number of members is too small (usually two), and the lack of purpose to be used for the benefit of humans, so people have begun to explore artificial methods to produce higher animal cloning. In this way, the word cloning began to be used as a verb to refer to the act of artificially cultivating cloned animals.

There are two main methods for producing mammalian clones: embryo fractionation and nuclear transfer.

Nuclear transfer

The cloned sheep "Dolly", as well as various cloned animals bred by scientists from various countries later, all use nuclear transfer technology. The so-called cell nuclear transfer refers to the process of transferring the nuclei of embryos or adult animals at different stages of development into enucleated oocytes through microsurgery and cell fusion methods to reconstitute embryos and make them mature and mature. Unlike embryo segmentation techniques, nuclear transfer techniques, especially serial nuclear transfer techniques, can produce an infinite number of genetically identical individuals. Because nuclear transfer is an effective method for producing cloned animals, it is often referred to as animal cloning technology.

The idea of cloning animals using nuclear transfer technology was originally developed by Hans. In 1938, Speman proposed what he called the "bizarre experiment", in which the nucleus was removed from an embryo (mature or immature) and transferred into an egg. This idea is now the basic way to clon animals.

Since 1952, scientists have first used frogs to carry out nuclear transfer cloning experiments, and have obtained tadpoles and adult frogs. In 1963, a scientific research team led by Professor Tong Dizhou first studied the technology of fish embryo cell nuclear transfer using goldfish and other materials, and achieved success. In 1964, British scientist Gordon () irradiated the unfertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis with ultraviolet light to destroy its nucleus, and then sucked the nucleus from the tadpole's somatic cell, the field epithelial cell, and injected the nucleus into the eggs with the destroyed nucleus, and found that 1.5% of these nucleated eggs differentiated and developed into normal adult frogs. For the first time, Gordon's experiment demonstrated the comprehensiveness of the somatic nucleus of an animal.

The first results of nuclear transfer research into cloned bovine mammalian embryos were achieved in 1981. Ilmenze and Peter. Hoppe used mouse embryonic cells to grow normally developed mice. In 1984, Stern. Veradson cloned a live-born sheep from immature embryonic cells taken from sheep, and others later repeated his experiments using a variety of animals, including cows, pigs, goats, rabbits, and macaques. In 19*, Villadson obtained the second generation of cloned cattle with continuous nucleus transfer. In 1994, Neil. Firstrate cloned cattle with late embryos that had developed to at least one hundred and twenty cells. By 1995, embryonic cell nuclear transfer had been successful in all major mammals, including frozen and in vitro produced embryos; Nuclear transfer experiments with embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells have also been attempted. However, until 1995, the transfer of differentiated nuclei from adult animals has not been successful. (To be continued)

...

...