ps: Emperor Saga is the fifty-second emperor, facing the waste of financial resources caused by the relocation of the capital by the fifty-fourth Emperor Kanmu, as well as the chaotic situation of the previous Emperor Heijo, the emperor is unfortunately a "merry son", with 28 wives and concubines, and 50 children. This was undoubtedly a serious threat to the treasury at that time, so on May 8 of the fifth year www.biquge.info of Hirohito (814 AD), Emperor Saga finally issued a major edict, announcing that the four princes: Shin, Hong, Tsune, and Ming, and the four princesses: Sadahime, Jiehime, Quanhime, and Zenhime were separated from the imperial family, and the surname Genji was given and reduced to vassalage, which was the first large-scale "surrender of the surname of the minister" event in Japanese history, which was also "Genji" It appeared for the first time in Japanese history.

1. Genji (Japanese surname)

Emperor Saga was the fifty-second emperor, and in the face of the waste of financial resources caused by the relocation of the capital by the 50th Emperor Kanmu and the chaotic situation of the previous Emperor Heijo, the emperor was unfortunately a "merry son", with 28 wives and concubines, and 50 children. This was undoubtedly a serious threat to the treasury at that time, so on May 8, the fifth year of Hirohito (814 AD), Emperor Saga finally issued a major edict, announcing that the four princes: Shin, Hiroshi, Tsune, and Akira, and the four imperial daughters: Sadahime, Jiehime, Quanhime, and Zenhime were separated from the imperial throne, given the surname Genji, and reduced to vassalage.

1. Origin

According to the Japanese legal system, the children of the emperor are the first to be the emperor. The prince and the prince are the second, and the spring prince is the third, so that the sixth is calculated, and the imperial family that has not inherited the imperial line will automatically leave the imperial family. But the first time he broke this rule was Emperor Saga.

Emperor Saga was the fifty-second emperor, and in the face of the waste of financial resources caused by the relocation of the capital by the 50th Emperor Kanmu and the chaotic situation of the previous Emperor Heijo, the emperor was unfortunately a "merry son", with 28 wives and concubines, and 50 children. This was undoubtedly a serious threat to the treasury at that time. Therefore, on the 8th day of May in the 5th year of Hirohito (814 AD), Emperor Saga finally issued a major edict, announcing that there would be four princes: Shin, Hiroshi, Tsune, and Akira. The four royal daughters: Sadahime, Jiehime, Quanhime, and Zenhime were separated from the imperial family, given the surname Genji, and reduced to vassal, which was the first large-scale "surrender of the surname to the minister" event in Japanese history. It was also the first time that "Genji" appeared in Japanese history. Soon. Emperor Saga issued an edict again, and successively sent thirteen princes: Kuan, Ding, Zhen, Sheng, Cheng, An, Qing, Rong, Qin, Sheng, Qi, Xian, and Ji; Eleven royal daughters: Genhime, Wakahime, Shen Ji, Ying Ji, Shenghime, Rong Ji, Duan Ji, Wu Ji, Mi Ji, Liang Ji, Nian Ji, together with the first time, a total of 17 princes, 15 princesses, a total of 32 people, given the surname Genji, reduced to the rank of minister. These people are known to the world as "Sagagenji".

As to why the word "source" is used. Historiography believes that the Chinese Book of Wei. According to the Biography of Yuanhe, the bald and haired Wei Tan, the lord of the Southern Liang Kingdom, was defeated by the Western Qin. His son Bao Zhou, He and several people of the clan first fled to the Hexi Wang Fuqu Mengxun, and later, fled to the Northern Wei Dynasty, Wei each awarded its official title, among which the bald He was loved by the Duke of Xiping, and was loved by the Lord of Wei, which was called: "Qing Zhixian and I have the same origin, can be the source of the family", so the surname was changed to the source, that is, the name of the source of He. The so-called Lord of Wei, or Taiwu Emperor Tao, Zizhi Tongjian records that this incident occurred in 414 AD, that is, the first year of the Ming Yuan Emperor's heir Shenrui (the tenth year of Yixi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty), which was exactly 400 years before the Japanese Emperor Saga first gave the surname Genji.

Emperor Saga's new creation of the surname Genji is derived from the phrase "the same origin as me, which can be Genji". At the same time, "Gen" means "water source, small stream" in Japanese characters, and the Genji people hope that these separated sons and daughters can make their family line from small streams to generation and turn into a surging river. It is said that Emperor Saga once had a blessing with a similar meaning, the word "source", which roughly encapsulates what he thought when he made his decision.

2. Branch

Since Emperor Saga set this precedent, subsequent emperors have followed suit, and whenever there are too many heirs, they have given their surnames to become vassals to alleviate the economic crisis. Therefore, a total of 21 emperors gave their children the "Genji", that is, the "21st Genji".

(52nd generation) Sagagenji

(54th generation) Renming Genji

(55th generation) Buntoku Genji

(Fifty-six generations) Kiyowa Genji

(Fifty-seven generations) Yang Cheng Genji

(58 generations) Kotaka Genji

(Fifty-nine generations) Utagenji

(Sixty generations) Daigo Genji

(62nd generation) Genji Murakami

(63rd generation) cold spring Genji

(65th generation) Hanayama Genji

(Sixty-seven generations) Sanjo Genji

(Seventy-first generation) Gojo Genji

(77th generation) after Shirakawa Genji

(84th generation) Shunde Genji

(Eighty-eight generations) after Sagagenji

(Eighty-nine generations) after Fukakusa Genji

(90 generations) Kameyama Genji

(Ninety-four generations) after Nijo Genji

(Ninety-six generations) Go-Daigo Genji

(One hundred and six generations) Masakin-cho Genji

Until the Muromachi period, "Genji" was still a generic term for the above twenty first-class clans, but later, the word "Genji" gradually referred to the Seiwa Genji branch, and in fact, Kiyowa Genji was indeed the most famous among the Genji, and the influence was also the most extensive, and according to the geographical location, it was divided into many branches such as Kai Genji, Hitachi Genji, Shinano Genji, Setzu Genji, and Mino Genji, and so on.

Second, the Ping family

The Taira clan is one of the most powerful families in Japanese history. The Ping family originated in 825 years. At that time, due to financial difficulties, some of the royal family's collateral were given surnames (the royal family did not have a surname) and sent to other places. The surname Taira was given to Prince Takato, the grandson of the fiftieth Emperor Kan Take, and the son of Prince Katsuhara. Therefore, the descendants of Prince Gao Dong are called the Huan Wu Ping clan.

Gao Dong's nephew, Gao Wang, went to Hitachi to become a magistrate, and his grandson inherited the official position, forming a powerful samurai family. Takabo's great-grandson Hei Shomon held great power and controlled the entire Kanto region.

The end of the Heian period. The aristocracy was full of power conflicts and contradictions, which were eventually resolved by force. In the Hogen Rebellion of 1156 and the Heiji Rebellion of 1159, the Isehira clan contributed greatly to the victorious side. His military exploits were impressive, especially in the Heiji Rebellion, in which the Taira clan almost wiped out his political rival Genji. Minamoto Yoshitomo, one of the leaders of the Genji clan, was killed on the run, and the third son, Minamoto Yoritomo, was exiled to Izu, and the remaining sons were forcibly sent to Buddhist temples to become monks, and the status of the Taira clan was established. In 1167, the leader of the Ping clan, Taira Kiyomori, was promoted to the post of Minister of Imperial Affairs, and all important official positions in the court and China were held by the Ping clan. Many vassal states outside the court also fell into the hands of the Ping clan. In addition, Taira Kiyomori's daughter Tokuko also married Emperor Takakura as the middle palace and gave birth to Prince Kinhito (later Emperor Antoku). At this time, the Ping clan can be said to be in power.

In 1180, Taira Kiyomori supported his two-year-old grandson Antoku to ascend the throne and moved the capital to Fukuhara (now Kobe). In the same year, one of Minamoto Yoshito's close ministers rebelled. Minamoto Yoritomo, the son of Minamoto Yoshitomo, took the opportunity to raise troops with the support of samurai from all over the country. On March 21, 1181, dictator Taira Kiyomori died of illness. A movement against the totalitarian rule of the Taira family broke out in full force in Japan. Minamoto Yoritomo led his troops to attack Kyoto. The Taira clan saw the Genji army approaching. He took the young Emperor Anderson hostage and fled in a panic. In 1181, the final battle of the Genpei War, the Taira clan was completely annihilated in the Battle of Tanpu that took place at the eastern end of the Shimonoseki Strait. Emperor Andertoku also threw himself into the water and died. After that, the Genji family established rule over all of Japan.

3. Fujiwara

Japanese aristocratic surnames, abbreviated as Fuji surnames, already existed as early as the Asuka period. Before the Heian period, the Fujiwara clan was called by their own surname [Fujiwara; After the Kamakura period, in addition to official documents, most of them were named after their families. Miao characters (such as Konoe, Kujo) are called. In the eighth year of the Tenchi Dynasty (669), Nakatomi Kamazu died, and Emperor Tenchi used his participation in the reform of Taika. The surname Fujiwara courtiers is the beginning of the surname. The first year of Kanji (1087). At the beginning of the imperial administration, the power of the Fujiwara clan declined slightly. After the Meiji Restoration, the Five Families were the first of the Chinese to receive the title of duke. The Fujiwara clan has been active in politics for nearly a thousand years. However, in the Meiji era, because the emperor ordered all people to have a surname, some people in the region changed their surnames to Fujiwara, but these figures have nothing to do with the real Fujiwara clan in history, and the Fujiwara clan is quite common today.

1, the eighth year of the Tianzhi Dynasty

In the eighth year of the Tenchi Dynasty (669), Nakatomi Kamazu died, and Emperor Tenchi gave the surname Fujiwara courtiers for his participation in the Taika reform, which was the beginning of his surname. Later, Emperor Bunmu issued an edict that only his son was allowed to have the same surname Fujiwara. After the Renshen Rebellion, Bubi participated in the drafting of the law and decree, built Heijojing, and created a political foundation. His daughter Mitsuko was established as the queen, and the Fujiwara clan was established. There are four sons of Bubi: Takechi Maro (South Family), Fangqian (North Family), Uhe (Shikijia Family), and Maro (Jing Family), which are the four families with strong political power under the Ritsu system. After that, the three families lost power in the struggle for power, and only the northern family remained prosperous. When he arrived at Fujiwara Ryobo, he served as a regent for a foreign relative, and he controlled the government for a long time in the name of regent or Sekihaku, which was called regency politics, which was the heyday of the Northern family, and established the tradition that the regent Sekihaku was appointed by the descendants of the Northern family. After the governor came to power, the Fujiwara clan reached its peak of autocracy. During this period, Fujiwara's relatives interfered in politics and did whatever they wanted, and the two queens stood side by side, with four daughters and three concubines. The concubine of the East Palace, the young emperor lived in his home. The positions of regent, Sekihaku, Taisei minister, and left and right ministers were dominated by the Fujiwara clan, forming a special system of regency politics. At the end of the Heian period, the Hokuke family (known as the Seki family) was divided into three families: Konoe, Shoden, and Kujo.

2. The first year of Kuanzhi

In the first year of Kanji (1087), the administration of the court began, the real power was transferred to the government of the court, and the power of the Fujiwara clan declined slightly, and the formal regents were still held by the Fujiwara family. The Taira clan rose up, the samurai came to power, and the Fujiwara clan's regency political system existed in name only. In the Kamakura period, the Konoe family was divided into the Takaji family, and the Kujo family was divided into the Nijo family and the Ichijo family, and the Konoe family, the Takaji, Kujo, Nijo, and Ichijo were called the Goseki family, and they alternated as regents until the end of the Edo period, but the regents had nothing to do with the government.

3. Meiji Restoration

After the Meiji Restoration, the Five Families were the first of the Chinese to receive the title of duke. The Fujiwara clan has been active in politics for nearly a thousand years. However, in the Meiji era, because the emperor ordered all people to have a surname, some people in the region changed their surnames to Fujiwara, but these figures have nothing to do with the real Fujiwara clan in history, and the Fujiwara clan is quite common today.

Fourth, Tangerine

Tachibana is a surname of the Heian Dynasty in Japan, a descendant of the imperial family, and has produced many ministers in the Nara and Heian dynasties, becoming a prominent family. But in the middle of the Muromachi period, the clan family became extinct.

At the Great Taste Festival of the Emperor of Heaven (that is, the enthronement ceremony), Fujiwara is not equal to his wife, that is, the prefectural dog Sanchiyo (what does this name Scarlet Qingfeng think?) He was given a cup with oranges floating inside, and he was also given the surname "Tachibana Suyou". This surname has a peculiarity, there are many famous women. Through the marriage of these women, they were tied to the royal family and the Fujiwara clan, and the surname Tachibana also became a famous family. The daughter of Fujiwara Fubi and the three thousand generations of the prefectural dog breed, Anjuku, was the Empress of Light of the later Emperor Shomu, that is, the mother of Emperor Xiaoqian. Emperor Saga's Empress Gotanlin is also from the surname [Tachibana], and many ministers with this surname are still very beautiful.

It is one of the four major surnames in Japan, and this surname was used in the middle and late Heian periods in addition to many famous ministers. The climate is gradually declining after losing the political struggle with the Fujiwara clan. In the second half of the 16th century, the family was cut off. (To be continued.) )