1. Clans

1. Anthropological terminology

A social unit that, for the purpose of survival and security, is loosely composed of several nuclear families (the total number of people generally does not exceed thirty~fifty). Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 Info clans can be incorporated into larger communities called tribes, or occasionally combined as a result of tribal celebrations, hunting, or warfare.

2. A collection of people who share a common ancestor

It refers to the collection of groups of people with a common ancestor, usually in the same settlement, forming a large settlement, which belongs to the vague concept of ethnic groups in the modern sense. Similar terms are used in clans, and in small areas, clans and clans are sometimes used interchangeably. A clan usually appears as a surname and constitutes a residential settlement; A dynasty can include many families.

Clans are also known as "families" and "clans". It refers to the patrilineal unilineal kinship group, that is, with an adult male surname as the center (called "zongzi" or "patriarch"), according to the principle of succession from father to son, which is the main line of the clan. There are a number of branches next to the main line "No Error" quled, and the order of the branch lines is determined according to the distance of the kinship between them and the main line. There is a family within the clan, so the clan is a family union. The father of the family is subject to the son of the clan, that is, the so-called "father, supreme also", "great ancestry, respected unity". The clan is a monophyletal structure, and its lineage is arranged according to the male surname rather than by both the male and female surnames. All female surnames in the clan are vassals of men, and the so-called "women have three subordinate meanings, and there is no special way". At the beginning of civilized society, in the face of the harsh nature and social struggle for survival, the family can only exist on a smaller scale, and the children and grandchildren who have the best ability to survive gradually break away from the father clan and establish another clan. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the population of a clan could often reach several thousand; Wei, Jin, Sui, and Tang dynasties. There are even tens of thousands of wealthy families with the surnames of some wealthy families. "Left Biography. Twenty-four years of Duke Xu": "Summoning Mu Gong to think about Zhou's virtue is not the same, so he entangled the clan in Cheng Zhou and composed poems. "Warring States Policy. Han Ce II: "The enemy's hatred." Han Xiang Han puppet. The puppet and Han Jun's Ji father is also, and the clan is prosperous. The guards are set up, and the ministers make people stab people, and they can't do it in the end. "Erya. "The party of the father is the clan. "Han Bangu's "White Tiger Pass. Religion: "What is the clan? The clansmen also get together, gather also, and say that love flows together. Up to the ancestors, down to the great-great-grandsons, the family has auspiciousness, hundreds of families gather, and they become relatives. Life loves each other, death mourns, there is a way to gather, so it is called a family. "Hanshu. Wei Xuancheng's biography": "There are more than ten people in the clan who have 2,000 stones. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty. Astronomical Chronicles: "More than 10,000 people of the Shuwife clan were wiped out. Tang Jiangfang's "Biography of Huo Xiaoyu": "Lu Yijia is also a family, marrying a daughter in another family, and the hiring must be about one million, and if this amount is full, it is not righteous." The fourth chapter of "Dream of Red Mansions": "This is also the daughter of a famous eunuch in Jinling, whose father's name is Li Shouzhong, and he once supervised the sacrificial wine for the son of the country. There are all men and women in the tribe who do not recite poetry and read. ”

3. Special cases

Chinese surnames in clans. There are such special cases, that is, different surnames and different ancestors, the same surname and different ancestors, and the same surname acknowledging the same ancestry and different ancestors. Like what:

(1) Different surnames, same ancestry, different ancestors

Lai, Luo, and Fu are all descendants of the Yellow Emperor, and they all lived in Henan. Each has contributed to the country, and the fief is knighted. In order to realize the difficulty of creating in the previous generations, the descendants of later generations took the title as their surname. However, it will decline after a long time. It is inevitable, the rise of the king of Chu Ling, first destroy Lai, then destroy Luo, and then merge Fu and the three surnames of the fiefdom land since then eliminated, but since the fiefdom has been opened, it has been extinct for a long time, and the relationship between each other by marriage abounds. When Lai was destroyed, Chu was afraid that the Lai people were trying to restore the country, and they were killed to the worst. Although the people who preside over the country went to the lake to continue to establish a government in exile, but the establishment of the country must have the three elements of land, people, and sovereignty before it can exist. When the king of Chu Ling was killed, because the Lai clan gathered and slaughtered, it has been said for a long time, the family is tired, and there are many people who cannot migrate with them. Later, the Luo State was destroyed, and the Chu State was killed as before, and many people changed their surnames to be attached to Lai and Fu, and the Fu family was merged and is still the same. The situation was settled, although the Chu State stopped killing, but it has lasted for several generations, there are many descendants, confusion, and they have not reverted to the surname, because the three surnames are not able to discuss each other and get married, in order to express the meaning of the same qi and branches, it is my Lai, Luo, and Fu Zilai have a relationship with the system, which can be seen here. The three surnames of Lai Luo Fu have their own long history in the history of the Chinese nation, so when they meet each other on weekdays, they are called each other by "Qintang", which means that the three surnames have been related by blood for thousands of years, and Liu Guanzhang was united by emotions for a while during the Three Kingdoms, and was married to Jinlan with a different surname, which is completely different.

(2) The same surname is the same ancestry, and the ancestors are different

For example, "Liu Fu's", that is, when the Fu family moved to other places, among the villagers who migrated with them, there was a family surnamed Liu. When the Fu family died of illness on the way, the Fu orphans and widows could hardly travel, nor could they settle down halfway, at this time, the kind-hearted Liu family took on their fate. Fu's son was not yet an adult, and his mother passed away, so the family surnamed Liu regarded him as his own and cultivated him as an adult. For this kindness, the Fu family took over the son, took the surname of Fu and Liu, and passed it on to future generations.

(3) The same surname admits the same ancestry

This situation is the most, that is, there are already local families with the same surname, but they do not know their roots, but the same surname that migrated later has a family tree that can be traced, and the relationship between the two ethnic groups is harmonious, and the local surname will admit that the same surname is the same ancestry, and some recognize it as the same ancestor.

The place where clans worship their ancestors together is called the ancestral hall (ancestral hall);

The main source of information that records the history of the clan is genealogy (genealogy);

Conflicts between clans caused by conflicts are called clan conflicts (clan fights);

Clan-dwelling communities have a defensive function. Fujian folk houses are typical family buildings, and a single tulou can live in dozens to hundreds of family members.

2. Family

The family is a social organization based on blood relations, including several generations of the same bloodline. Now it also refers to getting together online to do something for the same hobby, such as playing a game with the same name. In the old days, Xiangfan aborigines or immigrants from other places settled in one place, and developed into a large ethnic group because of the prosperity of the people, and some villages were named after surnames. For example, the Dong family in Dongtai, the Chen family in Chenjiaying, and the Liu family in Liujiahe on the outskirts of the city, they live together in clans, have clan property, clan rules, and clan generals, and family affairs are in the hands of the patriarch. Wealthy and high-ranking clansmen also have a certain right to speak, and the clan organization is often mixed with the township political organization.

(1) Formation and development

Kinship groups, formed by marriage and blood relations, are the basic unit of society. The family is the smallest community of social life composed of the relationship between husband and wife and the relationship between parents and children. It constantly maintains the most direct continuity of human society and forms a family system. During the period of hybridization of primitive groups, families cannot be produced. During the period of matriarchal clan communes, due to the multi-couples of men and wives at this time, matrilineal families were formed, which were large families; In the period of patriarchal clan communes, women married with their husbands, and patrilineal families were formed. However, at this time, due to the intermarriage of couples and special couples, the patrilineal large family has included a number of individual families composed of small patrilineal families.

Under China's long feudal system, this kind of feudal patriarchal patriarchal family has always existed, no matter how many small families and individual families are included in the big family, they have always maintained the concept of the same surname and one family. After the establishment of China's socialist system, private ownership has been eliminated from the economic base, and the small families or individual families in the patrilineal large families supported by private ownership have been liberated from the feudal patriarchal system, forming a number of relatively simple families formed by blood relations.

(2) Significance

1. Cohesion of family affection

The family has two functions, internal and external, which can only connect people closely with each other and form an inseparable group.

(1) The internal function of the family

The family has the mission of maintaining a common livelihood, that is, the family economic function of eating, living and working together, so as to provide a guarantee for the family's material production and consumption, maintain the continuation and expansion of the family, have children, and start a family. The function of maintaining emotional harmony among family members, managing, restricting, and adjusting the behavior of internal members.

(2) The external functions of the family

providing labor to society; Accordingly, it provides intellectual and financial resources to the society, including the obligation to support the old, weak, sick, disabled, orphaned, and widowed in the society. The maintenance of the family's external relations is a very important function in the development of social relations, and the intricate social relations it forms have become the link that promotes social development. The family has a certain influence and restraining effect on the whole society, and has become the smallest unit that influences social behavior. (To be continued......)

Chapter 228: Clans and Families (1):

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