Chinese philosophy

The Yin-Yang School was one of the main schools in the middle of the Warring States period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in China. The purpose of the www.biquge.info pen is to advocate the theory of the five elements of yin and yang, so it is called the yin and yang family, also known as the "yin and yang five elements" or "five elements". Sima Tan's "On the Essence of the Six Schools" lists the "Yin and Yang Family" as the first of the six schools. Hanshu. Art and Literature Chronicle is listed as one of the "Nine Streams". The main representative figures are Zou Yan of Qi at the end of the Warring States Period.

1. Yin and yang

Yin and Yang originally refer to two opposing aspects of things, "one yin and one yang is the Tao" (Zhou Yi. Zhuangzi defined it as the contradictory and opposing elements contained in qi, "yin and yang, the great one of qi" (Zhuangzi. Zeyang"). The Yin-Yang family deduced the changes caused by the contradictory effects of Yin and Yang to mystify, "deeply observing the news of Yin and Yang, and making strange changes" (Sima Qian, Historical Records. Biography of Mencius Xunqing).

2. Yin and Yang family

During the Warring States Period in China, there was a school of thought that advocated the doctrine of yin and yang and the five elements, called the "Yin and Yang Family", and at that time, Zou Yan and Zou Shuang, who were from Qi, were the main representatives. The "Yin and Yang Theory" regards "Yin" and "Yang" as two mutually reinforcing forces within things, and believes that they are the laws of generation that give birth to all things in heaven and earth. This is exactly what Lao Tzu said about the concept of the world: "Tao gives birth to one, life to two, two to three, three to all things, all things negative yin and embrace yang, impulsive and harmonious." "With the complexity of the world, when the simple way of thinking about the dichotomy of everything is no longer able to explain the phenomena that are happening in front of us. As a result, a new mode of thinking has been derived, such as "Bagua", which is used to represent the movement and change of yin and yang, representing various natural phenomena, which can be used to calculate the passage of time, natural changes, and various encounters in life. The ancients, full of wisdom, then compiled the interpretation of these phenomena into "Yi", and the reference classic that has been handed down to the Zhou Dynasty to this day is the "Book of Changes". The "Five Elements Theory" is based on the theory that the five basic substances of gold, wood, water, fire, and earth "constantly circulate and change", and develop the concept that the five elements are mutually reinforcing and mutually restrained. Studying the theory of the five elements of yin and yang, it is possible to formulate a calendar from the calculation of the movement of celestial bodies. Master everything in the world. Later, they developed "astronomers" who specialized in the study of celestial bodies, "almanacists" who studied calendars, and "Five Elements Scholars"?

3. Leading ideology

The dominant idea of 'yin and yang' is to determine politics with the five elements, and the concept was first seen in the Book of Changes, and the concept of 'five elements' was first seen in the Book of Changes, but the emergence of the two concepts can be traced back to a much longer era. to the Warring States period. Yin and Yang and the Five Elements gradually converge to form a new conceptual model, which is to grow and decline with Yin and Yang. The five elements are shifted as the basis of the theoretical cosmology. The Yin-Yang School was one of the important schools of thought during the Warring States Period, and was named after the theory of the five elements of Yin and Yang and the use of it to explain social personnel. This school of thought should have originated from the ruling class in charge of the astronomical calendar in ancient times. It is also known as the 'Yin and Yang Five Elements School' or 'Yin and Yang Five Elements School'.

One of the "Hundred Schools of Thought": Liu Xin's "Book of Han. Art and Culture. There are more than 100 famous works recorded in Zhu Ziluo. It is listed as one of the "Nine Streams and Ten Families". The subsequent Book of Sui. Books such as the Chronicles of the Classics and the General Catalogue of the Four Libraries raised the number of "Zhuzi Baijia" (an academic school that emerged from the pre-Qin to the Han Dynasty) to a thousand. However, there are only dozens of the most famous schools that are widely spread and have great influence, including: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalism, Celebrity, Moism, Zongheng, Peasants, Miscellaneous, Novelists, etc.

4. Yin and Yang Dao

In the 6th century AD, China's Yin-Yang Five Elements Doctrine, which mixed Taoist mantras with Esoteric divination, was introduced to Japan. After landing in Japan, a lot of local culture was infiltrated, and a unique "Onmyodo" was formed. However, when the term officially appeared in Japanese historical records, it was already in the 10th century. At this time, the Yin-Yang Tao was different from the early Chinese Yin-Yang thought. It has both divination, sacrifice, astronomy, calendar, and other applications, up to the national fortune and imperial order. Even the things of the common people can be explained by using them. Prince Shotoku of the Suiko Dynasty was one of the best people in this discipline. Deeply believing in Buddhism, he took into account the coordination of the five elements of yin and yang when formulating the "12 Orders of Crown" and the color of clothing, which had a great impact on Japanese society.

5. Representative figure Zou Yan

Zou Yan, a native of Qi. The year of birth and death is unknown, but it is presumed that he was born in about 324 B.C. and died in 250 B.C., living for more than 70 years. The era of his activities was after Mencius, and he was a contemporary of Gongsun Long and Lu Zhonglian. When King Xuan of Qi, Zou Yan studied in Jixia Xue Palace, first learned Confucianism, and changed to attack the theory of yin and yang and five elements, but finally took Confucianism as his purpose. "Zou Yan is the master of the world with Confucianism, and he doesn't need it, that is, he is famous for his change forever. …… Zou Zi's work is also attributed to benevolence and righteousness" ("Treatise on Salt and Iron.. On Confucianism 11). "Zou Ziji's late Confucianism does not know the grandeur of heaven and earth, and the way of Zhaokuang will be a song and want to be ninefold; Guarding a corner and wanting to know all directions, there is still no quasi-level and wanting to know the superiority, and there are no rules and wanting to know the square circle. Therefore, the fortune of the great sage was pushed to the end of the king, and the princes and princes were ......" ("Treatise on Salt and Iron. On Zou Fifty-third). It can be seen that whether it is learning Confucianism or attacking yin and yang, Zou Yan's purpose is to seek learning that can be applied to the world, which fully embodies his spirit of joining the WTO to help the people.

In this regard, Sima Qianyan had a deeper understanding, he said: "Zou Yan sees that those who have a country are good for extravagance, and they can't be virtuous,...... It is a strange change from a deep view of the news of yin and yang, and the chapters of "The End" and "The Great Sage" are more than 100,000 words. …… However, if you want it to return, you must stop at benevolence, righteousness and frugality, and the six relatives of the monarch and the ministers will also be indiscriminate. When the prince first saw his technique, he was afraid of it, and then he continued to do it. …… Although Zou Yanqi's words are wrong, Fu also has the meaning of Niu Ding?" (Historical Records. The descendants did not observe its avenue, but learned its small skills, so feudal superstition flourished, which was not Zou Yan's mistake. "Zou Yan is the main luck of blocking the sun in the princes, and the monks of Yan Qi on the sea can't pass on his skills, but it is strange that the sycophants have risen since then, and there are countless of them." (Historical Records. Feng Zen Book)

Bangu's Book of Han. The Art and Literature Chronicles discusses the origin and social status of the Yin-Yang family: "The Yin-Yang family and the like are covered by the officials of Xihe, respecting Wu Tian, the sun, moon and stars, and respecting the people. Ban Gu believes that the Yin-Yang family originated from the official Xi clan and the He clan, who were in charge of the astronomical calendar. In this case, the theory of heaven and the theory of the five elements are the main content of Zou Yan's theory. The "Historical Records" collection quotes Liu Xiang to "Beilu" as saying: "What Zou Yanzhi said...... Talking about heavenly affairs, so it is called 'talking about the sky'. "Historical Records. The Biography of Meng Xun said, "Zou Yan's technique is broad and grandiose...... Therefore, Qi people sing the sun: 'talk about Tianyan'. "Wenxin Carving Dragon. Zhuzi said: "Zou Zi is in astronomy. The same book "Chronology" said: "Zou Zi is famous for talking about the sky." It can be seen that being good at chatting is a major characteristic of Zou Yan.

However, Zou Yan did not talk about the sky for the sake of chatting, he used the chat as a means to serve the political needs of the time. The theory of "the end of the five virtues", which is based on the five elements of yin and yang, is the core of his doctrine.

(1) "The end of the five virtues" said

Zou Yan believes that since the dissection of heaven and earth, human society has been circulating in the order of the transfer of the five virtues (that is, the virtues of the five elements). The transfer of the five virtues is modeled after the laws of the five elements of nature, namely earth and water, wood and earth, gold and wood, fire and gold, and water and fire. The historical changes of human society, like the natural world, are also governed by the five material elements of earth, wood, metal, fire and water, and the emergence of the Shanghai Dynasty in history embodies an inevitability. Zou Yan said: "The time of the five virtues, never invincible, so Yu Tu, Xia Mu" ("Huainanzi. Qi Vulgar Training" high temptation note "Zou Zi"). Anthology. Wei Dufu" Li Shan's note quoted "Seven Strategies" and said: "Zou Zi has five virtues from the end, never invincible, followed by Mude, second by Jinde, second by fire, and second by water." "Lü's Spring and Autumn. Ying Tong is more specific: "Where the emperor will prosper, the sky will be the first to see the people." At the time of the Yellow Emperor, the sky saw the big mole and the big mole. The Yellow Emperor said: 'Rustic wins! 'The rustic spirit wins, so its color is still yellow, and its things are earthy. At the time of Yu, the sage saw that the grass and trees would not be killed in autumn and winter. Yu said: 'Wood Qi wins! 'Wood is victorious, so its color is still green, and its things are wood. At the time of the soup, the heavenly seer saw that the golden blade was born of water. Tang said, 'Jin Qi wins!' Gold wins, so its color is still white, and its things are golden. , and when King Wen was king, the sky saw the fire, and the red bird title Dan book was collected in the Zhou Society. King Wen said; 'Anger wins! 'Fire wins, so its color is still red, and its things are fire.' The one who replaces the fire will be water, and the sky will see the water and gas win. Water vapor wins, so its color is still black, and its thing is water. According to the research of modern scholars, the above quotation should belong to Zou Yan's writings, which at least reflect the spirit of Zou Yan's doctrine. Zou Yan's doctrine laid the theoretical foundation for King Min of Qi to be called the Eastern Emperor and King Yan Zhao to be called the Northern Emperor, so it is not difficult to understand that he was courteous and reused by them. This doctrine was later adopted by Qin Shi Huang to serve his title as emperor and his rule. Historical Records. Feng Zen Shu said: "Zou Zi's disciples are at the end of their treatises. The luck of the five virtues, and the Qin Emperor and the people played it, so the first emperor adopted it. Wang Yinglin's Hanshu. "Art and Literature Journal" said: "Donglai Lu said: 'Fang Zou Yan pushes the luck of the five virtues, and people regard it as a special yin and yang end technique, if there is no number of chaos in advance. When the first emperor began to adopt it, it was determined to be a water virtue. I think that the rule of water virtue is resolute and deep, everything is determined by the law, and the benevolence and righteousness are cut, and then the number of five virtues is combined. Thereupon. If you are in a hurry, if you don't forgive it for a long time, then it's not a small thing! Zou Yan's Five Virtues always believed that human society is constantly changing and has its own rationality, but to explain it with the theory that the five elements are mutually reinforcing and mutually restrictive, it falls into a mechanistic theory. As for Qin Shi Huang's "rule of water virtue", the fault is not Zou Yan.

(2) The size of Kyushu said

Zou Yan also has an important doctrine, that is, the theory of large and small Kyushu.

Zou Yan said: "The so-called Chinese people are one of the eighty-one people in the world. The Chinese name is Chixian Shenzhou. Chixian Shenzhou has its own Kyushu, Yu Zhixuan Kyushu is also, not for the number of states, China outside such as Chixian Shenzhou nine, is the so-called Kyushu also. Therefore, there is a sea ring, and those who cannot communicate with the people and beasts, such as those in a district, are states. In this way, there is a big Ying Sea outside it, and the heaven and the earth are in the air. (To be continued.) )