In the pre-Qin period, the ruling class was the hereditary son of heaven and the princes. The princes then divided the hereditary secretaries, doctors, and scholars.

After the unification of the Qin Dynasty and before Xinhai, the ruling class was the royal family, honorable nobles, scholars, and high-ranking families.

Scholars and doctors are both pre-Qin words, doctors are first princes and officials, and after Shang Ying, they are military meritors, and after the imperial examination, scholars like to put good things on themselves, and three sets of two sets of scholars have become civil officials and Confucians. In fact, it has nothing to do with ordinary readers, and it has nothing to do with Confucianism. The imperial examination is in the palace and ranks in the court, which is called a scholar. The context of the scholars here is the civilian-military bureaucracy.

The complexity of China's ruling class lies in the fact that there are more imperial examinations, and as soon as the official Zhishi returns to his hometown, he becomes a gentleman, and the gentry will make a clan for you, like a big spider.

China's ruling class is the royal family, the clan, the nobles, the scholars, and the high-ranking families. The scholar is a civil and military official, the honorable is used by the royal family to balance the scholar, the royal family is the emperor's wings, and the Ming Yingzong civil fort was swept away, and all of a sudden the scholar was no one to balance, and no one listened to the emperor's words, and he did not go to court for decades. The Eight Banners General Zuo is the military noble class, and there is no one to check and balance the civil officials, Zeng Hu Li Zuo has risen in waves, and the Qing Governor Fuquan has been taken down, and the royal family wants to beat you, it protects each other in the southeast, and the royal family will become a mascot.

Before the Sui Dynasty, there were family valves, and the big high-ranking families were more powerful than the princes. Because of the imperial examination, there was another local ruling class, clan, and the imperial power of China after the pre-Qin period was not lower than the county, and the people's discussion of politics was accepted. Unlike in the West, there has always been a bunch of small noble lords in the countryside, armed landlords. The clan and the family are the local ruling class, and they fight against the county order and discuss things.

The royal family, nobles, civil and military officials and family lords, clans. This is the Chinese ruling class during the period of the Great Unification Dynasty, these people will oppress the common people and fool the common people, but they will not betray the country, because there is no country, only the world.

From the late Qing Dynasty to Xinhai, there were more bourgeoisie, more compradors, more warlords, more lend-lease tycoons, and a lot of things. At this time, the ruling class of the Republic of China began to move closer to the west, and the eight banners of the royal family were swept away and replaced by the Overseers, members of both houses of Congress, members of the Consultative Bureau, clans, and families.

At that time, the United States moved the set, there was a president, there was the Senate and the House of Representatives, the composition of the members was very chaotic, a bunch of celebrities and masters, what a mess of celebrities, celebrities and celebrities, they didn't count, but they each had their own ideas, and the discipline fell out again, who voted for whom. From the end of the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the local advisory bureaus and local councils have always been controlled by the gentry, and they usually discussed, and whoever listened to the gun in case of trouble, the influence of the clan and the family expanded, and the influence of the capitalists expanded.

The organizational forms of the Republic of China have successively implemented various forms of government, such as the presidential system, the responsible cabinet system, the monarchy, the ruling system, the generalissimo system, the committee system, and the separation of powers. It doesn't matter if the ruling class is in such a mess, I don't know who has the final say, why do I have a gun to listen to you to study the Dream of Red Mansions, why do I have money to listen to your old and crude economic bills, why don't you listen to me if I have such universal values? The south has to choose, the north has to recognize the gun, the north has to choose, the south has to recognize the gun again, it's a mess, there is a gun is the king of grass, and the era of chaos has begun.

During the Republican period, the real ruling class was the warlords, officials, and big capitalists. Locally there are small warlords, clans and families. There are more warlords and big capitalists, it is true that they exploit and oppress the common people, and they have all kinds of poisons, but they are not traitors. The ordinary capitalist is also the factory owner, the ordinary businessman, not the ruling class.

The comprador is neither a traitor nor a ruling class, and maritime trade is import and export trade, so there must be this profession, otherwise tea, silk, porcelain and other bulk items will be eaten by themselves? It is impossible for foreign businessmen to go to the countryside and buy from village to village. The comprador is an intermediary and a broker, which is beneficial to the state. The establishment of the Silk Road and the Maritime Silk Road is not done by the government, it is only allowed or not, the main force is the civil force, the maritime trade of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the net inflow of silver in China for a long time, the compradors are all heroes, while proud of the Silk Road and the Maritime Silk Road, while scolding the heroes, will think confused.

The comprador is an amplifier of interests, you are strong, it amplifies your net inflow of silver, you are weak, it amplifies your net outflow of silver. The more big compradors are, the more they have the feelings of the family and the country, the four major compradors in the late Qing Dynasty did not betray the country, and the country had merit, and the acquisition of large quantities must collude with feudal landlords, otherwise the goods could not be collected, and the import and export dealings with foreigners would definitely have to collude with imperialism, and the collapse of the late Qing Dynasty was not bad for the compradors, and the heroes of the net inflow of silver for thousands of years were not bad for Chen Yuanyuan in the late Ming Dynasty.

At the beginning, it was a political need to crack down on compradors from the end of the Qing Dynasty to the founding of the People's Republic of China, and under the turbulence of the great era, it was not possible to only serve the big goal, and it was not possible to tie up the hands and feet. But since the reform and opening up, don't use a narrow vision to define compradors, manage private enterprises, can't manage foreign enterprises, let private enterprises selflessly dedicate, is to increase its cost, the national perspective is not suitable to apply to business, capital is the game. On the contrary, there is no problem in operation, forcing foreign companies to donate and allowing foreign companies to make selfless contributions, which can be beneficial to the country.

When will the ordinary capitalists and comprador landlords be able to get seats in the councils of the local councils, they will be able to influence policy, and they will be armed with militias, and then they will be able to reach the ruling class.

Japan didn't have to turn over, the country was small and narrow, the Westerners were not interested, what was the black ship sailing, and Lan Xue hadn't seen it for many years. The ruling class of that era knew very well that this was pasting a broken house, but it couldn't find a solution.

The principles of operation and the mode of rule between the agricultural and industrial stages are completely different. An industrial society is not necessarily happier than an agrarian society, but an agrarian civilization cannot defeat an industrial civilization.

Classical capitalism went all the way to the process of monopoly capitalism, with the deepening of industrialization, the standardization system slowly integrated into all aspects of society, the great powers are not terrible, what is terrible is the industrial countries. The great powers are tigers and wolves, the industrial countries are killing machines, and a bunch of empires such as Austria-Hungary and Tsarist Russia can be great powers, but when they encounter industrial countries, they are natives.

Until later generations, the Industrial Party did not know what industrial civilization was all about, thinking that the more industrialized the better, and the bigger the industry, the better. Not to mention the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, I couldn't even understand the operating principles of monopoly capitalism of the great powers. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the ruling class has always been deceived by the appearance of the great powers' strong ships and guns, and confused by the industry itself.

In the industrial stage, an indigenous foreign atmosphere and fan are bubbles, which will burst if they don't poke themselves. Not only the Republic of China, but also the later generations of such countries.

Iron and steel, guns, warships, airplanes, this is called industrial products, private ownership of the means of production, market regulation, bourgeois power, this is called the capitalist system. Public ownership of the means of production, planned regulation and control, and proletarian power are called the socialist system. Freedom, parliament, ****, these are the characteristics of a democratic state. Democracy, freedom, human rights, caring for the environment, protecting animals, not eating dog meat, this is called universal values, but these are all appearances, there are not strong countries, let alone industrial countries, let alone the luxury of relying on these blessings, more than 200 countries in the later generations have more than 200 of these, but the industrial age actually has nothing to do with you.

It is not a little factory, the production point of industrial products is called an industrial country, the essence of industrial society is a machine society, there must be a social division of labor and discipline system to adapt to large industry, it is the standardized operation of the whole society, there are horse-drawn carriages to have left and right lines, the width of the railroad track is determined by the horse's buttocks, industrial products are produced by disciplined industrial workers and machines, and the assembly line is first of all a discipline, followed by a standard. Every screw of industrial products carries this kind of discipline and standard, and all aspects of society in industrial countries will be engraved with this clear characteristics of industrialization, and even people in industrial countries are industrialized.

However, it is not that the higher the industrial efficiency, the better, the larger the industry, the better, and the more distinctive the characteristics of industrialization in the whole society, the better. But at least, at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, even if it had some primary characteristics, it was called a primary industrial country.

In the era of industrial civilization, this is called a war between civilized people, a war between industrial countries, and a war between civilized people. When an industrial country hits others, it is a fight against the natives, and no matter how thick the indigenous makeup is, it is useless. No matter how many people die, as long as civilized people don't care, not a single bubble will bubble, it will be a storm in the teapot, and the natives will even have the right to participate in public opinion.

In the stage of industrial civilization, whether you are a civilized person or not has nothing to do with your system, freedom or not, and the Indians were originally very free.

The word imperialism kills people and is easy to mislead people, and it should be translated as monopoly capitalism, and in the process of moving all the way to classical and monopoly capitalism, classical capitalism is constantly increasing industrial efficiency and industrialization, and the efficiency of killing is getting higher and higher.

The Qing Dynasty was a real empire, and it was an agrarian dynasty dominated by a small peasant economy under the great unification. On the contrary, Japan began to consider the problem with the thinking of industrialization, and the military has always been at the forefront of various reforms and technologies, which is even more changed to the thinking of Germany and Britain.