Shen Liang then didn't wait for the two thoughtful dolls in front of him to speak, and immediately continued: In fact, there are still many twists and turns in this battle, and I will discuss it today and give it to you. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info"

Shen Liang then preached the lesson: "The stalemate stage of the Battle of Changping, the stalemate stage of the Qin and Zhao march route Zhao Wang heard that the Qin army was driving eastward, so he had to raise his division to respond to the battle, and sent the general Lian Po to lead the main force of the Zhao army to Changping, in an attempt to reoccupy Shangdang. In the spring and summer of 260 BC, Lian Po deployed defenses on the front line of Kongcang Ridge, and Wang Yi led his army to prepare for an assault along the Qin River. The battle began when the defenders of Zhaokong Cangling encountered the Qin outpost troops, and the defenders could not parry, and the Qin army advanced step by step. In July of that year, the defense line of dozens of miles north and south of the Kongcang Ridge - a west fortress wall (a west long base) completely fell, the Zhao army retreated to the Dan River, and Qin and Zhao confronted each other across the river. The Zhao army stuck to the favorable terrain and relied on the Dan River to strengthen the Dan River defense line. After that, "Lian Po was strong and waited for Qin, Qin Shu challenged, and Zhao soldiers did not come out" ("Historical Records: The Biography of Bai Qi Wang Jian Lie"). In this way, he made full use of the favorable terrain he occupied, stuck to his position, and persisted for several years in a row, but Wang Di, who was strong and eager to fight, was at a loss and could not cross the Dan River one step. At this point, the war entered a stalemate phase without a victory. After three years of war, Qin's economy was overwhelmed, and Zhao's huge military expenditures were gradually overwhelmed. "Historical Records: The Biography of Bai Qi Wang Jian Lie" contains Bai Qi's words, "Although Qin broke the Changping Army, more than half of the Qin soldiers died, and the country was empty"; "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period: Ying Yan Chapter" also has a record of "although Qin was victorious over Changping, it was decided in three years, the people were tired, and the grain was sold". And Zhao Guo also "has nothing to eat, please Su Yu Qi and Qi will not listen". So both sides sought a quick battle to get out of the predicament. After all, Qin's war instructors were superior in chess, and they used strategy to open gaps and create conditions for subsequent strategic offensives. On the one hand, they took the opportunity of Zheng Zhu, the envoy of Zhao, to go to Qin to discuss peace, deliberately and hospitably entertained Zheng Zhu, and created the illusion of reconciliation between Qin and Zhao to other countries, so that Zhao lost the opportunity to "cooperate" with other countries in diplomacy and fell into passivity and isolation. On the other hand, he used a divisive strategy to send people to Handan, the capital of Zhao, to buy off King Zhao's left and right ministers, and to sow discord between King Zhao and Lian Po. Rumors spread everywhere: Lian Po was not afraid, he stuck to the defense for the purpose of surrendering to the Qin army, and the Qin army was most afraid of Zhao Kuo, the son of Ma Fujun Zhao Hao, as a general. finally borrowed the hand of King Zhao to pull Lian Po from the position of commander of the Zhao army; And made the king of Zhao ignore the opposition and admonition of Lin Xiangru and Zhao Kuo's mother, and appointed Zhao Kuo as the commander of the Zhao army. Zhao Kuo is a mediocre person who lacks actual combat experience and can only "talk on paper". After he took office, he reversed his actions, changed his generals, and changed the system in the army, so Zhao Jun deviated from morality and lost his morale. He also changed Lian Po's strategic defense policy and actively planned a strategic offensive in an attempt to win in one fell swoop and recapture Shangdang. When Qin heard that Zhao had appointed Zhao Kuo as a general, he immediately adjusted his military deployment: immediately increased his army and recruited the brave and warlike Wu Anjun Bai Qi as a general to replace Wang Yi to lead the Qin army. In order to avoid attracting the attention of the Zhao army, the king of Qin ordered the army to strictly guard this secret: "Those who dare to leak Wu Anjun will be beheaded by the generals." "Bai Qi was the most outstanding military general in the Warring States Period, who had been on the battlefield for a long time, fought against Yique, and killed 240,000 Han and Wei allied troops; Broke the Chu State in the south, entered Yan and Ying, burned the tombs, and beat the Chu people to lose their souls. Zhao Kuo, who can only recite a few sentences of military scripts, is his opponent. After Bai Zhi took office, in view of Zhao Kuo's weaknesses such as having no actual combat experience, being eager to win, and recklessly underestimating the enemy, he adopted the correct operational policy of luring the enemy into an ambush, dividing and encircling him, and then gathering and destroying him, and made careful and meticulous arrangements for his troops, thus creating a powerful situation of "hitting the egg with a stone." Bai Qi's specific operational deployment was to use the original first-line troops as the troops to lure the enemy, and after waiting for the Zhao army to attack, he would retreat to the longwall side of the preset main position to lure the enemy deeper; secondly, skillfully use the long wall to build a bag-shaped position, guard the camp with the main force, resist and block the offensive of the Zhao army, and organize a lightly armed and brave assault force, and after the Zhao army is surrounded, take the initiative to attack and consume the living force of the Zhao army; Third, 25,000 strange soldiers were mobilized to ambush on both flanks, and after the Zhao army attacked, they would penetrate into the rear of the Zhao army in time to cut off the retreat of the Zhao army, and cooperate with the main force of the Qin army on the long wall of the main position to complete the encirclement of the attacking Zhao army; fourth, use 5,000 elite cavalry to penetrate into the middle of the Zhao army's camp to contain and monitor the remaining Zhao troops in the camp. The development of the decisive battle map and the battle situation really proceeded in the direction that Bai Qi had predetermined. In August 260 BC, Zhao Kuotong, who was ignorant of the movements of the Qin army, led the main force of the Zhao army to launch a large-scale attack on the Qin army. The two armies clashed for a while, and the Qin army's luring troops feinted defeat and retreated. The reckless Zhao Kuo did not care about the truth and immediately led the army to pursue. When the Zhao army advanced to the Qin army's preset position, Changbi, it was met with strong resistance from the main force of the Qin army, and the offensive was frustrated and blocked under the strong wall. Zhao Kuo wanted to retreat, but it was too late, Qin's 25,000 strange soldiers who were ambushed on both flanks in advance quickly attacked, interspersed with the flank of the Zhao army's attacking troops in time, and seized the western barrier (now the Hanwangshan Heights in the north of Gaoping, Shanxi), cutting off the connection between the Zhao army and its camp, constituting an encirclement of the Zhao army. The other 5,000 elite cavalry of the Qin army also quickly inserted into the Zhao army's camp, pinning down and monitoring the part of the Zhao army that remained in the camp, and cutting off all the grain routes of the Zhao army. At the same time, Bai Qi ordered the assault troops to continuously attack the besieged Zhao army. When King Zhao heard the news that the Zhao army had been surrounded, he went to Hanoi (now Qinyang, Henan and its vicinity) to organize all the local men over the age of 15 into an army and make every effort to reinforce the Changping battlefield. This force marched to the present-day Danzhuling Ridge north of Changping and the surrounding heights east of it, further cutting off Zhao's reinforcements and logistical supplies, thus ensuring that Bai Qi completely annihilated the besieged Zhao army. By September, the Zhao army had been without food for 46 days, killing each other internally, the morale of the army was shaken, and the shadow of death hung over the entire army, and the situation was very critical. Zhao Kuo organized four breakout troops to attack the Qin army's position in turn, hoping to open a bloody way to break through, but all of them failed. In desperation, Zhao Kuo made a desperate gamble and personally led the elite troops of the Zhao army to forcibly break through, but still suffered a crushing defeat, and even he himself was killed by the arrows of the Qin army. The Zhao army lost its main general, and its fighting spirit was completely lost, so it no longer resisted, and more than 40 hungry and tired divisions all surrendered to the Qin army. These more than 40 thousand Zhao soldiers surrendered, except for the young 240 people, all of them were brutally killed by Bai Qi. The Qin army finally won a complete victory in the unprecedentedly fierce and brutal Battle of Changping.

Winning and losing factors

The outcome of Qin's victory and Zhao's defeat in the Battle of Changping was not accidental. In addition to Qin's relative superiority over Zhao in terms of overall strength, the strategic gains and losses of both sides and the level of application of specific combat art are also important factors. The reason for the victory of the Qin army was: first, it divided and disintegrated the strategic alliance of the six Kwantung countries; secondly, the clever use of discord tricks to induce King Zhao to make the serious mistake of placing the generals inappropriately; The third is to choose people properly, and use Bai Qi, who is full of strategy and brave and good at fighting, as the main general; The fourth is that Bai Qi is good at observing fighters, using soldiers like gods, luring the enemy to attack, and then dividing and surrounding the Zhao army with the tactics of Qisheng, and gathering and annihilating them; Fifth, at the critical moment of the battle, the Qin State mobilized as one, reinforced in time, coordinated and cooperated, and cut off the enemy's aid. It has provided the necessary guarantee for Bai Qi to carry out correct operational command. The main reason for Zhao's defeat was that in the early stages of the war, the ruling group of Zhao did not have a good understanding of the strategic ambition of the Qin general to attack and destroy Zhao, and hastily responded to the battle after losing the strategic location in the southwest of Jin. In the early stage of the campaign, the veteran Lian Po did not fight hard with the Qin army in terms of campaign command, but Zhao was weaker than Qin in terms of national strength and military strength. However, being separated by the Qin State and slandered by traitorous ministers still has a lot to do with the comprehensive strength of the Zhao State. In the later period, the decision-making level of Zhao State was replaced by Zhao Kuo and formulated a strategic policy of quick victory, but no matter the number of Zhao State, the quality of soldiers, comprehensive national strength, weapons and equipment were weaker than Qin State, coupled with poor employment, resulting in the defeat of Zhao State and the annihilation of the whole army. In fact, the situation at that time was that the war of attrition and the quick battle were not suitable for Zhao Guo, because the confrontation between the two armies was mainly to fight for comprehensive national strength. Zhao could not use diplomatic means to urge Wei and Chu to aid Zhao, but under the unfavorable situation of the initial war, he sent an envoy to Qin to sue for peace, and the war and peace wavered, which was another big failure.

The battle of Changping was full of mysteries: King Zhao replaced the respected Lian Po in battle, but he received the unanimous support of the decision-making level, including Lin Xiangru; Qin General Bai Qiju made great contributions, but repeatedly shirked the important task of attacking and destroying Zhao State, and gave up the opportunity to make meritorious contributions again; The Battle of Changping allowed Qin to annihilate the main force of Zhao, but it took 32 years to destroy Zhao...... If we interpret these myths with the thinking of management, we will see a different picture in the depths of history

Many years ago, during the Warring States Period, Zhao Kuo, the originator of the annihilation war and the general of the Qin State, broke through the paper and killed 400,000 people in one fell swoop, which was the famous "Battle of Changping". However, this battle also left many myths and intriguing.

Zhao relied on the strength of a general to resist the strong Qin, how could it be undefeated in the late Warring States period, the Qin State began to use Shang Yang to implement reforms, from the economic base to the superstructure, the strategic resources of the Qin State were systematically integrated. Although Shang was later killed by the old faction, his changes continued, so that the Qin army was strong and strong, eyeing the other countries. Later, King Wuling of Zhao implemented the "Hufu Cavalry Shooting", and his military strength increased greatly, and the monarch and ministers were harmonious and peaceful, becoming the only country among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States who could "call the board" with Qin.

In this way, a war between Qin and Zhao was inevitable. In order to attack Zhao, it was necessary to first occupy the flank of Zhao, that is, the Shangdang region, which was part of Korea at that time. On the other hand, the terrain of South Korea and Qin is staggered, which can be described as Qin's "big trouble", so the first target of the "long-distance and close-attack" strategy is naturally South Korea. ”

When Shen Liang said this, he stopped and took a breath, and said, "Let's rest first, I'm a little tired after talking so much in one breath." ”

Shen Liang poured a cup of water from the teapot and drank it slowly. (To be continued.) )