After entering the class society, Zong. The deepest social roots of the existence and development of religion lie in the fact that people are dominated by the blind alien forces of this society and cannot get rid of it, in the fear and despair of the workers in the great suffering caused by the exploitation system, and in the need of the exploiting class to take advantage of the religion. Teaching as an important spiritual means of anesthesia and control of the masses. With the formation of classes, the emergence of the state and royal power, Zong. Religion is also constantly evolving. evolved from primitive polytheism to monotheism; From the'spontaneous sect. Teach 'development to' man sect. Teach'; From the Tribal Sect. Religion developed into a national sect. Religious or national sect. Teach. Due to the emergence of classes, classes and class oppression were formed. Religion also gives class content, natural sects. Religion also gradually evolved into a sect that served the interests of the slave-owning class. Religion, which deified the system of kingship and exploitation, became the spiritual weapon of the ruling class. Due to the development of the social productive forces, the material wealth and surplus products also increased day by day, and the society began to have private property, and the rich families began to raise slaves and exploit the labor of slaves, so that the slaves produced more surplus products for them, and this began to divide into two opposing classes, slaves and slave owners, and the slave owner class used the state politics in their hands. right, to suppress the slave revolt. In a slave society, the broad masses of working people are oppressed by the forces of nature, and the oppression of social forces is increased. In order to get rid of this class oppression, slaves have had slave riots throughout history. The result of this slave revolt was, at best, a shaken off the old shackles and a new one. Therefore, the oppression of social forces is as incomprehensible and elusive as the oppression of natural forces, and they pin their hopes on the sect. Teach faithfully. Pray for happiness in the 'afterlife' or for the soul to ascend to the 'kingdom of heaven' or 'bliss' after death. As slave societies evolved, many of the weaker, ancient peoples were conquered or assimilated. Towards perdition and cease to exist. Some ethnic sects. Teach to absorb other sects. Teach certain doctrines and thus develop into a new sect. Teach. Some of the sects. With the establishment of the world empire and its external expansion, the religion developed into a world sect. Teach. This is the history of mankind after the emergence of empires. Teach to the most complete form. It is a reflection of the increasingly frequent political, economic, and cultural exchanges between various countries and regions in the world in the ideological field. The god it believes in is no longer the protector god peculiar to a certain people, but is considered to be the supreme lord of the universe; Its followers are not limited to people of one nationality, and many people of different nationalities can practice the same religion. Teach; It has a systematic and complete doctrine, a relatively tight church organization, and a faculty with systematic theological education. Due to the advocacy and support of the ruling class, the World Sect. Religion has developed considerably and has become the state religion of some countries, which has greatly influenced the politics, economy and culture of these countries to this day.

Sect. Teaching is produced in the long process of human understanding of the world, with the gradual improvement of human thinking ability. Sect. The emergence and development of education shows that human beings have developed from being unable to think abstractly about more complex problems to being able to think about more complex problems in the abstract. This marks an increase in the ability of human thinking to a certain level. In a sense, whether or not there is a sect. Teaching ideas is almost a kind of boundary between non-human beings and people with the ability to think abstractly in the modern sense.

With the continuous development of the productive forces of human society and the continuous development of natural and social sciences, people have gradually understood the laws of the structure and movement of celestial bodies, the laws of the origin and formation of the earth, and the laws of the development of human society, which have created conditions for the establishment and development of modern natural and social sciences. But Zong. The demise of religion is later than the elimination of classes and the integration of nationalities, and it does not happen overnight. Therefore, it is necessary to fully understand the sect. Teach the inevitability, reality, and long-term nature of existence, and establish our position and viewpoint on this basis.

Zong of the United States. Teaching policy. It has always been treated as a Western sect. A model for the problem of teaching conflict. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, many Protestants in Europe could not stand the sectarianism of the continent. Religious persecution, crossed the ocean to the American continent, in order to pursue the sect. Teach freedom and peace.

But. These are well-fed sects. Teach the people who suffer from persecution to understand the sect. Freedom of religion seems to be only the freedom of their own denominations and not of the general sect. Teach freedom. Although they hate the sects of other denominations. Teach persecution. But once he was free, he was not at all soft in suppressing heresy.

Just over seventy years after the Puritans on the Mayflower settled in New England. In Salam, a small town in Massachusetts, the famous witch case in the history of the North American colonies took place. Year 1692. A girl in Salam suddenly falls ill, and the local doctor concludes that someone has done sorcery. This diagnosis caused a witchcraft panic throughout the city, and a search for witches began throughout Salam, resulting in the hanging of nineteen suspected wizards and the stoning of a man. It wasn't until the mayor's wife of Boston was implicated that people felt that something was wrong here, and the witch case was settled. Salam, which is still the most famous ghost town in the United States; The Salam Witch Case became a very disgraceful page in the history of the American Puritans, so much so that Hawthorne, a writer born in Salam, was ashamed to share the same surname as his grandfather who participated in the witch case. In Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Letter", we can directly understand that Protestantism in the United States did not understand what tolerance was at that time.

This madness and hysteria embodied in the case of the Salam Witch shows that the Puritans, although they themselves pursued the sect. Teach freedom and tolerance, but when they are practiced initiated. Religious persecution came, but it was no less than their European predecessors. Therefore, the U.S. settles the case. The problem of religious conflict is definitely not because the Puritans' ethos contained elements of tolerance and freedom from the beginning. Whether it is English Puritanism or other Protestant denominations, although they may have given birth to the spirit of capitalism (Plymouth and Salam both flourished rapidly, and Salam even began maritime trade with China very early), they did not directly include the Sect. Teach the seeds of freedom.

Protestantism is not only not and sectarian. Freedom of Church is directly linked, and it is precisely the various denominations of Protestantism that make the sects of Europe. Religious persecution became especially intense and brutal. Sect. The conflict between religions has been a worldwide problem since ancient times. Political and cultural efforts to teach conflict have also never been interrupted. But. Sect. The clash of religions has really become a fierce and urgent political issue that has to be resolved. Teach. Politically, it is a phenomenon that has followed the rise of Protestantism in modern times.

Take the United Kingdom, for example. Originally to resist the power of the Holy See, English Protestantism gradually arose and was supported by the king. However, after the rise of Protestantism, the pro-God and Protestant kings took turns to ascend the throne, and both persecuted sects that were different from their own. The Protestant Church in England was divided into different denominations, and the sects persecuted each other. As a result, what was supposed to be a free Protestant church instead brought more sects. Teach persecution. An English gentleman lamented in the letter. Perhaps the persecuted God's faction was right when he said, "Out of purity. . . Persecution of Protestant causes was the first principle of Protestantism, and it was on this principle that Protestantism laid its political foundation in England. ”

Protestant advocates Luther and Zwingley were at first extremely disgusted with the papal congregation. Religious persecution, vigorously advocating "faith in conscience", advocating justification by faith. However, their denomination later also became politically involved with the state. The right is combined, and in practice it is abandoned Zong. The idea of freedom of religion. Many Lutherans and Zwingorian states have persecuted what they consider to be sectarians. Teach heresy. Anabaptism, for example, was subjected to bloodiest persecution. Historians even generally believe. The persecution of the Anabaptists in Europe in the 16th century surpassed the persecution of the early papacies in the Roman Empire. These persecutions were the direct cause of the flight of many Anabaptists to the Americas.

When these followers came to the Americas, they became interested in the European sect. Of course, persecution still lingers. But. What many colonists wanted to do in the first place was not to create a sect that tolerated pluralism. Rather wishing to establish an official church with only the denomination to which it belongs. There is no longer a sect like that of Europe here. Religious Differences and Sects. Teach the struggle. So, they zealously spread the religion in the New World. Teach. Like what. In 1606, the Episcopal Church was established in the colony of Virginia. Became the official church of Virginia. They demanded that people come to church twice a day, suppressed all the different denominations, and made it mandatory for anyone in public office to take an oath to the church. The colonial government also used taxes to support churches, went to great lengths to punish crimes of breaking the Sabbath, blasphemy, unbelief in the Trinity or the teachings of God, and even used the death penalty to sentence the last one. Similarly, the Puritans who came to New England firmly believed that their sect. Religion is the only correct and perfect sect. Teach. They want to create a new unified church in the new world. So, they also supported the church with taxes, ordered that people must go to the church, that only the faithful had the right to vote, and all heretics were expelled from the colony. The colonial governments of Massachusetts Bay declared in their legal texts: "God will not allow any nation to take the initiative to tolerate any hypocrisy. Teach. "Official Unification churches, like those in Virginia and New England states, lasted until the Revolutionary War and even in the 19th century.

As can be seen from the situation in Europe, at that time, Zong. Religious persecution and sect. The root cause of the conflict between religion and religion lies in the combination of church and state. Sects. Doctrinal differences between religions would have been a normal thing. If the various sects had coexisted peacefully with each other, competing with each other in theory, there would have been no bloody persecution. However, once a church is supported by the state, or even revered as the state religion, it can use political power to assert its own supremacy and persecute other sects. Sects. The early colonists of the Americas were known for their belief in their own sect. Religion is the only correct ideology, and their guiding ideology is to avoid sectarianism by establishing an absolutely unified church in the New World. Teach conflict. In the final analysis, this is not fundamentally different from the practice of European churches such as the Roman Church of God and the Anglican Church. And, although the Americas were originally an uncultivated sect. Church virgin land, but persecuted for various reasons will come here, and the possibility of establishing a unified church here is even less likely than in Europe. Of course, when there was no connection between the colonies, an official sect was established within a small territory like Virginia. Teaching, not yet completely impossible. But such a sect. The ideals of the church were undoubtedly in conflict with the later Federalist aspirations for a united United States of America. Whether it is from the perspective of balancing forces among the various sects, or from the perspective of establishing a unified federation against the British Empire, the realization of tolerance and freedom among the various sects has become a very necessary and only possible sect for a unified United States. Teaching policy.

However, as Wright points out, the so-called Zong. Freedom of religion is not open to all sects. Teach. Although Zong. The law of church freedom effectively abolished the official churches everywhere, however. Sect. Freedom of religion is only freedom between denominations of the Holy See, and even between mainly Protestant denominations. Even in Rhodes. While Jews and God's Sects could live and practice their own sects. Teach rituals, but they do not have the right to vote. Nor shall they occupy public office. Pennsylvania's 1790 constitution no longer required only churchgoers to hold public office, but they still required that public officials believe in God and in future rewards and judgments. Pennsylvania is more open than Rhodes, and in principle Jews and God's factions are allowed to hold public office, but do not believe in the sect of the Jewish see. Those who teach do not have this right. The most extreme example is Maryland, where the requirement for public officials to take an oath to God was not lifted until 1961 when the Supreme Court deemed it unconstitutional.

If you put the American Zong. Religious freedom boils down entirely to the balance of power between denominations. Of course, it's unfair. There are many more theoretical reasons for how America went from being a Protestant nation to a United States of Freedom of Faith, and why there is such a strong Protestant overtone behind this freedom.

People remember the famous words of the Declaration of Independence: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal, and that they have been endowed from their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among which are the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." -- In order to guarantee these rights, a government was established among the people. The legitimate power of the government derives from the consent of the governed. The fundamental reason why the thirteen colonies of North America broke away from the British Empire was from "their creator." And the reason why these thirteen colonies confidently supported this declaration was also motivated by God: "To support this declaration, and to have faith in the protection of God's will." We pledge each other with our lives, our possessions and our sacred honour. In this first important document in American political history, God's divine will is regarded as the ultimate basis for independence and nationhood.

According to Becker, Jefferson's first draft was not like this, but "We hold these truths sacred and undeniable: that all men are created equal and independent." From this equal birth, they acquire inalienable and inalienable rights, including the right to the preservation of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness...... but after consideration. He added the words "they were given certain from their Creator." Adams replaced "sacred and undeniable" with "self-evident."

Again, in the paragraph at the end. Originally, there was no "and confidence in the protection of God's will," which was added at the request of the Continental Congress.

This is a very brief but crucial document. Of course, it was formed after strict word consideration. Jefferson could not be satisfied with the "birthright" statement, but had to emphasize that this birthright was given by the Creator in order to emphasize its divine nature. With the addition of this qualifier, Adams argues that the word "sacred" could also be deleted. In addition, the Continental Congress concluded by emphasizing that they were able to secure their lives, property, and sacred honor because they had faith in the protection of God's will.

As Becker points out, the Declaration of Independence is the basis for the doctrine of natural rights, which was already very popular in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. And the direct theoretical source of the founding fathers of the United States is none other than John? Locke's revised theory of natural rights and social contract.

In the Treatise of Government (II), Locke clearly states that man in the state of nature is completely free and equal, and that self-preservation is an inalienable right given to every human being by God. The doctrine of natural law in English political philosophy, straight from Thomas? The theory of natural law since Aquinas. According to Aquinas, natural law is the manifestation of God's will in nature. Natural law is self-evident precisely because it ultimately comes from God. Hobbes's and Locke's doctrine of natural law, although very different from this doctrine of the Middle Ages, has not changed its basic structure. The reasoning logic of Hobbes in Leviathan and Locke in Government II is that natural law is important because it comes from divine law. This is the basis of the Founding Fathers of the United States when they drafted the Declaration of Independence: these rights are non-transferable and self-evident because they were given by their Creator.

It is also on the basis of this doctrine of natural rights that Locke speaks extensively of the doctrine of natural rights. Teach the issue of tolerance. A letter he wrote in 1690, known as the Analects. Teaching Tolerance: A Letter to a Friend" is a classic document in the history of political philosophy. It is also a discussion of the sect. One of the most important texts on the issue of teaching tolerance.

The context in which this letter was written is exactly what the above-mentioned English gentleman talked about. There was a scuffle between God's and Protestantism, and between Protestant denominations. And Locke's prescription for this state of chaos. It is a combination of the Protestant theology of justification by faith and the political philosophy of social contract theory.

First, Locke emphasized that faith in God and salvation are matters of people's hearts and cannot be achieved through political coercion. The hallmark of this soul affair is the devotion and virtue of each person, which comes from the heart, and needs to be formed in the struggle against his own desires and lacks. How can anyone who doesn't care about his own salvation care about the salvation of others? Those who force others to believe by violent means do not do so out of love or friendship with others, but out of a desire for power, a worldly desire that is very inconsistent with the spirit of the Holy See. Only heretics would use force to force someone to believe in a religion. Teach. Churchgoers must rely on reason to make people good.

As we have seen, the Protestant denominations not only did not weaken their sects. Religious persecution has even greatly strengthened the sect. Teach persecution. Why did Locke, who also proceeded from Protestant doctrine, come to the exact opposite conclusion of these Protestants? Is it true that these Protestants, as Locke said, did not understand the true meaning of Protestantism at all?

In fact, Locke's understanding of faith and salvation was not fundamentally different from that of the Protestants who persecuted the heathen. Locke likewise believed that only the papal faith was the only correct religion. Religious beliefs, only the "justification by faith" advocated by Protestantism is truly appropriate. teaching attitudes; In denomination-ridden Protestantism. He also believes that there is a distinction between true and false. But Locke and those of the sect. Teach persecutors fundamentally different in that, in his opinion, true churchgoers. In the name of fraternity, others should not be forced to believe like oneself, but one should rationally prevail over or persuade other sects.

If the Protestants who persecute others are only motivated by the desire for power. Sect. Teaching is just an excuse for them to compete for power and profit, and this must be an overly simplistic explanation. Most sincere Protestants are originally motivated by a devout faith. Only then did he firmly believe that his sect. Teaching is the only right one; And the reason why they want to force others to convert is also out of sincere faith. I want to help others get salvation. Otherwise, we would not understand why those who were discriminated against in Europe should go to the Americas to establish an official church that is exclusive to us. Locke also believed that the faith of the Holy See was the true faith, and that there must be right and wrong among the many different denominations; The situation of sectarian strife is not conducive to the development of a pure Holy See. However, he believes that no denomination can use political means to force others to convert because of this, and God has not given anyone such a right, and no one can arbitrarily believe that their beliefs are more correct than others'. The final judgment rests with God. One of his main reasons was that if those heretics would be punished by God at the Last Judgment, why should people at this time go beyond their bounds and do such thankless work?

Locke took the theology of justification by faith to the extreme. However, as we saw earlier, even the Lutherans and Zwingorians failed to uphold the position of separation of church and state, but fell into the sect. Teach persecution in the trap. Why, then, were Locke and the Lockeans in America so resolute in carrying out the Sect. What about teaching the idea of tolerance? This also comes from another set of his intellectual resources: social contract theory.

Locke believed that man in the state of nature had God-given natural rights, but that the state of nature would inevitably evolve into a state of war. In order to avoid a state of war, and at the same time to preserve these God-given rights, people need to be united into a government and transfer certain rights to the government through a social contract. But those basic rights from God cannot be transferred to the government; Not only does the government have no power, but it does not have the ability to interfere with these rights, but can only protect them from the outside. In Locke's view, Zong. Teaching the faith, of course, is one of the most important rights that God has given man. Only God, then, has the right to interfere in the question of man's faith, and the government cannot interfere. Therefore, "I consider it above all that a strict distinction must be made between the affairs of civil government and the affairs of the sect. teach affairs, and correctly define the boundaries between the two. …… In my view, the state is a society of people who are formed to seek, defend and promote the interests of their citizens. By civil interest, I mean life, liberty, health, and sickness, as well as the right to possess external things such as money, land, houses, furniture, etc. "Politics simply cannot and should not meddle in the question of soul salvation, because, first." No one has appointed a ruler to be in charge of the affairs of the soul more than anyone else. I can say in God's name that he was not given that authority. "Second." The affairs of the soul could not belong to the civil magistrate, for his power was limited to external forces. And the sect of innocence and salvation. Religion is a belief within the mind, without which nothing can be accepted by God. Thirdly, "the salvation of souls cannot be in the hands of the magistrates, for even the power of law and punishment can persuade and change the minds of men, but they do nothing to save souls." ”

Sect. Although the Reformation theologically laid down the basic position of justification by faith, the practice of missionary and development led to the continuous decline of devout believers into the religion. In the quagmire of persecution. Sect. The bloody strife brought about by the persecution of the religion did not eliminate the sect. Teach strife. In view of this situation, the social contract theorist Locke clearly saw that it was necessary to fundamentally eliminate the sect. Teach strife. You can't rely on the method of one faction to eat the other, but you must make the sect. Religion and politics are fundamentally separated. Gave up the Zong. The politics of religious power can take the most realistic and rational path of practice, abandoning the sect of political power. Teaching, which can bring the things of the soul back to the soul itself, without resorting to political weapons that do not belong to the soul.

Locke combined the theology of justification by faith and the political theory of the social contract, and proposed the separation of church and state as a solution to the problem of sectarianism. Became the first advocate of the Sect. Political philosophers who teach tolerance. The United States, a country with a deep Protestant tradition and the initiative to base its founding principles on natural rights and the social contract, advocates a sectarian state. Teach tolerance. Of course, there is a strong Locke color.

The founding fathers of the United States did not begin with a unanimous argument for the Patriarchal. Teach the free. The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The freedom clause was finally formed after repeated run-in and debate by all parties.

In the Dzong. The most conservative on the issue of religion is George? Washington and John? Adams. They think. Official Zong. The clergy would become the moral foundation of the new United States, and the doctrine of the Holy See was appealed to in many public places. Washington even explicitly demanded that the United States . The army swears to God. Although there is no shortage of them against Zong. Religious persecution rhetoric. But they still have to rely on Zong. education system to maintain social stability.

However, most of the Founding Fathers identify with Zong. Teach freedom. Although they may be for quite different reasons. But its basic concepts are all based on the natural man emphasized from Locke to the Declaration of Independence. Right said. That is, God has given people non-transferable natural rights, including Zong. The right to teach the faith. The greater the emphasis on democracy, the fear of official sects. The Church undermines democratic politics; More emphasis on the Dzong. Teach liberal, fearing that political interference will undermine people's religion. Teach the faith. Therefore, most of them agree that church and state must be separated. Freedom of religion must be protected.

In the Dzong. The first substantive step on the issue of church freedom should be Virginia's decision on religious freedom. Groundbreaking provisions on the question of freedom of religion. As we have seen, the Anglican Church, founded in Virginia in 1606, was the first official church in the North American colonies. In response to this problem in Virginia, Mason, Madison, and Jefferson all tried to put forward the Safeguard Sect. Church freedom in the form of law.

In 1776, Mason drafted the Virginia Declaration of Rights, a gifted document that in many ways became the blueprint for what would become the Declaration of Independence. And the sixteenth of them is about the sect. The expression of religious freedom is even more American sect. The first legal form of religious freedom. In Mason's draft, this article reads: "Zong. Teaching, or our duty to our Creator, and the form in which it is propagated, can only be guided by reason and persuasion, and not by coercion or violence; Therefore, in the Dzong. In religious activities, everyone should enjoy the fullest tolerance according to the command of conscience, and cannot be punished or restricted by the officials, unless someone is in the sect. Under the guise of religion to undermine the peace, happiness and security of society. It is the duty of all people to practice the patience, love, and kindness of the churchmen to one another. "This document has received wide acceptance. Madison, however, thought that Locke's word "tolerance" that Mason had used was inappropriate. Because the word implies that some person or an institution has a sect. Ecclesiastical privileges, who condescendingly tolerate those who do not belong to this institution or denomination. Therefore, the word does not put Zong. Freedom of religion, as part of a natural right, does not give all citizens full equality and freedom. So, Madison changed this article to read: "Zong. Teachings, or our responsibilities to our Creator. and the form in which it is disseminated, which can only be guided by reason and persuasion. It cannot be coerced or violent; All men have the right to conduct the religion fully and freely according to the dictates of their conscience. teaching activities; No one or crowd should be because of the Jong. to receive certain salaries or privileges......"

Madison's draft not only changed the word "tolerance" from Mason's draft. And its spearhead is directed at the Anglican Church, the official church of Virginia, which is opposed by many Virginians. So, Madison had no choice but to take a step back and delete the information about Zong. Teach privileged sentences. However, the final form of the document retains his changes to Mason: "Zong. Teaching, or our duty to our Creator, and the form in which it is propagated, can only be guided by reason and persuasion, not by coercion or violence; All men have the right to conduct the religion fully and freely according to the dictates of their conscience. teaching activities; It is the duty of all people to practice the patience, love, and kindness of the churchmen to one another. ”

Jefferson, who in many respects referred to the Virginia Declaration of Rights, did not put the Virginia Declaration of Rights into the Virginia. The content of the teachings was included in the Declaration of Independence. But. In 1779 he presented the famous founding of the Virginia Legislature. Church Freedom Act to put the Sect. The issue of freedom of religion has been further advanced into specific legislation.

Jefferson was the first to advocate the Sect. The reason for the freedom of teaching: "First, people's opinions and beliefs do not come from their own will, but from external signs that their hearts can accept. This was omitted in a later parliamentary document, but this philosophical assertion with a clear Lockean trace shows the complexity of Jefferson's thought, namely, that he was not an unprincipled assertion of free will. Rather, it combines the mind's passive acceptance of external things with free will. And the root of all this is in God. Then he goes on to state the second reason: "Almighty God created the free mind and kept the mind free." Not bound by any constraints, as a testament to his supreme will. "Because God has given free hearts, so." All attempts to influence the mind with worldly punishments, burdens, deprivations of citizenship will only foster hypocrisy and vile vices. is against our sect. Teach the intentions of the Divine Creator. Sect. The Divine Creator of the Religion, as the master of body and mind, does not like to use oppressive means of either to propagate the religion. Teach. Despite his omnipotence, he is more than capable of doing so. For these reasons, Jefferson believed that legislators and rulers, both secular and ecclesical, who imposed their faith on others and believed that their opinions and ways of thinking were the only correct standards, were in fact unreligious, and that what they had established was hypocrisy. Teach. And such legislators and rulers are found in all parts of the world and for most of history. Forcing people to pay money to their unbelieving churches is sinful and tyrannical. Forcing people to support some kind of sect. Dogma is also deprived of its inherent sect. Teach freedom. Undoubtedly, Jefferson was here a clear criticism of the Episcopal Church in Virginia and its methods of mission and taxation.

In addition to asserting the natural right to freedom of belief, Jefferson, like Locke, appealed to the idea of separation of church and state and criticized Virginia's patriarchal approach to public office. Teach the requirements of the faith. He said: "Our civil rights do not depend on our sect. Teach insights, just as not relying on our physical or geometrical insights; Therefore, a citizen must not profess faith or not to believe in this or that sect. to do so, to be deprived of citizenship, to claim that he is not eligible for gainful public office, by claiming public trust that he does not know, is tantamount to depriving him of the same privileges and benefits that his fellow citizens have by virtue of their natural rights. "Natural rights are derived from divine law, and therefore, to deprive them of natural rights is to blaspheme divine law, then, "to use the monopoly of worldly honor and reward to bribe those who ostensibly believe in and follow a religion. Those who teach are actually corrupting the kind of sect that they want to encourage. Teach the principles. He further stated: "The opinion of the people is not the purview of the civil government and is not subject to it; It is a dangerous mistake to allow the Chief Executive to abuse his power in the field of opinions, and to assume that some principles or incense are not allowed to be believed or disseminated. Teach free callbacks. Still, Jefferson gave the government an intervention in extraordinary times. Religious affairs leave a little leeway: "When some principles suddenly turn into a flagrant breach of peace and order, the civil government should call upon its officials to intervene for its legitimate purposes." ”

These arguments are similar to those of Locke's Treatise on the Treatises. The statement in "Catholicism is the same", on the one hand, it is based on the Protestant "conscience sect. On the other hand, the understanding of "teaching" is based on the political philosophical concept of natural rights and the theory of the social contract. So, on behalf of the State Assembly, Jefferson proposed, "We, the Virginia State Assembly, hereby make it a rule that no man shall be compelled to hold any sect. Nor shall the worship of the church, or the funding of any holy place or priest, be made in accordance with its religion. Anyone who imposes restrictions, coercion, or torment on his person or property by teaching opinions or beliefs is free to profess and uphold his religion by reasoning. Religious views must not be minimized, expanded or affected by this. ”

At the end of the bill, Jefferson pointed out that although according to the law, their current parliament has no power to restrict the conduct of subsequent parliaments, and therefore cannot declare the bill irrevocable, but he still stressed that what is being declared here is the natural right of mankind, and whoever wants to revoke this bill in the future will be a violation of the natural rights of mankind.

Jefferson's bill received broad support in Virginia. In early 1786, the Virginia Legislature passed the act. By this time, not only was Mason's vague notion of "tolerance" gone, but what Madison had to delete because of opposition was added to the law. Sect. The question of freedom of teaching, first of all, was fruitful in Virginia.

In the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1787, there is no reference to the Constitution. Teach the terms of freedom and nothing about individuals. Provisions of Rights. In the Constituent Assembly, many delegates objected to this. The general reaction to this at the time was that to people. The provision of rights is not necessary, because the State does not have the power to restrict the freedom of the people in the first place. For example, if the Constitution does not give the federal government the power to restrict speech, why should people have the right to freedom of speech? There is no provision in the Constitution for the federal government to have a case. Teach the power of persecution, why should the people have a sect. The right to freedom of religion?

Madison, the father of the U.S. Constitution, did not consider these rights unimportant, but he did not include the bill of rights proposed by the state delegates in the text of the Constitution, because he feared that it would allow the Anti-Federalists to raise their heads and undermine the advantages that the Federalists had already achieved, thereby destabilizing the country. Thus, although Mason and other anti-Federalists strongly called for inclusion in the Bill of Rights, the 1787 Constitution did not contain such provisions. (To be continued......)