After the constitution was written, Jefferson, a diplomat in France, wrote to Madison stating that he was very disturbed by the fact that there was no bill of rights in the constitution. Although Jefferson was not a Federalist, he genuinely admired many of the ideas in the Federalist Papers after reading them. And Madison listened humbly to Jefferson's advice. So, after several correspondences, Madison was persuaded by Jefferson. He also realized that a bill of rights was crucial for the nascent United States. As a result, he was also active in bringing about the passage of these amendments. In 178.9, Madison announced plans to enact a bill of rights in the House of Representatives, and subsequently the House Composition Committee proposed amendments, which were passed by both Senate and House of Representatives. Congress proposed a total of twelve amendments, ten of which were passed in 1791, the First through Tenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

The First Amendment states: "Congress shall not make any law establishing the Sect. Teach or prohibit Liberalism. restricting freedom of speech, the press, the peaceful association of the people, and the freedom to petition the government. "One of the things about Zong. The provisions of the religion are generally referred to as the "establishment clauses" (which are not allowed to establish the religion. Doctrine) and the "Liberty Clause" (which shall not prohibit Liberalism. teaching activities). This short provision established the American Sect. The basic policy of church freedom and freedom of speech made the United States the first to explicitly protect the sect in law. Freedom of religion and advocacy of religion. Teach tolerance in a modern country.

The passage of the 10 amendments, of course, has a complex political background. An important point, for example, is the anti-Federalists' desire to limit federal rights in the interests of the states. Therefore, when these amendments were first passed, they were only restrictions on the federal government, not on state governments. For a long time. The states are still doing something that goes against the amendment without being interfered with by the law. It wasn't until the Civil War, under the Fourteenth Amendment, that these restrictions on the federal government became equally applicable to state governments.

In terms of content alone, the Ten Amendments do not add much to the 1787 Constitution, because these provisions can actually be derived from the Constitution. Why, then, did these founding fathers of the United States go to such great lengths to add to this seemingly repetitive amendment? Especially Jefferson, who was far away in France, why did he write one letter after another. Must convince Madison? Anasta Polo argues that the purpose of enforcing these rights into law is to make it clear to the American people what rights they can use to restrict the government, and that it is not a repetition of these rules. Here's what it really means. Provisions on the individual rights of the people can effectively limit the power of the government. This will lead to a stronger promotion of moderation, freedom and equality before the law. Anasta Polo shows here the legal practical implications of these amendments; But why is it so important to restrict government? Aren't Jefferson and Madison, legislators, more concerned with the stability of government. Instead keen to restrict their rights? I think what is more important behind this is the political philosophy embodied in the Bill of Rights, especially the First Amendment.

In the Bill of Rights originally introduced in the House of Representatives, Zong. Freedom of religion and freedom of speech were originally two separate from each other; Later, the Senate combined them into one, but it still did not come first; And finally through the form. Then put the Zong. The question of religion and the question of free speech were combined into one and became the First Amendment. The latter amendments, on the other hand, are more about technical issues.

The First Amendment is nothing less than a legal interpretation of the God-given natural rights in the first paragraph of the Declaration of Independence. And this, ie. The natural rights granted by the Creator, which brook no harm or limitation, are the rationale on which the United States can legitimately secede from the Commonwealth and establish the United States independently. The significance of this article is not only to provide American citizens with a legal basis for restricting the government, but more importantly, it expresses the legal reasons for the establishment of the United States in the form of law. The United States was able to become the United States of America independent of the British Commonwealth because it was able to guarantee the people of America natural rights that the British Empire could not guarantee. If the United States cannot guarantee the people's Zong. Teach freedom, what is the difference between her and the European kingdoms that the Puritans abandoned back then?

Compared to the Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Doctrine. The wording of the U.S. Constitution and its amendments is much more rigorous, and there are no words like "God", "Creator", or "churchgoers" in them, which makes people feel that this is not a legal document of a papal state. Thus, the Constitution of the United States, which was written by the Fathers of the Nation who professed God, is still in use today. The age of pluralism is still fully relevant. This undoubtedly marks the groundbreaking of the U.S. Constitution.

However, this groundbreaking nature doesn't really obscure the papal overtones behind it, as the First Amendment is similar to Locke's Treatise. Teaching Tolerance, Mason and Jefferson's Sect. The idea of freedom of religion is in the same vein. It is this papal color that has become the American Sect. The root cause of the problems that followed the policy of religious freedom also made it impossible for it to be copied to other countries.

Anasta Polo saw that the constitutional amendment protected Americans' worship of the "sacred" in such a way that it ensured that no public policy in the country would be sacred. Even the constitution itself can be doubted and amended. Implicit in the First Amendment is the premise of the doctrine of natural rights and the social contract: that there is a transcendent divine being who bestows upon people the inalienable natural rights. The responsibility of the people to this divine being is a matter for each person's own soul, and a competent government should guarantee the freedom of people to pursue this divine life, but not interfere with the way people pursue the divine life. One can understand this divine being according to any denomination in the Holy See, and even according to other denominations. Teach the way to understand this divine being. Freedom of speech is also a natural right granted by this divine being, and no secular government has the right to take it away.

In the basic political structure of the United States, God (or divine beings), nature, man, and politics all have a clear place. And this structure, ultimately, can be traced back to the understanding of the theology of the Holy See. The reason why this political construct from the Holy See is that freedom of speech and sectarian Religious freedom is protected together precisely because both are God-given and therefore sacrosanct. People set up governments only to solve the unsolvable problems of human secular life and thus protect these sacred rights. But government itself is not sacred. As Anasta Polo said, the two freedoms in the same amendment are not coincidental, but mutually reinforcing and mutually reinforcing. It can even be said that these two kinds of freedom are, in the final analysis, a kind of freedom.

As Wright said, while the American advocate of Zong. Freedom of Religion and Sect. Catholic, but the country "has an easily discernible - politically discernible - national temperament, largely theistic." This national temperament is certainly in its mainstream sect. This is especially evident in the teachings, because it is these sects. Religion shaped it. And reflect its value. Thus, in one case in 18.92, the Supreme Court unequivocally declared: "This is a papal state." In 1931, it again emphasized: "We are a papal people. In 1954, Justice Warren said. As long as it is a church sect. Teach, he will defend his sect. Teach freedom.

Wright stressed. The United States has not always been so openly pro-Protestant. However, the spiritual temperament of the American nation, especially in the spiritual temperament embodied in its politics, has an extremely strong Protestant temperament. And the reason why the United States emphasizes Zong. It is precisely this combination of spiritual temperament and social contract theory of the political system that makes Americans believe that the sect. Religious beliefs are sacrosanct and above any secular power. Such a theological and political conviction. So that Americans should in principle allow all people to pursue their own religion in their own way. Teach the faith, even if it has nothing to do with the spirit of the church. Teach the faith. But this ethos makes it easier to protect Protestantism and other sects in close proximity. Teach. For those who do not understand the divine at all, the picture of the world is completely different from this. teaching, and unexpected problems may arise.

Sect. The reason why religious freedom has become a political possibility in the United States is not because the United States and other European countries have fundamentally different philosophies. And precisely because the United States has more thoroughly implemented the principles of the Protestant spirit and social contract. The reason why the United States has most thoroughly realized freedom in the Western sense in a big country is precisely because it has most thoroughly realized Western values. In this sense, the American Zong. Freedom of religion is a great contribution made by the papal civilization to world civilization. But that doesn't mean that the American Sect. Freedom of religion is the only possible sect. Teach freedom. This kind of sect. Freedom of religion, while creative, is deeply rooted in the constraints imposed by its cultural background, and the problems caused by such restrictions are increasing. Whenever American civilization is in crisis, it will constantly return to its source to find solutions, such as the current Bush administration, which often appeals to the ideas and values of the Holy See. And this attitude is constantly criticized because it is dealing with both international and domestic cases. When there is a clash of religions, they are all violating the founding principle of the Founding Fathers of the United States, which separated church and state.

The foundation of ancient Greco-Roman society was an ancient sect. Teach, this kind of sect. Each deity is protected by a family or a city-state, similar to the tribal god or personal totem god mentioned by Durkheim. In this case, the god existed only for a certain family or city-state, and although it was customary to force foreigners to believe in their tribal gods during wars and conquests, there were still many gods in large areas. For example, in Greece itself, there is the worship of Demeter, the god of the Mother Earth, the worship of Palsephone, the god of abundance, and the public worship of the Olympian gods.

And with the development of Hellenism, along with the transmutation of Greek philosophy, there was the mystical sect. Religion prevails. For example, the Egyptian mother goddess Essis, the Chaldean Star Spirit Sect. Teach fanatical beliefs, etc. In the course of this development, many denominations were scattered, most of which flourished only for a while, but Judaism, which emerged from Hebrew culture, withstood the test and eventually gave birth to the far-reaching Holy See.

The Hebrew nation has suffered many calamities in its history, and in the midst of it has developed great wisdom. From the time Jacob led their people to settle on the Nile to their return from enslavement in Egypt, from the Jews' imprisonment in Babylon to their last defeat against Rome (135 B.C.), the suffering was unimaginable. In the midst of their suffering, the Hebrew prophets collected and compiled books such as the Old Testament, which became the canon of Judaism. Judaism is the sect of the Hebrew national faith. Teaching, at that time, he could only be regarded as one of the many sects. one of the sects, so why was it able to defeat the original other sects. Teach and gradually form your own power? Robert. As Seltz once said, "In the age of polytheism, Israel was the first nation in the world to embrace monotheism." "Radical monotheism is the contribution of the Israelites to Western civilization in biblical times," and he also speaks of Judaism as "emphasizing the moral element to an unprecedented degree." 1 I believe that this scholar also points out the reasons why the doctrine of Judaism itself came to prominence at that time, which can be summarized in the following two aspects:

First, Judaism is a monotheistic religion and has advantages over other polytheistic religions. The basic characteristic of Hebrew Judaism is the belief in one God, and the image of Jehovah, who rules over everything, created in the Book of Genesis using myths such as God's creation and Noah's ark, is the leader of human thought. By saving Noah, God gave Moses the Ten Commandments and made covenants with the Hebrews who trusted and obeyed Him. Meantime. The Old Testament proclaims in the name of God the concepts of contract and law,2 which address many aspects of human life and thus form a complete doctrine. It can be said that this transmission of the idea of fulfilling one's earthly obligations through the equal covenant of the elect with God strengthened the special cohesion and resilience of the Hebrew nation. It endows the nation with a spirit of restraint and solidarity, enabling it to find its centripetal force despite its repeated suffering and scattering.

Second, Judaism's emphasis on morality. Under the system of the city-state. Sect. Religion has absolute authority over both private and public life, and even we doubt the extent to which private life can exist. A country or city-state can be seen as a clan there. Religious Groups. The monarch may be the master. And the consul may be the priest himself, and the law is the sect. Teach an expression of emotion, while the sect. Teaching emotions itself is an expression of the idea of a strong collective. In that case, the individual did not have much freedom, and the soul and body of the individual belonged to the polis (or state), and the people were organized to live and produce around the temple. This is a completely passive situation. Sect. Teaching is an absolute emphasis on obedience. With the gradual decline of the city-state system, the control of the city-state over the individual weakened, and the original belief in the gods became hollow at this time. Teach emotions from passive obedience to disobedience. But. Social integration was urgently needed, and a common faith was on the horizon, and in this context, the development of Judaism changed the traditional aristocratic hierarchy. Teaching, by adding more moral elements to the doctrine, makes everyone eligible to live in a direct contract with God, and provides a way to reintegrate society.

In contrast, the rest of the polytheistic religions did not meet the requirements of the expansion of the polis in the first place, nor could they integrate society in the name of morality and the supremacy of the expansion of the city-state, so Judaism won the wrestling. The reason why the article is analyzed from Judaism is also because the later Holy See directly inherited its related advantages. Judaism did not develop smoothly in the early days, and it was also influenced by the original sects. Religious exclusion and even repression. But in general, the times determine its existence.

First of all, from the background, the key period of Judaism's expansion of the doctrinal system was the Hellenistic era, and the greatest feature of this era was the diaspora. After Alexander the Great's crusades, the Greeks and Macedonians established a large number of settlements throughout the Near East. Historically, the Jewish diaspora was widespread, for example, during the Ptolemaic dynasty, Jews settled in Egypt in large numbers, and in Alexandria, 1/5 of the 500,000 population was Jewish.3 These people are scattered all over the world, and they will bring their original sects. Christianity was also brought into its place of residence. Coupled with the fact that the Hellenistic imperial system was more tolerant of multiculturalism, Jews were not only able to obtain citizenship rights in the Hellenistic cities, but also to legally practice Judaism. The Old Testament, as a treasure that the Jews took from the Palestinian region, was the basis for their mass education. Therefore, even though many people have learned Greek and so on in foreign places, they still practice a unique Jewish monotheistic religion. Teach the whole meaning of life. This monotheistic belief allowed the Jews to maintain strict boundaries from other peoples under the pressure of natural assimilation, which in turn strengthened the monotheistic belief and prevented Judaism from declining, as can be seen in the way of life of the Jews today.

Secondly, in addition to keeping its adherents undiminished and its teachings not declining through inheritance, the development of Judaism in the Hellenistic era also benefited from academic development. Along with the diaspora of the Jews, Greek and Hebrew cultures met. Many Hellenistic Jews at that time were immersed in the study of Greek traditional wisdom and incorporated it with their own traditions. Teaching combined. For example, some scholars have mentioned that in the later works of the Old Testament, it can be found that Jewish writers have used Greek philosophy as their own sect. Teach the defense, saying that the Greek philosophers received from Moses the monotheistic idea of the one God. Among them, Judah's Philo contributed greatly, and he was both a devout Jew. He was also educated in Greece, and Hegel once said that he "found Plato in Moses". Along with these studies, Judaism was further developed in the process of being interpreted step by step.

The Holy See itself was formed and developed on the basis of Judaism, and the Hebrew culture of Judaism during the Hellenistic period spread westward, which prepared the way for the West to further accept Hebrew culture and establish the Holy See in the future.

In 63 BC, the Romans captured Jerusalem and massacre the Jews, and Palestine became a region under the strict control of Rome. Subsequent rulers brutally suppressed popular uprisings in the region, and large numbers of Jews were forced into exile or sold into slavery. The legend of the coming of the Messiah spread during the rebellion of the lower classes against the cruel rule of the Roman Empire, and gradually gave rise to the papacy, a tribal branch of Judaism. Legend has it that Jesus met the prophet John when he was 30 years old. He was baptized in the Jordan River and then gathered his 12 disciples to serve a mission. After the crucifixion, the papal see, in the continuous and extensive missionary activities of its apostles. Teaching talent is gradually formed. Engels once pointed out that "the so-called Holy See arose out of Judaism in one fell swoop and with all its form" and "conquered the whole world from Palestine" was only a fantasy.5

What really enabled the Holy See to go beyond Judaism and lay the foundation for later expansion across Europe were the following factors:

From the Sect of the Jews. The scope of teaching gradually expanded. The disciples initially preached the gospel only among the Jews. Jacob's conservatives insisted on circumcision and adherence to the law, while Peterite's advocated such a sect. Religion should go to the whole world. But it was shaken by pressure from conservatives. Subsequently. In a series of complex struggles, the original evangelization of the Holy See gradually spread to Gentiles and Hellenistic Jews. In the book of Acts, it is recorded that some of the disciples refused to preach the gospel outside their birthplace, believing that the God of the Jews should not be worshipped by the Gentiles. But there were also disciples who recognized that "God does not distinguish between us and the Gentiles." 6

From the lower class of the sect. Teach to gradually absorb the upper class into the association. The one who made the important contribution was Paul. Legend has it that Paul was involved in the persecution of the papacy, but then the church appeared in the air, and he was converted to the papacy and began to preach. In the course of the mission. He declared that his doctrine was different from the doctrine of the primitive papal see, and he absorbed a large number of non-Jews from Asia Minor, Greece, Rome, and other places into the Church, and developed the church organization. As a result of his efforts, the "Paulicians" took over the orthodox position of the Church. Many slave owners and propertied people also joined the group, thus expanding the congregation of the Holy See.

From seeking the kingdom of reality to pursuing the kingdom of the other side. At the end of the first century and the beginning of the second century C.E., the New Testament was written in Greek and mainly reflected the "Paulician" view. The reformed New Bible conceptually preached patience and obedience, spiritual repentance, and ascetic self-cultivation, and advocated obedience to Roman rule. Compared with the previous logic, the New Testament no longer emphasizes the realization of the thousand-year kingdom of the real world through struggle, but instead pursues comfort and liberation after death, in order to reach the world kingdom on the other side. In this way, the Holy See gradually catered to the appetites of the ruling class from a doctrinal shift. Compared with the vulgar Roman tradition of polytheism, the Holy See was more suitable for the Roman Empire to maintain the monopoly by divine will. The royal power is a multi-ethnic monopoly on the huge empire. the need to rule.

Sect. Teach the resurrection of emotions. As mentioned earlier, in polytheism, God is seen as a complete stranger, and God is decisively above and above the visible natural world. And now, papal doctrine (especially the doctrine of the Holy See after the interpretation of the New Testament) has become a set of things of faith and faith, which no longer stays on the outside, but penetrates deeply into the human mind. The more difficult it is for people to transcend suffering in real life, the more they look forward to God's salvation, and the relationship between man and God has become no longer one of fear of God but love of God since the Holy See. As the crisis of slavery intensified, not only a large number of ordinary people, but even the ruling group of the empire at that time sought to seek the throne. Church consolation and join the Holy See. Although Judaism itself was able to penetrate the minds of men, it was too harsh and mixed with Jewish law. Since there are legal and other practical factors mixed, this sect. Religion is only for Jews, so it is not universal. In the Old Testament, it was the Jews who made a covenant with God, while in the Holy See, it was the whole of people who believed in God. This preaching of fraternity makes it possible to do so in the sect as an ethical. In the church, the Holy See has a stronger moral attraction and a social regulating function.

And in fact. The Holy See was not legally recognized at the time of its creation. Under the repression of the Roman emperors, the Holy See fathers made a lot of efforts. On the one hand, in the "apologetic movement", the Church Fathers attacked the heretical doctrines within the Holy See and strongly expressed to the Roman Emperor that the Holy See would serve the monarch as if they were gods.7 On the other hand, under the leadership of the Church Fathers, the mainstream forces of the Holy See absorbed Greco-Roman philosophy on the basis of Philo's Judeo-Greek philosophical theology to construct a theological system and strengthen the theoretical foundation of the Holy See. In the midst of this dual development, the Roman emperors began to turn to the Holy See. For example, during the reign of Emperor Constantine, the "Edict of Milan" was issued. He himself was baptized before his death, and the Holy See was recognized by the Roman Empire. Later, although there was a policy of banning and suppressing the Holy See for a short time, the Holy See gradually penetrated into all parts of the Roman social organism in the course of its development, and became a force that could no longer be stopped. In 392 A.D., Emperor Theodosius I issued a decree. All paganism was closed and the Holy See was officially established as the state religion. From now on. The Holy See became the mainstream of Roman civilization. And gradually expanded to Western Europe, becoming the Western European Middle Ages and the ruling government. The right is closely integrated with the mainstream culture.

In the Middle Ages, the Holy See changed from the state religion of the Mediterranean at the end of the Roman Empire to the dominant religion in the whole of Western Europe. Teaching can be described as a major leap forward. In the history of the Middle Ages, the Holy See played a role that transcended national borders and played a dominant role in the political, economic, spiritual and cultural affairs of Europeans. So how was the Holy See able to expand so much?

First of all. The Holy See will grow as a social organization. By the end of the Roman Empire, the organization and hierarchy of the Holy See had gradually developed, and gradually formed a network of churches covering a vast Roman territory. At that time, there were archbishops who governed a fairly large province, bishops who were in charge of the dioceses at the grassroots level, and deacons and deacons were established under the bishops. Because of the martyrdom of Peter and Paul in Rome. The Archbishop of Rome gradually became significantly higher than the other bishops, and developed into the later Pope. With the development and refinement of the hierarchy in the Church, the attractiveness and influence of the Holy See increased greatly. And the monastery itself is not a completely hidden and isolated place of self-cultivation, it is a special institution in itself, which plays an extraordinary role in the spread of the Holy See and so on.

Secondly, as a social organization, from the end of the Roman Empire, the Holy See gradually developed with great economic power and gradually gained political privileges. With its economic and political power, the Holy See would become a rival to secular imperial power. For example, St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, once forced the Roman Emperor Theodosius I, who had slaughtered the Selonicans, to confess his sins and ask for forgiveness, declaring that the emperor was only a member of the church and advocating the supremacy of the Church. As a result, in later developments, the secular imperial power presented a dependence on the clerical power.

Thirdly, the clergy of the Holy See had a near-monopoly on culture. Historically, after the fall of Western Rome, Western European society was torn apart, schools were closed, and Greek culture was fatally hit. In times of war, when almost no one but a few clergy could read and write Latin, the Holy See became the only surviving socio-political and cultural entity, playing a role in the social chaos and cultural vacuum. In the process of development, the Holy See gradually transitioned from a monastic nature to a participation in local secular life, undertaking social obligations such as the relief of refugees. Around the Holy See, a civil self-organization was gradually formed. Backed by a strong civil force, the Holy See had sufficient strength to intervene in politics and the military, and increased its power and strength in the war with the barbarian kingdoms.

Finally, when it comes to the reasons for the expansion of the Holy See among the "barbarians", in addition to the strong political, economic, military, cultural, and social power as a backing, the ambition of the Church is also unquestionable. Pope Gregory I, for example, took advantage of the Lombard invasion of northern Italy at the end of the 6th century to break free from the control of the Eastern Roman Empire and gain full control of the city of Rome, and expanded his jurisdiction to central Italy, Sicily, Corsica and other regions. At the same time, he reformed the Church, strictly enforced the canonical rules, and introduced the monastic system, which promoted the development of the establishment of the Holy See. The English philosopher Russell commented on him as "successful in initiating many institutions that finally tamed the barbarians." Later, many church leaders also aimed at the expansion of the Holy See, spreading the church civilization throughout Western Europe as the purpose of the Roman Church.

In the process of propagation, the Holy See played an enlightening role in the barbarians themselves, promoting the combination of barbarian and Roman traditions. Many of the so-called barbarians of the time voluntarily accepted the Holy See as a way to civilization. The extension of the Church to the barbarian kingdom and the dominance of the papal civilization were mainly from three directions, mostly through political opportunities.

The first was the Frankish kingdom of the Merovingian dynasty. The Gauls in the areas ruled by the Frankish kingdom themselves believed in the orthodox Holy See. In 496, King Clovis converted to the Holy See and later declared it the state religion. The alliance between the Roman Church and the Frankish kingdom had a profound impact on the process of papacy and feudalization in Western Europe, and the two sides formed a community of interests. On the one hand, the Frankish dynasty, with the support of the Church, continued to win wars against the barbarian kingdoms and forced the people in the barbarian regions to submit to the Holy See; On the other hand, the Church gained many economic privileges in supporting the expansion of the Franks, and became a feudal government. The constituent part of the power also expanded the power of the church.

Then there are the countries surrounding the Franks. The Frankish kingdom was considered the most powerful among the barbarians at that time, and after receiving the support of the Frankish kingdom, through the dual channels of war and peaceful mission, they embraced other sects. Christian countries such as the Visigoths in Spain were converted to the Roman Church around the 6th century. After the Arab conquest of North Africa in the 7th century, North Africa was incorporated into the Islamic civilization. The withdrawal from the papal world allowed the Roman Church to get rid of its North African rivals, which differed from its catechesis, and thus concentrate on developing in Western Europe and becoming the spiritual hegemon of Western Europe.

In this way, on the Western European continent. Gradually, they were gradually brought under the rule of the Holy See. In 432, the Roman Church began to preach to the Irish region. During Patrick's tenure as bishop. The Papal belief system, which is characteristic of Irish culture, was gradually established. and formed a church organization and system that consolidated the system, with the stern monasteries as the main body and cut off from the Roman Church. With the invasion of the Normans, this culture was not destroyed, but became a tool for "domesticating" the invaders. By 664 A.D. convened Whitbyzon. At the time of the synod, the British Isles recognized the supremacy of the Roman Church because of the rivalry between the two eccentric powers.

Judaism is well suited to self-defense, but it has never intended to conquer; It is quite possible that the number of new converts never exceeded the number of apostasy. God's promise was originally given to only one family, and the special circumcision was limited to one family. When Abraham's descendants multiplied as much as the sand of the sea. The God who had personally taught them a set of commandments and rituals, proclaimed himself the true God of all the nation of Israel; In this way, with a peculiar care and affection, he separates his favorite people from the rest of humanity. The conquest of the land of Canaan was accompanied by many wonders. It was accompanied by many bloody circumstances, so that the victorious Jews were henceforth in irreconcilable hostility with all their neighbors. The Jews were commanded to eradicate some of the most idolatrous tribes, and their implementation of God's will was rarely delayed by human weakness. They were forbidden to intermarry or form alliances with foreign tribes; The ban on admitting foreigners to worship services is permanent in some cases, almost always continuing into the third, seventh, or even tenth generation. The obligation to preach the doctrine of Moses to non-Jews was never included in the law; The Jews themselves have no intention of voluntarily taking on this responsibility.

In accepting new citizens, this unfriendly people followed not the leniency of the Romans, but the selfish vanity of the Greeks. Abraham's descendants were complacent when they were told that they were the heirs to God's covenant, fearing that sharing their inheritance with the rest of the world would diminish its value. Greater contact with human beings has expanded their knowledge, but it has not corrected their prejudices; If the God of Israel had gained a new believer, he would have been more grateful for the easy-going nature of the polytheist religion than for the activism of his own missionaries. The Sect of Moses. Religion seems to be established only for a special nation and a distinct people; And if it were strictly forbidden for every man to personally go to the Lord Jehovah three times a year, it would have been impossible for the Jews to go beyond the narrow land of hope. This obstacle was removed by the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem; But the vast majority of Judaism was destroyed as a result; The pagans, who had long been amazed by the bizarre reports of an empty sanctuary, were now even more unable to comprehend a sect without temples and altars, without priests and sacrifices. What can be used as an object of worship and what can be used as a tool for worship. Yet, even in the midst of the dire situation of the Jews, they were obsessed with their solitary privilege and avoided rather than sought association with foreigners. They still do their best to carry out that part of the precepts that they can with unshakable perseverance. Some of their special festivals, their eating of only certain special meats, and other inconsequential but very tedious details of life are very disgusting and disgusting to other peoples, and they absolutely oppose the different habits and prejudices of those peoples. The painful, even dangerous, circumcision alone is enough to deny a voluntary convert the door of a Jewish chapel.

In this case, the Holy See, armed with the power of Moses' precepts and freed from its shackles, came into being all over the world. In the new system, as in the old system of the ancients, the focus is always on cultivating a single-minded belief in the sect. the truth of teaching and the zeal of the same God; Thus any information now revealed to the people on the subject of the nature and purpose of the supreme deity must help to strengthen their reverence for this mystical doctrine. Both Moses and the prophets had divine authority, and this has been recognized, even as the strongest foundation of the Holy See. From the beginning of the world, there have been successive prophecies announcing the coming of a Messiah, who has been prepared for the long-awaited day, and who, according to the rough understanding of the Jews, is often presented as a king and conqueror, rather than a prophet, a martyr, and the son of God. Through His sacrifice to atone for the sins of the world, the imperfect sacrifices in those temples were immediately ended and eliminated. Now a pure spiritual cult, which is equally applicable in all regions of different climates, and in all situations in which mankind finds itself, has replaced the liturgy of mere forms and images; In addition, more harmless water was used in the initiation ceremony instead of human blood. Opportunities for God's favor were not limited to Abraham's descendants in the past, but were universally promised to free men and slaves, Greeks and barbarians, Jews and non-Jews. All the privileges which enable a convert to ascend from the earth to heaven, to enhance his piety, to guarantee his happiness, or even to satisfy the pride of that secret which has crept into the hearts of men under the guise of piety, remain the exclusive preserve of the members of the Holy See Church; But, at the same time, all are allowed, even invited, to receive this glorious title, which is not only offered to people as a favor, but also as an imposed obligation. Therefore, it is the most sacred duty of a new convert to spread among his relatives and friends the immeasurable happiness he has received, and to warn them not to refuse to accept it, for it would be regarded as a sinful offense to the will of the benevolent but omnipotent deity, and to be severely punished. (To be continued......)