Magnolia City, Church.

Looking at the enchantment shining with a faint light outside the window, and the white light cluster floating not far away, Johnson's originally solemn expression couldn't help but relax a little. No matter who it is, it is estimated that they never imagined that what they thought was a very easy task would evolve into the current situation.

There was a hint of calm, but after a moment, thinking of the slightest sense of ominousness made his expression solemn again. Such an ominous may not be anything in the eyes of ordinary people, after all, people eat whole grains and have all kinds of thoughts, and sometimes it is normal to scare yourself.

But as an elegant fox, Johnson has never easily denied his intuition, since awakening, because this intuition has allowed him to avoid too many disasters, and even when he first entered the church, the last battle before becoming a full member did not have the current ominous feeling.

You must know that the most powerful paranormal organization in the world, the threshold of the church is not something that anyone can enter. In addition to those real bigwigs, if the rest of the people want to enter the church, then they need to fight again and again, and the people who really survive are the members of the real church, and the rest of them have become skeletons.

The church system is actually not much different from the general killer system, except that the level of battle is higher and there are more geniuses inside, there is no difference. Being able to get out of the killing, maybe Johnson's attack power is not the strongest, and his strength is not the most criminal, but the means of saving his life are definitely the most powerful among them.

And the reason why he was able to survive was because of his ability to sense after awakening. Or rather, the ability to give early warning. He knew that those people could be provoked, and those places could not be visited. Those things could not be done some time ago. He had such an early warning.

But now this time the warning is the strongest, even stronger than the nine deaths at the time of the assessment, and even a trace of voice appeared in his head, die, don't resist.

Such an early warning had never appeared, but now, such a situation appeared in his mind. He doesn't seem to have any choice.

Even the Holy Cross, which was given to the church as a defensive relic, was completely unfurled. The Holy Cross is the huge silver cross that hangs on the windowsill outside. In the eyes of ordinary people, this may just be a holy thing used to bless ordinary people. But only after entering the level of the bishop will you know that in addition to blessings, this holy relic is more important for defense.

Absorb all kinds of energy around it and store it into the cross, except for some of it that is emitted to ordinary people for some healing, the rest of the energy is all stored, and it can be released to the maximum extent at one time when needed, of course, the main function is to defend.

Although because he came to the territory of China, this cross is not the top. But as long as it is unfolded and the energy it carries inside, there will be no problem in resisting the attack of the C-class bishop, not to mention that there is a deeper hidden method inside.

This means is the white energy light cluster floating in front of him, and this energy light group is not just a benefit for ordinary people. Although the church wants to win over ordinary people, it will never do such a thing, the reason why there is such an energy light group. The main reason is that when necessary, these energy light clusters can forcibly extract the life energy of ordinary people and replenish it into the cross.

So. Not only is the cross's defense more powerful, but even these life forces can be fed back to the user themselves. Make the user's vitality stronger. And this is also one of the ways that some old bishops replenish their vitality.

In such a small place, being able to resist ordinary C-level masters, then this kind of strength is definitely quite good, but I don't know why, after the cross was completely opened, Johnson's ominous premonition did not weaken in the slightest, and even became stronger, and vaguely, he even felt that death was standing by his side, cutting his neck with a scythe. Death is at hand.

"Johnson, I have passed your request to the nearest bishop at your command, and I think the bishop will be here soon!"

Just when Johnson was thinking wildly, a figure slowly walked by him, with a tall figure, handsome facial features and dazzling blonde hair, dazzling like the mythical sun god.

I didn't care too much about the other party's appearance, and it has reached the current level, if you really want to change your appearance, then you can use potential energy to adjust it little by little, even more convenient than plastic surgery. Therefore, as long as you are willing, there is no real ugly person in the supernatural person, and the handsome person is naturally nothing.

So Johnson just nodded: "I know, thank you, Edla!" ”

If Johnson is the leader of this time on the surface, then Edra is the leader of the entire church power this time. This time, he not only led the church's crusader squad, but could even mobilize all the congregants. Therefore, there is no so-called difference between the identities of the two.

Edra shook her head casually: "You are the person in charge this time, as long as it is your order, we will not disobey it, but I am a little curious, since the Holy Cross has been unfolded, why do we need to inform the Bishop!" After such a notice, even if we successfully complete the task, we will definitely not have too high a high evaluation, and if we want to be promoted to bishop, it may be difficult to do so! ”

This is also the reason why they came, once the task of this time is completed, the two of them have a good chance of being promoted to bishop. Although there are many bishops in the church, a bishop who can control a city or even a country is still the ultimate goal of many believers. And now this may appear in front of the two of them, and naturally they want to work hard.

This is not the reason why Johnson came over, but he didn't expect that this time, a task that seemed simple to him would have so many twists and turns, and even a threat of death. This has been the case since he entered the church. It hasn't been around for a long time.

With the protection of the church, especially the current strength of the church. Wherever they go, they are honored guests, and that's why they do it. That's why I slowly underestimated such a mission, and thus fell into such a desperate situation.

Although it has not happened yet, Johnson has never denied his feelings, since he already has an ominous premonition, then there must be ominous things happening in the future, it just depends on when it will happen.

Of course, he naturally wouldn't tell Edra in front of him about such a thing. Edla, like most church members, was proud and arrogant. Although he will follow his own advice, if he speaks his mind, then the other party will definitely be the first to attack, which will completely disrupt his deployment, and everything now will have to wait until the bishop comes.

"Edla, my companion, I have my thoughts on calling for the Bishop's coming, but don't worry, even after the Bishop's arrival. So our assessment this time will not be low, because this time we caught a real big fish? "Johnson just wants to hold him down now.

"Big fish? Did you find the plane passage? "That's what they're really doing, so when Johnson said there were big fish, he thought about it.

Suppress the early warning in your heart. Johnson made a confident expression: "Yes or no, it will be clear after the arrival of the Bishop, so please wait quietly together!" ”

Edra didn't suspect that Johnson was lying to him, and his expression slowly became a little happy. If a dimensional passage is discovered, then even if a bishop comes. Their rewards won't be too low, and there's really not much of a problem with the last bishop's position.

"Well done. My companion, then wait for the arrival of the Bishop! Patting Johnson on the arm, Edra walked back to her bedroom with a happy mood.

Looking at Edla's back, Johnson's originally confident expression also dimmed.

"My Lord, I hope you will come soon! Otherwise......"

Feeling the more intense warning in his heart, Johnson drew a cross on his chest and prayed in a low voice.

………………

On the top of the building, Wu Ling didn't know everything about the church, and he didn't know that Johnson would be so vigilant, he had just made a move, and the other party actually had a certain premonition, and even notified a more powerful bishop to come, the arrival of a bishop, which would definitely have a certain impact on Wu Ling's plan. But now Wu Ling doesn't know this, so he is implementing his plan little by little.

Holding Xiao Yingying's hand, Wu Ling said lightly: "Xiao Yingying, my brother will take you to eat something delicious!" ”

Hearing Wu Ling say this, Xiao Yingying, who was originally playing with potential energy, also came back to her senses and jumped: "Okay, brother, where is the delicious food?" ”

Wu Ling smiled slightly, and with a wave of his hand, a transparent energy emerged from his hand and flew towards the peaceful courtyard below. As this transparent energy fell on the people in the church, Xiao Yingying, who was originally indifferent, couldn't help but get excited.

"Delicious, delicious, so delicious!" Looking at the church below, Xiao Yingying seemed to see the most delicious thing in the world.

Wu Ling smiled slightly, Xiao Yingying is a dream eater, and a dream eater, eating is a dream, but in fact, it is a soul.

The word soul originally meant breathing, life, and had been produced as early as primitive man. Religion and mythology are widely popular. Since the emergence of Western philosophy, the soul has become an important concept commonly used by philosophers, and the soul is not only a living thing, but also often endowed with all things in the universe. Not only that, but the soul has also been given a divine nature by philosophers, becoming a "god". Religious or superstitious gods are mixed up, thus thus casting a cloak of mystery over the souls, and their souls speak to varying degrees of sectarianism. Colors of religion and mythology. Beginning with Thales, there is not a single philosopher in pre-Socratic philosophy who does not consider the soul as an important part of his doctrine. As Greek philosophy evolved, so did the various theories about the soul. Since Socrates, philosophers have consciously used the characteristics, functions, and functions of the soul to explain and justify their ontological epistemology and political ethics, which is most fully expressed in the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle. Aristotle had a very clear expression of the importance of the soul theory in his own knowledge system, and when he criticized and summarized the soul theory of his predecessors and put forward his own soul theory, he clearly put the soul theory in the first place. "All knowledge is to be respected and valued," he said. on the accuracy of knowledge. Or in terms of the sublime and wonderful object of knowledge, some knowledge is more worthy of respect and more valuable. In terms of both. There is reason to give priority to the study of the soul. It is well known that knowledge of the soul is the advancement of truth. In particular, the understanding of nature has a great contribution, because in a sense the soul is the origin (principle) of animal life. ”

According to Aristotle, Greek philosophers attributed two properties or functions to the soul: one is the cause of the movement of things; The second is the ability to generate cognition and perception. Although philosophers disagree on the specific interpretation of the soul, they all discuss the characteristics of the soul in terms of the three signs of movement, sensation and immateriality. These special functions and basic characteristics of the soul determine its special role in the generation, formation, evolution, and development of philosophy.

As we can see from the works on the history of philosophy and related monographs published in the West, Western scholars often attribute the souls of Greek philosophers to "psychology". This categorization is too narrow, because the theory of the soul is by no means limited to psychology. This categorization reflects that there are serious shortcomings in their vision and thinking about the soul theory, which hinders people's correct understanding of the soul theory and even the entire Western philosophy, because it is difficult for us to limit the soul theory of the Greek philosophers to a certain type of intellectual discipline. In the case of Plato. He paid special attention to the metaphysical meaning of the soul theory.

There is no theory of ideas without soul. The theory of the soul is an important argument basis for Plato's ontology, epistemology, and even socio-political ethics. Plato's doctrine of the soul is mainly embodied in his dialogues such as Meno, Phaedo, State, Phaedro, Theatede, and Timaeus. For Aristotle, the content of the soul is much richer and more complex. The doctrine of the soul was supposed to be part of his natural philosophy and an integral part of his first philosophy, both ontology and epistemology. Ya's theory of the soul is closely related to his practical disciplines such as political science and ethics, and these studies of human existence and behavior are in a sense based on the theory of the soul. Ahl's theory of the soul runs through his speculative philosophy and practical philosophy, which includes both empirical investigation and factual material, as well as theoretical analysis and argumentation. With the exception of his monograph On the Soul, almost all of his other writings on the theory of the soul deal with the theory of the soul. From the perspective of modern classification of knowledge, the soul theory of A. Ash's soul involves many disciplines. In addition to the above-mentioned theoretical and practical disciplines, his rhetoric, aesthetics, and various techniques also involve the theory of the soul.

The relationship between the soul and the body is the primary question in the philosophers' view of the soul, which mainly includes two aspects, one is whether the soul must be dependent on the body. The second is which is the priority and which is more important, the soul and the body. Plato asserted that the soul and the body are separate and independent entities, and that the soul is eternal and immortal. This is consistent and closely related to the separation and independent existence of ideas and concrete things, as well as the eternity of ideas. It is with this theory of the soul that Plato argues for the theory of ideas. He pointed out that the human soul exists before the body. And I already know the idea (know). But when the soul is reincarnated into the human body. Due to the interference or defilement of the body, the original concept and knowledge are temporarily forgotten. In order to regain those original knowledges, it is necessary to go through a period of "learning". The so-called learning is to "recall" the knowledge that you already knew before you were alive but have forgotten now.

Recall that it is based on the dualism of the separation of the soul and the body, and is premised on the eternal immortality of the soul; Conversely, the memory of the soul also proves the immortality of the soul. Soul memory and soul immortality are mutually demonstrated, and the domestic academic community has a relatively full understanding of this. However, Plato also argued and expounded the immortality of the soul from the perspective of the soul's "own movement", which the academic community has not paid enough attention to. He asserted: "All souls are immortal, for everything that is in eternal motion is immortal." "Those things that are propelled by other things will cease to move, and they will cease to live; And that which moves by itself, will never cease to move as long as it does not give up its own nature. Moreover, the thing that moves in itself is the source and first principle of the movement of all other things that are propelled, and it can neither be created nor destroyed. Therefore, the self-movement must be immortal. And self-movement is the definition of the essence of the soul. If the assertion that "the self-mover is the soul" is correct, it must be inferred that the soul is immortal.

It must be noted that Plato is speaking here of the soul. Not only the "soul of man" but also the "soul of God". Plato's so-called soul. In fact, it is the principle of "movement" and "life". The movement here is not only a general physical change of motion, but more importantly, its own initiative and active force.

Plato described the movement of the soul throughout the universe in the manner of a mythological story. If the soul is perfect. With full wings, it flies high in the sky and dominates the world; If the soul loses its wings, it falls downwards and unites with the body to become a mortal being. The gods fly in the sky, and the immortal beings follow the gods. In the heavenly operation, the soul sees with reason justice itself, temperance itself, and true knowledge. This knowledge has nothing to do with changing and heterogeneous objects, it is about knowledge that really exists; It is this knowledge that nourishes the soul. But. The irrational things in the soul are constantly hindered, so that many souls rise and fall, and it is difficult to see the real existence or only a part of it; There are also many souls who do not have the ability to fly high with the gods, they are trapped in the chaos of the lower realm, colliding with each other, trampling on each other, damaging their wings, falling to the ground, and reincarnating as a human being, divided into nine classes. The distinction of these nine soul levels is an irresistible fate. From the immortality of the soul to the incarnation of the soul, Plato discussed the idea of the reincarnation of the soul. He pointed out that in the process of soul incarnation in the body, those who live according to righteousness will have a better destiny in the future. and not living according to righteousness is a worse fate. It takes 10,000 years for each soul to return to his original place of origin, but if the soul chooses three times in a row in the operation of the millennium a philosophical life in the sincere pursuit of wisdom, then. By the end of the 3,000 years, such a soul will be able to regain its wings. Fly high. Other souls are judged at the end of their first life, or they will be punished in hell. or for righteousness. By the end of the millennium, both groups of souls will come back to choose the next life. At this time, humans and beasts can be converted into each other, and only souls who have seen the truth can be reborn as humans. In the cycle of the soul, both "memory" and reason play an important role. Plato regarded the soul as an independent and self-existing entity, which is compound, in which the intellect is the most important, the essence and nature of the soul. Therefore, the so-called immortality of the soul is actually the immortality of reason, that is, the immortality of the rational soul; The irrational thing of the soul is immortal. The soul, as a function of cognition, is primarily the function of reason, and the memory of the soul is the operation of reason, which reproduces the knowledge acquired by reason. From the point of view of modern science, Plato's immortality of the soul and recollection seem absurd. Religious and mystic. However, we should not simply equate them with the Dzong. Teach the soul theory and the reincarnation theory. Plato's doctrine is based on the belief that there must be an immutable entity in the midst of birth and death, and that the soul and the idea are such entities. The immortality of the soul and the permanence of the spirit are equal to the eternity of the idea. It is precisely because of the existence of such things that man's life is controlled by the soul as soon as he arrives in this world, and there is in his spirit the knowledge of ideas, which can be transformed into reality by the use of reason. Plato's theory of the soul is telling people that the theory of ideas is knowable, and this can be known by virtue of reason (reason), and that reason belongs to the soul, and that ideas and souls are connected. The soul is not only connected to the idea of super-perceptual, but also to the sensible, because the structure of the soul is complex, not a single rationality, but also irrationality.

Aristotle established the first philosophy (metaphysics) with the substance (ontology) as the core, and his view of the soul is related to his doctrines of substance, life, matter and form, potential and reality, and it is in these relations that he defines the soul; On the contrary, he also used the theory of the soul to support, demonstrate, and explain his first philosophy. Aristotle criticized Plato's theory of ideas, and also rejected Plato's view of the soul as an independent entity separate from the body. He advocated that "the soul and the body cannot be separated", and that the soul is dependent on the body and resides in the body. Each soul has its own unique body, and every body has its own unique shape or form. In connection with this, he also opposes the theory of soul reincarnation and soul reincarnation.

He emphasized that the soul cannot be independent of the body, but he also believed that the soul is the essence. Ontology, he explained, has three meanings: as material, as form, as a combination of material and form. The material is the potential, and the form is the reality. Some natural objects are alive and some are not; The difference between living and not is whether there is a soul or not. A living natural body must be an ontological body. This ontology is a combination of form and material, and the body itself is material. Its form is the soul, and the soul itself is the essence. It is the ontology in the sense of "as the form of a potentially living natural body", which is also reality, and "the soul is the first-order reality of a potentially living natural body." The soul is a living body, which is the essence of what it is, and it is the ontology in the sense of principle and definition. The body is not the reality of the soul, on the contrary, the soul is the reality of the living body. If the eye is a living body, then vision is the soul of the eye, that is, the essence of the eye in the defined sense, and the essence of the eye as the eye. If the vision is gone, the eyes are no longer eyes.

Although he argues that the soul is dependent on the body, he also raises the soul to the level of cause, essence, essence, form, and reality, and the soul is obviously superior to the body. He pointed out: "The soul is, in the most important sense, what we live, feel and think, so the soul is a definition or form, not a substance or a substrate. ”

"The soul is the cause and origin of the living body", specifically, the soul is the cause and origin of the living body in three senses: the source of the movement of the body. The purpose of the body, the essence (ontology) of the whole living body. First of all, the ontology (essence) of things is the basis of their existence, for living beings. The soul is the cause or origin of their existence and their life. Secondly, the soul is also a cause in the sense of purpose, because nature acts like reason. There is always a purpose for which the soul naturally provides for living beings. All natural bodies are tools (organs) of the soul, and animal bodies are the same as plant bodies. All exist for their souls. Again, the soul is also the cause of the movement of displacement, and the change of state and the change of quantity are also due to the soul, because sensation belongs to the change of state, and without the soul there can be no feeling; The same is true of birth and death, without nourishment there can be no birth and death, and without the soul there is no nutrition. Although Austro's did not regard the soul as an ontology that exists independently of the body as Plato, the soul as an ontology in the formal meaning or definition of a living body, that is, the cause, origin, and essence that makes a living body a living body, still gives the soul a higher status and role than the body. Accordingly, it is not difficult to understand why he ontologically emphasizes the superiority of form over material.

The nature, status, and role of sensation and thinking are not only important issues in epistemology that are closely related to ontology, but also an important content of soul theory. Plato and Aristotle had major disagreements on the question of sensation. Plato ascribes sensations to the body and excludes them from the soul; Aristotle, on the other hand, attributed sensation to both the body and the soul, but distinguished it from the thinking (rational) part of the soul. Plato despised and belittled sensations, but still recognized the certain status and role of sensations in the process of seeking knowledge, which can be said to be an inspiration, an inducement, and a stimulus that causes and promotes "recollection". However, the concrete thing that is felt and the thing that is achieved through memories are two fundamentally different things. The former is relative and changing, while the latter is absolute and eternal. That is to say, feeling and knowledge are two different things, after all. Plato attributed thought, knowledge, wisdom, and truth to the soul, associated the senses with the body, and emphasized the need to be free from the interference of the senses and the body when advocating the purification of the soul. He pointed out that many of the attributes of things, especially the commonality, the general, the like and the different, the similar and the dissimilar, the glory and the shame, the good and the evil, the existence and the useful, etc., cannot be perceived, but can only be attained by reflection and comparison by the mind. Therefore, perception cannot know truth and reality, they are not knowledge.

Plato, however, likened the mind to a "wax plate" and a "birdcage." The wax plate is a metaphor for our mind as a wax board, where what we see, hear, feel, and realize is imprinted on the wax and leaves an imprint, like a signet ring. Plato used the metaphor of the wax plate to introduce memory into the cognitive process, analyzing the various cognitions and sensations, including memory, and trying to explain that the wrong judgment can come from the mismatch of knowledge and sensation as well as from the knowledge itself. This shows that Plato did not completely exclude sensations from the cognitive realm. The so-called birdcage theory compares each person's mind to a cage containing various birds, and the "bird" is a metaphor for knowledge. When a man is a baby, the birdcage is empty, and when he gets the knowledge, he puts them in the cage piece by piece. He learned or discovered knowledge. Then take the knowledge out of the cage, if it is passed on. It is called "teaching", and others receive knowledge from him. It's called "learning". If a person catches the wrong knowledge he wants to catch, it is like catching a pigeon and catching a turtledove by mistake, so he will make a false judgment; If he catches the knowledge he wants to capture, then he is not making a mistake and is thinking correctly. Obviously, both the birdcage theory and the wax plate theory admit that knowledge can come from the outside world, and knowledge can be obtained later; It also affirms that knowledge can be taught and learned. These views show that Plato, while denying sensation as true knowledge, does not deny sensation entirely.

Aristotle attached great importance to sensation and experience. Fully affirm the meaning and role of feelings. He pointed out that animals cannot live without feeling and the soul cannot think. He illustrates the nature of human curiosity by using the sense that people like to use. Yas's emphasis on sensation is related to his emphasis on the individual and his special knowledge of the individual. Nor did Aristotle exclude sensations from the soul like Plato. According to him, the most important attributes of animals, such as sensations, memories, emotions, desires, desires, etc., belong to both the soul and the body, and these attributes either appear with the sensations or are caused by the sensations. Therefore, sensation is a property that all animals must have, or that animals must have sensations for being animals. Sensation is a protective factor (tool, means) for animals. They enable animals to be aware of them in advance, so they can avoid harmful and deadly things and pursue food. For animals that are still sane, feeling makes them better and more perfect. For the senses enable them to understand many different things, from which the speculative knowledge and practical knowledge of the soul arise. Having feelings makes the soul and body better; Without feeling, the soul cannot think better. The body cannot exist better. Without feeling it is impossible to have a soul and a mind to judge.

But it is worth noting that Ya Shi also believes. The sensory organs do not accept the material of the object when they receive the sensory object, but the form of the object. "Feeling refers to such an ability. It accepts its form apart from the material of the object of sensation, just as the wax block accepts the imprint of the ring and sets aside iron or gold, and it grasps the imprint of gold or copper, not gold or copper itself. This is consistent with Ahl's view that the form of things is higher than the material. Yas's theory of sensation not only has psychological and physiological significance, but also has important epistemological and ontological implications.

Plato excluded the senses from the soul, and made a clear distinction between the rational and irrational parts of the soul, and put forward the theory of "three parts of the soul", that is, the human soul contains three principles that govern human behavior. Affection and desire. rational intelligence to think and reason, to control the activity of the mind; The nature of desire is greedy, irrational, accompanied by all kinds of satisfaction and pleasure; Arouse. Emotion is a third person between reason and desire, which is used by people to "feel anger", it is the "natural auxiliary of reason", it is the ally of reason, but if it is corrupted by bad education, it will ally with desire and oppose reason. Of the three, reason is the highest, and it should be the one that plays a leading role. Affection obeys it and assists it, and together they regulate and control desires. To make these three parts of the human soul friendly and harmonious with each other, "to each perform his own duties," human justice is achieved.

That is to say, the soul is rational by its very nature, and it is against the nature of the soul to indulge in materialistic pleasures by desire against reason. The relationship between reason and desire is actually the relationship between the soul and the body. Reason governs the soul, and the soul can dominate the body, which is normal; On the other hand, if desire dominates the soul, the body destroys the soul, which is abnormal. Plato also made a very vivid metaphor of the soul chariot for the tripartite of the soul. On the one hand, this parable illustrates the conflict and struggle between reason and desire within the human soul, and that reason must overcome and subdue desire in order for the soul to be noble, to have true love, and to recognize beauty and goodness itself; On the other hand, it also shows that the human soul governs the activities of the body, and the influence of the body on the soul also occurs through the action of the desires within the soul. Plato's emphasis on the supremacy of the soul over the body in the sense that the soul is intellect by nature is consistent with his ideas about the primacy of ideas over visible things and knowledge over opinions.

Aristotle made a clear distinction between the part of the soul that is used to think and the part of the soul that is used to feel. He refers to the former as the "mind" part of the soul, and "by the mind I mean the part of the soul that the soul uses to think and judge", that is, the "rational soul". The mind is related to the object of thought, and the mind can receive the form of the object and is potentially identical with the object, but not with the object itself; The mind is only a faculty, and has no other nature of its own, so the mind is not any actual reality when it is not thinking, and it is unreasonable to think that the mind and body are mixed together, and that the mind does not have any organs. It is a good idea to think of the soul as the "dwelling place of form", but of course this refers to the rational soul (the mind) rather than the soul as a whole, and the form here also refers to the latent rather than the actual. The soul's ability to feel depends on the body (senses), but the mind's ability to think is separate from the body.

So, how does the mind think, or how does the mind come about? He has only some vague and general statements about this. He believed that "the mind is in the mind like the words on a writing board that has not been written in reality". The mind is likened to a writing board (tabula rasa), and the mind conducts its thinking activities as if it were writing on a writing board. Of course, writing is not in the real sense. According to Ahl's, the mind and the thought are the same when the object does not contain matter, because the speculative knowledge and the object of this knowledge are the same; In the case of the inclusion of material, each object of thought is only potentially presented. There is no mind in what has material, because it is only to the extent that these things can be separated from the material that the mind is potentially theirs, but the mind can be the object of thought, and "the mind itself is the object of thought, just like any other object of thought." This kind of mind, which has itself as the object of thought, leads to an active or active rational view.

He further analyzes the relationship between the mind and things, and with the mind. He pointed out that all kinds of things, like the whole of nature, can be found in two factors: one is the material, and the other is the reason for the maker. The relationship between the two is as good as the material of the craft, and the same can be found in the mind. On the one hand, the mind is what makes all things come into being (similar to matter); On the other hand, the mind makes all things (similar to the reason of the maker) in a positive state of affirmation like light, in the sense that light makes the underlying color the color of reality. In this latter sense, the mind is separable, unaffected, and pure. In its essential sense (nature), such a mind is reality. Because the proactive person is always better than the passive one, and the original is always better than the material. The knowledge of reality is the same as its object, and in the case of the individual, the potential knowledge precedes the actual knowledge in time, but in the case of all humanity as a whole, the potential knowledge does not precede the knowledge of the reality in time.

The mind does not know (thinking) at this time, and cannot (think) at that time. Once the mind is detached from the conditions of its presence, it is merely what it is, and it alone is immortal and eternal. Such a mind does not bear the effect, without which there can be no thinking; A passive mind is perishable. Western scholars generally interpret these not-so-clear ideas about the mind as views on active and passive reason. The mind that resembles a material is passive rationality, while the mind that resembles a cause is active rationality. The important difference between the two is that passive reason is influenced by the body and the object, and cannot be separated from each other, and is therefore destructible; Active reason, on the other hand, can be separated from the body and the object, and is therefore eternal, and this eternal immortality refers only to its "being" or being or essence. He sees active reason as superior to passive reason, and even equates active reason with God. So, the first philosophy of A. Ashwagandha ended up in theology, (to be continued......