Chapter 511: Living Water (II)

"After so many failures, they still won't give up?" Sister Wang Na asked.

"Nope." "In 1775, the French Academy of Sciences announced that the Undergraduate Academy would no longer examine all designs relating to perpetual motion machines. This shows that at that time, the scientific community had realized from the experience accumulated over a long period of time that there was no hope of success in the attempt to create a perpetual motion machine. The idea of a perpetual motion machine has lasted for hundreds of years in human history, and this idea has been refuted, which is not only conducive to people's correct understanding of science, but also conducive to people's correct understanding of the world. Energy can neither be created or disappear out of thin air, but can only be transformed from one form to another, or transferred from one object to another. In the process of transformation and transfer, the sum of energy does not change, which is the law of conservation of energy. Therefore, the first type of perpetual motion machine cannot be made. The transformation and transfer of energy is directional, just as heat can be spontaneously transferred from a hot object to a cold object, but it cannot be spontaneously transferred from a cold object to a hot object without causing other changes, so the second type of perpetual motion machine cannot be made. Some people also believe that according to Newton's first law, objects can rely on inertia to move endlessly in a uniform linear motion without being affected by force, so they want to experiment in outer space. But technology at the time did not allow this, and Newton proposed the law of gravitation, which states that any two objects in nature attract each other. So the object will stop after a long time of motion - or only a few minutes - and it can't move forever. ”

"Although it has been the hard work of many people, it turns out that they all fail without exception. A perpetual motion machine is a fantasy. It can never succeed because it violates one of nature's most universal laws. This is the law of energy transformation and conservation. The famous scientist Leonardo da Vinci proposed the idea of the impossibility of a perpetual motion machine as early as the 15th century, and he once designed a rotating wheel. A series of containers were installed on the edge of the runner, filled with some mercury, and he thought that the movement of the mercury in the container might make the runner turn forever, but after careful study, he came to a negative conclusion. He recognized from many similar design schemes that attempts at perpetual motion machines were doomed to failure. He wrote: Visionaries of perpetual motion! How futile your quest is! Still is

Go and be a gold digger! However, for hundreds of years after the 15th century, the manufacture of perpetual motion machines never stopped. In the 17th century, there was a prisoner named Malkis who was imprisoned under the Tower of London in England, and he made a perpetual motion machine that could be turned. The diameter of the runner is up to 4.3 meters. Forty steel balls weighing 23 kg each move along the outside of the runner's spokes, increasing the torque, and when they turn to a high place, the steel balls will automatically roll towards the center. It is said that he performed this device to King Charles I of England. The king was very happy to see it, so he **** him. In fact, this machine relies on inertia to maintain short-term motion. ”

"There are many more such perpetual motion machines." "In the 19th century, someone devised a special mechanism whose arms could be bent. There are grooves on the arm, along which the ball rolls towards the end of the elongated arm. Increases the torque. Turning to the other side, the soft arm begins to bend towards the axis. The designers thought that this would allow the machine to gain torque. However, he didn't expect the arm to be shortened though. The resistance increased, and the wheel had to stop in place. In 1681, a famous physician in England, Vlad, made a suggestion. The Archimedes spiral is used to lift the water from the pool to a high place, and then the raised water is used to propel the turbine. In addition to driving the water mill to do work, the water turbine can also make Archimedes spiral rotation to continuously lift water. If you start this cycle over and over again, you don't have to worry about drought and water. For a time, there were many people who responded to him, and all kinds of automatic water turbines were proposed one after another, and there was a research boom. There is also an Italian professor Tesniers, who proposed that a perpetual motion machine can be realized by using the suction of a magnet. His is a magnet, an iron ball attracted by the magnet can roll up along the inclined plane, roll to the upper end, fall from the small hole, return through the curved surface, and be attracted by the magnet again, the iron ball can move continuously along the spiral path. Probably he had not yet established Coulomb's law, and did not know that the magnitude of the electric field force was inversely proportional to the square of the distance. There are also surface tension perpetual motion machines, buoyancy perpetual motion machines, permanent magnet perpetual motion machines, automatic cars, automatic washing machines, and so on. ”

"While some people are keen to make perpetual motion machines, scientists have gradually realized the objective laws of nature from the study of the basic theory of mechanics. Following Leonardo da Vinci, Steven wrote a book entitled "Fundamentals of Statics", in which he discussed the problem of the decomposition of forces on inclined planes, and explicitly made the idea that a perpetual motion machine was impossible. He wrote: "Magic is not magical. ”

"In 1775, French scientists solemnly passed a resolution refusing to try perpetual motion machines. In the book "History of the French Academy of Sciences" it is recorded that in that year the Academy of Sciences passed a resolution refusing to consider the answers to the following questions: doubling the cube, dividing the angles of thirds, finding a square of equal area with a circle, and any machine that expresses eternal motion. And explained: the construction of a perpetual motion machine is absolutely impossible, even if the friction and resistance in the middle do not eventually destroy the original power, this power cannot produce an effect equal to the cause; Another example is to assume that the power can act continuously, and its effect will be infinitely small for a certain period of time. If friction and resistance are reduced, the initial motion tends to continue, but it cannot interact with other objects, and in this assumption, the only possible eternal motion would be useless to achieve the purpose of the builder of the perpetual motion machine. The downside of these studies is that they are extremely expensive, ruining more than one family, and often wasting their tools, time and ingenuity on technicians who could have provided a large number of services to the public. However, even under such clear warnings from the French Academy of Sciences, the various activities to create perpetual motion machines have not yet converged. In the middle of the 19th century, the law of conservation of energy was established. In 1861, a British engineer Delx collected a lot of information and wrote a book called "Perpetual Motion Machines in the 17th and 18th Centuries", warning people not to expect fame and good fortune from the gift of eternal motion. However, Deckes' cautionary tales failed to stop the proliferation of perpetual motion machines. ”

"It's all ironclad, why do some people still don't believe in evil." Min Lan asked.

"The reasons for unbelievers are varied, and there are many such people." "At the end of the 19th century, some people in Pennsylvania wanted to replace the pendulum hammer with a magnet and tried to replace the clockwork with magnetic work. In the 20th century, more complex and plausible designs were proposed. For example, some people want to invent automatic cars, some people want to create automatic washing machines, some people want to use the molecular attraction in water to make automatic pumps, and some people want to make generators purely from permanent magnets, especially under the stimulation of the energy crisis, such activities are increasing and endless. Another type of perpetual motion machine is also often proposed, and it is very confusing. For example, Ganmue, an inventor in the Washington area of the United States, designed a zero-degree engine that used liquid ammonia as the working substance. In 1881, his design was actually supported by the chief engineer of the United States Navy, which was officially praised, and even the president of the United States at the time looked at the design model with great interest. They may have thought that if such an engine were to succeed, the American fleet would not need a coal station and would have access to an endless supply of heat from the ocean. However, as long as it is scientifically analyzed, it will be found that Gamer's design is a heat engine belonging to a single heat source, which violates the second law of thermodynamics, which is the impossible realization of the second type of perpetual motion machine. If the invention of the perpetual motion machine has done humanity some good, it is that people can learn from it: all creations that violate the laws of nature such as the laws of energy transformation and conservation are doomed to failure. ”

"Regarding the impossibility of a perpetual motion machine, mention should also be made of the Dutch physicist Stephen. Before the 16th century, in statics, people would only deal with the problem of finding the resultant force of parallel force systems and their equilibrium, and the problem of decomposing a force into parallel force systems, but not with the balance of converging force systems. In order to solve this kind of problem, it is attributed to solving the problem of the balance of the three converging forces. With the recognition of the impossibility of perpetual motion machines, some countries have given restrictions on perpetual motion. In fact, careful analysis can find that countless people in history are obsessed with the design and manufacture of perpetual motion machines, before the establishment of the thermodynamic system, these people have both scientists and speculators who hope to become famous and make a fortune, and after the establishment of the thermodynamic system, in addition to the folk scientists who want to break the existing scientific system, are committed to the design of the perpetual motion machine in addition to the folk scientists who hope to break the existing scientific system, and more are some swindlers who make money in the name of perpetual motion machines. ”

"Automatic wheel scams, super-magnetic locomotives, are all such scams. Science is constantly advancing, but the research of perpetual motion machines has never stopped. I don't know how many private scientists, even experts, scholars, and professors in China and the world have spent a lot of precious time, money, and painstaking efforts to unremittingly search for such a non-existent thing. Of course, there are also scammers with ulterior motives among them, and the common method is to sell or transfer his perpetual motion machine drawings, perpetual motion machine technology, and so on. In fact, as long as you have some basic knowledge of physics, you can see through this deception. The more Dazhe spoke, the more excited he became, as if he had made a speech.

"Fatty, he is what I look down on you, you don't usually look like you are so cultured, why..."Yun Ximing asked.

"Because one of my best seniors once ruined his life because of his research on perpetual motion machines." Dazhe said. (To be continued.) )