Chapter 448: The Hundred Schools of Thought (Part I)

"You just said the human heart? What does that mean? I asked.

"The world says that it is because of Yingzheng's atrocities that people of insight have suffered misfortunes, but they don't know how to do such a thing just by virtue of Yingzheng's strength, if all the sons and hundreds of schools of thought are the same enemies from the beginning, they will not end up falling apart and being broken one by one."

"Hundred schools of thought?" I put down the map in my hand, and suddenly became interested, if Ji Ziyang didn't say that I had forgotten, he was an old ghost who had existed for thousands of years, and he was naturally very aware of the affairs of the hundred schools of thought. But for our generation, Zhuzi Baijia is just a noun, at most it is a few pages of test points in the history book, and now there is a living history textbook in front of me, I have to listen to it carefully, forgive me, this mistake of listening to stories to change mood has been committed again. "You know so well about the affairs of the Hundred Schools, can you tell me more? What really happened then? I asked.

"The affairs of the hundred schools of thought are complicated, even if I can't talk about it for three days and three nights, I can only pick up some key points and talk to you." Ji Ziyang said.

"Okay, it's okay to focus on anything that isn't important, my little historical knowledge has already been eaten, but you can tell me, what are the hundreds of schools?" I asked.

"Confucianism is the first to bear the brunt of the hundred schools of thought, which is an academic school that takes Confucius as its teacher in the Spring and Autumn Period, takes the six arts as the law, advocates etiquette and benevolence, advocates loyalty and impartiality, advocates the rule of virtue and benevolent government, and attaches importance to moral and ethical education and people's self-cultivation. Confucianism emphasizes the function of education, believing that emphasizing education and light punishment is the only way for the country to be stable and the people to be prosperous and happy. Advocate education without class. Both the rulers and the ruled should be educated so that the whole country will be morally upper.

Politically, he also advocated governing the country with etiquette and convincing people with virtue, called for the restoration of Zhou etiquette, and believed that Zhou etiquette was the ideal road to realize ideal politics. By the time of the Warring States Period, Confucianism was divided into eight schools, the most important of which were Mencius and Xunzi. Mencius's thought was mainly that the people were noble and the monarch was light, and advocated that rulers should practice benevolent government, and in the discussion of human nature. He believes that human nature is inherently good. The reason why Xunzi put forward the theory of sexual goodness is completely different from Xunzi's theory of sexual evil, and the reason why Xunzi put forward the inherent evil of human nature is also a more acute manifestation of social contradictions in the Warring States Period. Look. Even if it's a Confucian person. There are also such sharp contradictions within their own factions. Not to mention the contradictions between the major families, the major families have been able to form their own factions, and they are all because of their unique secret skills. In the thousand-year-old land of China, there are too many things that have been lost. Ji Ziyang said.

"You said that each family has its own unique secret skills, but I only know that Confucianism has left a lot of classics, but I haven't heard of any secret books." I say.

"Obviously not like this, do you know that in ancient times, practice was about the mind, in fact, this kind of mind is not a method of practice, but a method of enlightenment, you know, there will be relics in the body of the monks, that is, the crystallization of enlightenment has reached a certain realm, a kind of cultivation that embodies the practice of the Tao. The Confucian mastery is such a mental method, but it is unknown how to practice this mental method, how to practice it, and what kind of effect it will produce after practicing to the highest realm. Ji Ziyang said.

"Although I don't know what kind of mental method this is, I know that it must be very powerful just by listening to it, and I don't know how powerful it is." I say.

"Not only Confucianism, but also the hundreds of schools of thought have their own strengths, each of which has its own unique learning, and Taoism, which ranks second, is also very famous. Taoism, also known as moralists, is a school based on the doctrine of Lao Tzu on the Tao in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and uses the Tao to explain the nature, origin, composition and changes of all things in the universe. He believes that the way of heaven is inaction, and all things are naturally born, denying that God, ghosts and gods dominate everything, advocating the Tao of nature, going with the flow, advocating quiet and inaction, guarding women and keeping soft, and overcoming rigidity with softness. The political ideal is to rule a small country with few people and do nothing. After Lao Tzu, Taoism was divided into different factions, and the famous ones were four major schools: the Zhuangzi school, the Yangzhu school, the Song Yin school, and the Huang Lao school. The contradictions within Taoism are no less than those of Confucianism, after Lao Tzu, the factions within Taoism also began to diverge, and their doctrines began to tend to the extreme. Ji Ziyang said.

"It sounds pretty powerful, but the impact on modern Confucianism is greater." I say.

"That's right, among the hundred sons, Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, stood out among the hundreds of sons because he inherited three generations of cultural orthodoxy from the Central Plains. As a result, Confucianism not only has a prominent position among the hundreds of scholars, but has also become the mainstream and core content of traditional culture, and has had an unparalleled impact on the formation of the national spirit of the Chinese people. In fact, Confucianism is not an academic or school in the usual sense, Confucianism is the cultural essence of the Chinese nation, which greatly influences every field of Chinese culture. Therefore, Confucianism and other doctrines cannot be used in the same way. Ji Ziyang said.

"What else is Taoism besides Confucianism? Isn't there still a Mo family? I asked.

"That's right, it's almost time to talk about the Mo family. The founder of the Mo family is Mo Zhai. This school of thought takes both love and mutual benefit as the basis of its doctrine: concurrently, treating others as oneself; Love, that is, love your neighbor as yourself. If the world loves each other, the goal of mutual benefit can be achieved. Politically, he advocates Shangxian, Shangtong and non-attack; Economically, it is advocated to strengthen the use of this economy; Ideologically, it is proposed to respect heaven and ghosts. At the same time, he also put forward the proposition of non-fate, emphasizing relying on his own strength to do it. The Mo family has a strict organization, and most of the members are from the lower strata of society, and according to legend, they can all go to the fire and fight to inspire themselves. He is a person who engages in debate, and is called ink debate; Those who engage in martial arts are called Moxia; The leader is called the giant. Its discipline is strict, and it is said that the law of the ink is that those who kill will die, and those who injure will be punished. After Mo Zhai's death, it split into three factions. In the late Warring States period, it was merged into two branches: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, and was called the post-Mohist study, and the other was transformed into a ranger in the Qin and Han dynasties. ”

"This Mo family sounds quite organized and disciplined, and it feels like forming another country within the country and enforcing its own laws." I say.

"You're right, the Mo family is the most organized and the most united, so in the process of resisting Yingzheng, it is also the most tenacious, and the disciples of the Mo family are involved in all walks of life, so it is also the most complicated and not easy to uproot. However, the Mohist idea of non-offensive was also too deep-rooted, and many disciples believed in the creed of non-offensive at that time, so that they died in vain. Ji Ziyang said.

"I feel like people from this school are a bit stupid." I said, "Aren't there any brave and belligerent, how do you feel that these schools of thought are like fish and meat to be slaughtered?" ”

"Heroic and warlike nature, for example, the Legalists. Legalism is called Legalism because it advocates the rule of law in the country, does not distinguish between relatives and relatives, does not distinguish between the noble and the lowly, and breaks off the law. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chuan were the forerunners of Legalism. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Ying, Shen Buxian, and Shen Dao founded the Legalist school. By the end of the Warring States Period, Han Fei synthesized the law of Shang Ying, the cautious potential and the technique of Shen Bu Harm, and was the culmination of the thought and doctrine of the Legalists. Economically, this school of thought advocates the abandonment of well fields, the emphasis on agriculture and the suppression of business, and the reward of farming and warfare; Politically, he advocated the abolition of feudal divisions, the establishment of counties and counties, the monarch ****, the use of power and techniques, and the rule of strict punishment; In terms of ideology and education, he advocated forbidding the doctrine of the hundred schools of thought, taking the law as the teaching, and the officials as the teacher. Its doctrine provides a theoretical basis for the establishment of a unified dynasty of the monarch, and it is simply a textbook for the monarch to govern. ”

"I don't have a big impression of other people, but I am very impressed with Shang Ying, this guy's change is very famous in history, but the end is also miserable." I say.

"That's right, Shang Ying himself advocated changing the law, and also designed a lot of harsh punishments, and in the end, even he died under the criminal law he designed, the punishment of car splitting, it is said that under such a criminal law, even the soul will be torn apart, I don't know if it's true." Ji Ziyang said.

"The Legalists sound quite exciting." I say.

"Yes, it is this very energetic Legalist who provided the basic idea of governing the country for the later Ying Zheng power." Ji Ziyang said.

"It turns out that the Legalists belong to Yingzheng and his gang?" I say.

"It can't be said that the Legalists originally originated in the Qin State, so it can't be said that there is anything wrong. However, the belligerent is not only a legalist, but also a columnist. ”

"Vertical? Vertical and horizontal? ”

"The word "vertical and horizontal" comes from the vertical and horizontal family. The Zonghengjia was originally a strategist who lobbied the princes and engaged in political and diplomatic activities. The representative figures are Su Qin and Zhang Yi. During the Warring States Period, the south and the north were combined as vertical, and the west and east were connected as horizontal, Su and Qin were mainly Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi, and Chu to resist Qin, and Zhang Yi was forced to break the vertical, and even the six countries were divided into Qin, and the Zonghengjia got its name from this. Their activities had an important impact on the changes in the political and military landscape during the Warring States period. Vertical and horizontal is vertical and horizontal, and the main characters are: Guiguzi. Vertically, the weak unite to attack the strong; The one who is horizontal, the one is strong to attack the weak. They were uncertain and capricious, and their plans were mostly based on subjective political requirements. In the end, Su Qin failed, and Zhang Yi won. After Zhang Yi and Su Qin, there was another famous columnist Lu Zhonglian in the Qi Kingdom, known as the Prime Minister of Buyi, the man of Buyi! In the later period, he manipulated and fought against Qin in the Six Kingdoms for the last time, but it still ended in failure! Ji Ziyang said.

"This Zonghengjia sounds very powerful, but I didn't expect it to be so unprincipled." I say.

"Having principles is not necessarily a good thing, and not having principles is not necessarily a bad thing, people are different, they have different plans, and their positions are naturally different, but they are just different choices in the course of history." (To be continued.) )