Haha, even the big man is very good to learn the drop~~~ The big man knows more about the Roman drop than the Roman one knows about the big Han drop~~~

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When Zhang Qian first made a mission to the Western Regions, he once saw a performance by a magician (called "Dazzling Man" at the time) in the court there. The master introduced him to the magician from the western strips and ploughs. Zhang Qian reported the situation to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, so Emperor Wu sent envoys to Tiaozhi and Lijing, but in Sima Qian's "Historical Records", it is not explained whether the envoys had arrived there; The mission probably did not succeed, because until the time Ban Gu wrote the Book of Han, there was no mention of the situation of the plough.

And the messenger who gave rest had a harvest. When King Anxi heard that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was interested in the eggs of the birds and the dizzying people of the plough, he specially presented the ostrich eggs and several plough magicians in the court to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty as gifts. The magician came to Chang'an with the envoy, and performed the tricks of swallowing knives and spitting fire, planting melons and planting trees, and slaughtering people and horses for Emperor Wu of Han on the spot. Due to the hobby of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, magic soon became popular in China, but these magicians never returned to their hometown. This is the first time in Chinese history books that the Romans came to China.

At that time, the Han Dynasty was prosperous and prosperous, and it was the most pioneering and enterprising era of the Chinese nation. After the Eastern Han Dynasty ruled the Western Regions, Ban Chao had determined to go west and explore the edge of the world, a mysterious country at sunset. In the ninth year of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Emperor Yongyuan (97 AD), the deputy envoy Gan Ying was sent from the Western Regions to explore the West, and the destination of this trip was Great Qin, the Roman Empire.

Gan Ying trekked all the way through mountains and rivers, crossed Central Asia, and came to Tiaozhi through rest. When he reached the end of the land, he was greeted by the endless sea. We can deduce that the sea he faces is the Mediterranean. The sailors who rested in peace said to Gan Ying that the sea was extremely wide, and if the wind was favorable, it would take three months for the ship to reach the opposite shore, and if the wind was not in the right direction, it would take two years, so those who crossed the sea should bring three years' dry rations. Walking on the sea can be particularly homesick, dangerous and often threatened with death. Gan Ying was a tenacious and brave explorer on the land road, but when he faced the vast sea, his confidence was shaken. Eventually, he turned his horse around and set out on his journey home. Gan Ying's mistake in thinking has delayed direct exchanges between the East and the West for more than 1,000 years, which cannot but be said to be a great regret. If Gan Ying crossed the Mediterranean Sea and reached the city of Rome, there would be another possibility in the history of world civilization.

Historians put the blame on the Anxi people, saying that they were afraid that the Han Dynasty would have a connection with Rome and deprive Anxi of the lucrative profits of the silk trade, so they used the sailor's words to scare Gan Ying. But in fact, at that time, the people of the Han Dynasty were really not good at navigation and had a special fear of the sea. In any case, Gan Ying was the hero of the Han dynasty's journey to the West. After his return, the Han Dynasty's understanding of the Western world was a big step forward compared to that of Zhang Qian's.

We don't know what caused Ban Chao to have such a strong interest in Daqin. Could it be that before that, in addition to a few magicians of Lixuan, there were also Romans who had been to China? A French scholar named De Xiaoqian, after studying the Book of Han, put forward a very interesting idea.

According to the "Hanshu Chen Tang Biography", in 36 BC, the Xiongnu Zhizhi invaded Kangju in the west. In response to the request for help from Central Asian countries, the Han Dynasty sent generals Chen Tang and Gan Yanshou to lead an expeditionary force to defeat Zhizhi Danyu. When Chen Tang arrived at the Xiongnu Shan Yu garrison, he encountered strange things that he had never seen before: Shan Yu built a strong castle, and more than 100 infantry formed a fish-scale formation at the city gate to resist the Han army. This was completely different from the traditional cavalry field battles of the Huns. The castle could not stop the Han army, who were good at siege and foot warfare, they set fire to the city on all sides, attacked the city with shields on their backs, and finally killed Shan Yu and captured more than 1,000 of his subordinates in triumph.

The French scholar pointed out that the Xiongnu and the Central Asian countries were quite backward in military technology, and the construction of strong castles and the formation of infantry in a phalanx of fish scales were completely characteristic of the Romans. It is likely that the Xiongnu were Roman prisoners of war at the Battle of Karlae in 53 BC, who helped the Xiongnu in their battle against the Han army, and some of the more than 10,000 people remained in peace, some were sold or exiled to Central Asia, and some of them may have served as Xiongnu mercenaries in Kangju.

According to ancient Roman documents, Rome's understanding of China is still in the stage of the myth of "Seris", and of course there is no record of sending people to China. However, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty clearly records that in the ninth year of Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty (166 AD), a Roman envoy arrived in Luoyang, and "King Andun of Great Qin sent an envoy from the south of Japan to offer ivory, rhino horn, and tortoiseshell, which was the beginning of Tongyan." The authenticity of this incident is beyond doubt, and "Anton" was the reigning Roman Emperor Annin LePieu at the time. The Roman envoy arrived from Nisan (present-day Vietnam) and presumably did not travel via the Silk Road, but by boat from the Indian Ocean. The document does not record his travel route, not even his name, only the tribute he paid. The confident emissary may have thought that the offerings he had given to the Han Emperor were priceless treasures, but in the Luoyang court, these were nothing more than commonplace ordinary objects. The first Eastern diplomacy of the Europeans did not seem to attract the attention of the Chinese.

The envoy also brought the Roman emperor's desire to trade with China: "The king (of Great Qin) often wanted to communicate with the Han Dynasty, and he wanted to communicate with him in Han color, so he could not reach himself." This envoy gave the Han emperor a detailed description of the situation in Rome, and with the information brought back by Gan Ying's envoy, the Chinese had a much clearer understanding of Rome and excluded the previous myths and legends. A narrative introducing the Great Qin State in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Legend of the Western Regions is quite wonderful and accurate:

"A plough in the Great Qin Kingdom, in the west of the Haixi, and the west of the Haiyun Sea. There are thousands of miles of places, and there are more than 400 cities. There are dozens of small state servants. Some scholars believe that the word "plough" is a transliteration of Alexandria.

"(Daqin) takes the stone as the city, and the post booths are arranged, all of which are chalky...... All of them are embroidered with their heads, take a white cover car, go in and out of the drums, and build banners. The city where he lives is more than 100 miles around. There are five palaces in the city, each ten miles apart. The palace rooms are all pillared by water spirits, and so are the food utensils. This text describes the city of Rome painted with white plaster, Roman men cut their hair short (Chinese shaving hair was a punishment), wore embroidered clothing, and palaces and tableware were mostly made of glass. It can be seen that the Han people did not understand the difference between marble and glass at that time.

The Book of the Later Han Dynasty also records the Roman political system: "Often make a person carry a bag with the king's chariot, and if a person has a word, that is, he throws the book into the bag, and the king goes to the palace to send the province, and he is straight." Each has its own official documents. Thirty-six generals are all state affairs. Its kings are not ordinary people, they are all simple and sage. From time to time, disasters and storms in the country are abandoned, and those who are released are willing to be deposed and do not complain. ”

It seems that the Han dynasty had a relatively clear understanding of the Roman system of parliament and consul elections, and referred to it with appreciation. What is difficult for the people of the Han Dynasty to understand is why the king is not resentful when he is deposed, because in the Han Dynasty, imperial power is indispensable for a day. In particular, when the envoys of Andun came to China, it was during the reign of Emperor Huan, relatives and eunuchs took turns to take power, the government of the Han Dynasty was full of miasma, and the upright scholars were either killed or imprisoned, and the Eastern Han Dynasty was coming to an end. The Eastern and Western conceptions of power were so different that the Han Dynasty could only understand the Romans' rotation of power as moral nobility. They didn't know that after Caesar, personal tyranny would hardly work in Rome.

At a time when the Eastern and Western worlds began to look for each other, the Chinese had more contact with the Romans, which was an excellent opportunity for exchange. If the Chinese continue to maintain the pioneering spirit and adventurous spirit of Zhang Qian and Ban Chao and extend the Silk Road all the way to the city of Rome, it will certainly greatly promote the process of world civilization. But the Chinese did not seize this opportunity. A few decades later, due to the darkness and corruption of the Eastern Han court, which led to more than 300 years of division and war between the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (220 AD - 589 AD), the Silk Road opened and closed impermanently, and the land transportation between the East and the West entered a low ebb. It wasn't until the prosperous Tang Dynasty that the Silk Road was reconnected and became an important international trade route.

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