Xiao Cai went to Beijing, and all he saw were the nobles of the princess~~~ Paste some people with identity ~ living materials.

———————————————————

During the Qin and Han dynasties, China's feudal society was in a period of great unification, and its culture and economy flourished, especially the opening of the Silk Road, which communicated the cultural and economic exchanges between China and countries in West Asia, Europe and Africa. At that time, people's way of living was still sitting on the ground, and the indoor furniture furnishings basically continued the combination pattern of seats, beds, couches, tables and tables in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and lacquered wood furniture completely replaced the bronze ware and occupied a dominant position.

From the murals, portrait bricks, portrait stones, lacquer paintings, silk paintings, sculptures and engravings of the Qin and Han dynasties, it can be inferred that the bed was one of the most used furniture at that time, mainly for people to sit, lie and sleep, and gradually formed a living form centered on the bed. In the Han Dynasty, the use of beds was more extensive, and various activities in daily life such as feasting, entertaining, games, reading and sleeping, and even court meetings and office work were carried out in bed. In the mural painting of the Han tomb in Wangdu, Hebei Province, the "main history" and the "main thin" each sit on a couch, the shape and size of the two couches are basically close, there is an arc-shaped coupon tooth plate curve between the legs, and the couch surface is paved with a mat. In addition, on the portrait stone of the Han tomb in Honglou Village and Mao Village in Xuzhou, Jiangsu, there is a person sitting alone on the couch, and in the portrait stone of the Eastern Han Tomb in Shilipu, Xuzhou, there is also a depiction of a person sitting on the couch. The Han couch unearthed in Dancheng, Henan Province is rectangular, four-legged, 0.875 meters long, 0.72 meters wide, 0.19 meters high, the leg and foot section is rectangular ruler-shaped, and there is also an arc curve between the legs. Beds are booming, and their decoration is quietly heating up. "Release" contains the account, Zhang Ye, Zhang Xuan on the bed". It can be seen that the bed tent was applied on the bed in the Qin and Han dynasties, the curtain was set up in winter to avoid the cold, and the mosquito net was used in summer to avoid flies.

Xu Shen, a native of the Han Dynasty, called the bed "a few sits in peace" in the "Shuowen", which clearly says that it is a seat. There is also a type called "Kuang bed", also known as "single seat", which is obviously a single seat. Liu Xi of the Han Dynasty "Interpretation of the Name of the Bed" Yunren sat and lay on the bed, so it was self-loaded. "At that time, the bed had two meanings, both a seat and a bedding. In the later period of the Western Han Dynasty, the name "couch" appeared again, which specifically refers to the seat. In the murals of the Wangdu Han Tomb in Hebei, the portrait stone of Wuliang Temple in Jiaxiang in Shandong and the stone carvings of the Suide Han Tomb in Shaanxi, there are images of sitting on a couch. "Interpretation of the Name" says that the long, narrow and humble person is called the couch, and it is said that the couch is close to the ground. The little one sits alone, the master is the same, and he sits alone. "Popular Literature" says that three feet and five are called couches, sitting alone is called a table, and eight feet is called a bed." In the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, it is recorded that Taining, Dongjun, "sits on sheepskin in winter, sits on an elm board vegetable food in summer, and goes out of bounds to buy salt and drum food". The bed is slightly higher than the couch and wider than the couch, and can sit or lie down; The couch is lower than the bed, narrower than the bed, there are sitting alone and two people sitting, etc., in the Qin and Han dynasties, it was only used for sitting, and later evolved into a sitting and lying down.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, the habit of sitting on the ground since the Shang and Zhou dynasties was still maintained, so the furniture such as tables, desks, and beds were relatively low. Several cases have different shapes, most of them are painted with black or red lacquer, and various exquisite patterns are drawn, and a few are also embossed on the surface. They are generally consistent with the style of exquisite lacquer cups, plates, zun, and pots from the Han Dynasty. The cases of the Han Dynasty were longer than those of the pre-Qin Dynasty. Some are also made into overlapping two-story cases to put more utensils. The food table is mostly square and round (Chen Ping, "Chinese Residential Culture", Hong Kong Chung Hwa Book Company, 1992 edition, p. 63). It has already been mentioned and will not be repeated here.

The small seat of the Han Dynasty is the table, which is relatively low, the surface of the table is square, and there is no edge around it. The most important difference between it and the similar size of the table is the shape of the foot: the foot of the table is close to a thin cylinder, while the section of the foot is rectangular and the foot is in the shape of a pot door, which can bear more weight than the table. "Release? Release the bed tent "Pingya"; It is made of plates, and its body is flat. "Only one person can sit on the table, so it is also called sitting alone. "Pi Cang" is also a couch, which is said to sit alone on a board bed. "The Bed Tent also says that the little one sits alone, and the master is the same, and he sits alone." The mural painting of the Eastern Han Dynasty tomb in Wangdu No. 1, Hebei Province, has a figure sitting alone on a plate table (fig. 71). However, in addition to the board table, there are also stone ones. The tomb of Liu Qian of the Western Han Dynasty in Chen Village, Xingtai, Hebei Province, and the tomb of Liu Xiu of the Western Han Dynasty in the octagonal corridor of Dingxian County have all been unearthed, and the latter is also equipped with copper feet.

The seat that is larger than the table is the couch. "The Bed Tent" is long and narrow and humble to say that it is close to the ground. "The couch is said to be cramped and humble, which is compared to the bed. The bed of the pious "Popular Text" is three feet and five feet, and the board sits alone on the table, and the bed is eight feet. ("Beginner's Notes" Volume 25) is converted into the present system, the couch is about 84 centimeters long, and the bed is about 192 centimeters long. The stone couch of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed in Dancheng, Henan Province, has the inscription of "the late Han Dynasty Doctor Changshan Dabo Wangjun sits on the couch", which is 87.5 centimeters long, which is very close to the number of 3.5 Han feet recorded in the "Popular Text". Of course, this length of collapse can not be lying, can only sit, such as "Gao Shi Biography" said that Guan Ning "often sits on a wooden couch, accumulates more than 50 years, has not tasted the kei stock, and the collapse is worn at the knees" ("Taiping Yulan" volume 76). The couch is also respected for one person sitting alone. "The World Speaks a New Language? Founder's "Liu Note" quoted "Yulin" (Du) pre-enlisted Wu Hui, sitting alone, not sharing with guests. "Liu Zunzu is less known to Yin Zhongjun in "Arrangement and Adjustment", and is called Yu Gong. Yu Gong introduced him and sat on a single couch. Although the era of these historical materials is a little later, they should be no different from the Han system. If two people sit together, it is called a shared couch. Romance of the Three Kingdoms? Wu Zhi? The Biography of Lu Su "Drink on the same bed. ""Zhuge Rong Biography" sits on the couch and sits." There was an image of two people sitting on a couch on the Han portrait stone, and the couch should be closed. As for the fact that most people sat together during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it seems that the Han Dynasty had not yet appeared (Sun Ji, "Illustrated Material Culture Materials of the Han Dynasty", Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1991 edition, p. 220).

In addition to the host sitting and resting, the couch is also used for entertaining guests, such as the Book of the Later Han Dynasty? The Biography of Xu Zhi Chen Fan is too guarded, does not accept guests, only comes to the child, sets up a special bed, and hangs it when he goes. It is also used to see officials, such as Xuzhou Shilipu Eastern Han Dynasty portrait stone, a local chief official sits on the couch, three people who look like small officials, holding wat with both hands and kneeling respectfully in front ("Jiangsu Xuzhou Shilipu Han Portrait Stone Tomb", "Archaeology", No. 2, 1966). During the feast, the couch is more permanent, or the host sits on his own or sits with the guests. In the banquet and drinking picture of the No. 2 Han Tomb of Bangtaizi in Liaoyang (Fig. 72), the male and female hosts sit on a couch with a food table in the middle, and a tent is placed on the couch to enjoy singing and dancing while drinking ("Liaoyang City Bangtaizi No. 2 Mural Tomb", Archaeology, No. 1, 1960). In addition, there is a kind of extra-small couch with a couch for climbing the large bed. "Release" is before the big bed, on the small couch, so the bed is also. (Lin Jianming et al., Social Civilization of the Qin and Han Dynasties, Northwest University Press, 1985, pp. 238~239)

The bed is larger than the table and the couch, and it is used for sitting and sleeping. It is generally made of wood. "Yulan" volume 706 quotes "Book of the Later Han" fescue for the eastern county Taishou, sitting on an elm plank bed in summer. "There are also stone makers, the stone bed of the Eastern Han Dynasty tomb of Wangdu No. 2, 159 cm long, 100 cm wide, 18 cm high, can accommodate one person to rest. In the Han Dynasty, the bed was a higher standard furniture than the couch, as in the "Customs and Customs? Nanyang Zhang Boda, Deng Zijing Xiaoboda for three years, with brother etiquette. Uncle lies on the bed, respects the small couch under the bed, often fears, and worships Qingdan. "The big bed often has a screen on one side and a wall behind it, forming a "screen wall". Examples can be found in the portrait stone of Anqiu in Shandong Province and in the murals of the Eastern Han Dynasty tomb in Bangtaizitun in Liaoyang (Fig. 73).

The sitting posture of people in the Han Dynasty on the bed and couch is close to the kneeling posture commonly known in modern times, so they will feel tired after sitting for a long time, and even produce things like "Han Feizi? The phenomenon of "fibulal pain, foot paralysis, and tendon rotation" mentioned in the "Outer Reserve Says Upper Left". So sometimes you have to sit in seclusion, with your knees in a few strokes and your elbows on a few tops. This kind of several is called a few on the basis of a few, and its several sides are narrower, generally about 20 centimeters. In the Western Han Dynasty, several sides were often slightly concave downward, and it was close to the style of the Warring States period. Shandong Linyi Jinque Mountain No. 1 Western Han Dynasty tomb unearthed this style by a few, several sides of both ends carved into the shape of a rabbit's head, quite chic. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, most of the sides were flat, some with four grid-like feet, and some with only one curved foot, and the use of these two types of tables can be seen on the portrait stone (Fig. 74). The lacquer in the Western Han Dynasty Tomb of Mancheng No. 1 has been lost, but there are gilded copper feet, and the upper part is hinged so that the feet can be folded inward. A piece of lacquer unearthed by Gu Lelang has two layers, and the lower layer can be stretched open or folded in, so that the height of several can be adjusted, and the structure is very exquisite. In winter, several also add fabrics, such as "Xijing Miscellaneous Records" volume a Han system of the Son of Heaven jade few, winter then add silk brocade on it, called the silk several, the princes are all to bamboo and wood for a few, winter is to fine for the manuscript to rely on, not to add silk brocade. The Mawangdui No. 1 Han Tomb recorded in the "Su Longevity Embroidery Machine Towel", the longevity embroidery is more noble than the silk brocade, it can be seen that the "Xijing Miscellaneous Records" is not completely accurate. In the Han Dynasty, kneeling and sitting often caused disgust among people. A portrait stone in Gengji, Tongshan, Jiangsu Province, depicts a man holding a knife sitting on top of a table (fig. 75). This was a rude gesture, which was very rare at the time (Sun Ji, "Illustrated Materials of Material Culture in the Han Dynasty", Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1991 edition, pp. 220~223).

Mats are usually laid out on couches, beds, and indoor floors. Most of the mats are made of cattail or rush grass. "Urgent Chapter" Pu Xuan Xi Xi. "Note, it is said that Pu Zhi is weak. The name of the grass is also, and the like is also Guan. Pu can be recommended, and rush can be a seat. "Recommended, that is, a long sleeping seat. The Book of Han? Emperor Wen's Chronicles" contains, Emperor Wen "takes the pu as a seat" to show his frugality. and "Dongguan Hanji" contains Guo Dan's teacher Sun Chang, respectful, and often holds a Pu weaving seat. "The condemnation unearthed from the Mawangdui Han Tomb contains two seats, one of which is a green edge and a brocade edge." In fact, there are four pieces of mats unearthed, there are two pieces intact, one is 219 cm long, 81 cm wide, the other is 222 cm long, 82 cm wide, the edge of the mat is sewn with yellow silk, and the width of the side is about 20 cm. According to the book "Salt and Iron? Scattered insufficient", the pre-Qin Shu people used "single Lin 籧篨". The so-called "籧篨" refers to a thick bamboo mat, which was also popular in the Han Dynasty. The bamboo mat may become a bed, and its fine one is called a bamboo sheet. "Dongguan Han Ji" Emperor Edict has a weak and flat edge. "And "Xijing Miscellaneous Records" will offer bamboo to the emperor, and the world name is Liuhuangyun." The bamboo mat unearthed in the Han tomb of Pingjibao in Yinchuan, Ningxia, is a folk style. Its color is gray, the mat pattern is herringbone, and it is made of thin scorn tablets ("Han Tombs and Tang Tombs near Yinchuan", Cultural Relics, No. 8, 1978). In addition to the straw and bamboo mats mentioned above, there is also a fine mat decorated with animal skins. "Release" mink seat, even mink skin thought it was a seat. "And "Xijing Miscellaneous Records" Zhaoyang Hall set up a bear seat, the hair is more than a foot long, sleep and embrace the hair self-covered, the person who looks at it can not see it, sit without kneeling in it, miscellaneous incense, sit on this seat, Yu Xiang will not stop for a hundred days."

There are also certain rules for the ceremony of sitting, and His Holiness must have a special seat. In the family, there are special seats for the elders, in the lecture hall for the teachers, and in the court there are special seats for the emperor and the queen. During the court meeting, special seats are often set up for the meritorious heroes of the elderly. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty? Wang Chang's Biography "Wang Chang is the general of Yokono, and his rank is the same as that of the generals. "And "The Biography of Zhang Yu" Zhang Yu is the Taifu, Shangshu, the Empress Dowager Deng is the first child of the emperor, and wants to make the important ministers live in the forbidden place, which is the death of Zhao Yu and the three dukes." In the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to improve the status of decision-making and supervision officials such as Shangshuling, Yushi Zhongcheng, and Sili Xiaowei, from the first year of Jianwu (25 AD), the court meeting was seated at a special seat, so the Jingshi was called "Three Dusit" (Lin Jianming et al., "Qin and Han Social Civilization", Northwest University Press, 1985 edition, pp. 234~235).

The mat can be moved when spread on the ground, and the noble gentleman who is rich and honorable can sit on eight or nine layers of mats. In school, each person sits at one seat during lectures, but when the speaker speaks in a reasonable manner and refutes the teachings of others, he can take the seat. For example, the Eastern Han Dynasty scholar Dai Ping's interpretation of the scriptures is endless, and he can re-sit in more than 50 seats ("Later Han Shu Dai Ping's Biography"). As for the ordinary Han scholars, such as Xue Dan, they "sat down endlessly" (Xie Guozhen, Overview of the Social Life of the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 1985, p. 67).

In the Han Dynasty, it was not popular to sit with your feet down, so it seems that there should be no furniture such as tables and chairs at this time. In reality, however, the Han Dynasty did not have chairs, but it produced a prototype of the table. A green glazed pottery table unearthed from the Eastern Han Dynasty tomb of Zhangwan No. 2 in Lingbao, Henan, is placed on a small pot with a round bottom. Judging from the ratio of its feet to its face, it is a tall small table (Chen Zengbi thinks that this is not a small table, but "a small stoveside case for cooking condiments in the kitchen used with the stove"). See "On the No Table in the Han Dynasty", Wenbo, No. 5, 1982). However, since the pottery table is a model of a Ming ware, it is difficult to determine the size of the object it represents. A square table on a brick of a market portrait excavated in Pengxian County, Sichuan, shows that the person in front of the table is trading with the person at the table, and the height of the table can be indirectly inferred from the body height of the guò person, so it can be confirmed (Fig. 76). This table has no support between the legs, and the shape is relatively primitive, but it is very close to the square table in the Tang Dynasty murals in Cave 85 of the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang.

Kitchen and kitchen furniture for storage. On Balance? The "Feeling of Emptiness" and "Yes Ying Chapter" said that Prince Yan Dan Qin sought to return, and the conditions proposed by the King of Qin included the kitchen door wood elephant raw meat foot, which was returned. "The kitchen here refers to the kitchen of storage. The bronze square seat of the Western Zhou Dynasty often has two doors on the front, and the door is cast with a guard of the door. This style may have been inherited by later generations of cooks, and the kitchen door is also decorated with a wooden statue of the slasher, so it is said that "raw meat is enough". The Book of Jin? The Biography of Gu Kai "Kai Zhi tastes a kitchen painting, pastes the topic in front of it, and sends Huan Xuan. "It should be this kind of kitchen, too. In the mural painting of the Eastern Han Tomb in Bangtaizitun, Liaoyang, there is a chef with a roof-shaped roof, and a woman is opening the kitchen door to fetch things, which can be seen to contain a black pot (Fig. 77). "Guangyun? Shangping Shengshiyu ■, account page, like a kitchen also. Out of the land of the "word forest". It can be seen that the kitchen resembles a tent, which is in line with the above-mentioned mural. The seventh-century jade insect cook made in Horyuji Temple in Nara, Japan, still has a roof-shaped roof, and this system is still followed. Compared with the kitchen, it is used to store more valuable items, such as "Chu Ci? The Seven Commandments "Jade and Stone are the same. "The Book of Han? Gao Di Ji and the heroes swear an oath, the Danshu iron deed, the golden stone room, and the Tibetan temple. There is an image of it in the portrait stone of Yinan in Shandong Province (Fig. 78), and pottery has been unearthed in Lingbao in Henan Province and the Han Tomb of Liujiaqu in Shaanxi County, and the proportion of width and width of these pottery is very symmetrical and coordinated, and its shape has not changed much until the Tang Dynasty.

In the Han Dynasty, there was no ceiling such as flat and dark in the room, and in order to prevent the dust from staining the clothes, the dust was mostly hung on the top of the bed. "Release? Release the bed tent to bear the dust, apply it to the top, and carry the dust also. "Chengchen is also known as 帟. The Book of Rites? Tan Gong Zheng Note, the small one of the curtains, so the dust. "Zhou Li? "The Curtain Man" first Zheng Zhu, flat account also. "Chengchen was originally a small curtain flat on the bed. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, as seen on the bricks of the scriptures unearthed in Chengdu, the dust on the high bed where the lecturer sat had been stretched on the wooden frame with a lattice, and there was a tendency to transition to Pingli. Therefore, at this time, the dust bearing is a relatively fixed equipment in the room, and it does not move often on weekdays, such as the Book of the Later Han Dynasty? The Biography of Lei Yi records that Lei Yi refused to accept the money, but "the gold lord was not there, and the gold was silently invested in Chengchen." After taking care of the house, it is obtained. ”

It is dust-bearing that is hung flat indoors to prevent dust, and screens that are erected indoors to block the wind. A screen is a free-standing piece of furniture, as opposed to a screen attached to a bed. Historical Records? The screen was mentioned in the Biography of Meng Weijun, indicating that it existed during the Warring States Period, and it was more popular in the Han Dynasty (Sun Ji, "Illustrated Material Culture Materials of the Han Dynasty", Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1991 edition, pp. 218~219, 225)

"Customs and Customs" screen, the doctor is curtained, the scholar is curtained, and the younger brother is covered by self-obstacles. "The Book of Han? Chen Xian's biography "Ten thousand years of illness, summoning Xian's admonition under the bed. In the middle of the night, he fell asleep and touched the screen. "The screen is generally made of silk, "Etiquette? The Zheng Note of the "Hajj Ceremony" means that the Han Dynasty had a silk screen. There are many colorful paintings painted on the screens. Such as "Hanshu? Narrative "Yan Cheng Emperor next to the throne has a screen painted with Shang Xuan drunk in Daji for the long night of pleasure. "Dongguan Hanji" also contains a screen of female pictures next to the throne of Emperor Guangwu. Mawangdui Han Tomb unearthed a wooden multicolored painting screen, 72 centimeters long, 62 centimeters high, is a reduced model, according to the record of the policy, its original length is five feet, three feet high. There are also small screens, placed on top of the bed, which are often seen in Han paintings. For example, the frescoes of the Han Tomb in Liaoyang have screens at the back of the couches of the male and female hosts, which are in the shape of a folded angle ("Three Mural Ancient Tombs in Liaoyang", Cultural Relics Reference, No. 5, 1955). Some screens also have mirrors on them, such as when Cao Cao assassinated Dong Zhuo in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, because Dong Zhuo woke up from the mirror on the screen behind the bed when he saw Cao Cao drawing a knife, so Cao Cao was unsuccessful.

Sometimes a screen alone in the house is not enough to keep out the wind and cold or mosquitoes and flies, so a curtain is installed. The curtain refers to the car door curtain, and it is used as "car clothes". The Book of the Later Han Dynasty? The Biography of Jia Cong Jia Cong is the history of Jizhou Thorn. And Cong's department, Shengche said: 'The history of the assassin should be far-sighted and wide-ranging, picketing the beauty and evil, how can there be anti-drape to cover himself? 'It is commanded by the Emperor. "Later it is also used in the void to self-obstruct evil. Historical Records? The Biography of Dong Zhongshu: Dong Zhongshu "is a doctor, and he recites under the curtain, and his disciples pass on the karma for a long time, or they don't see their faces." "And "The Book of the Later Han? Liu Xuan's Biography was also entrusted to Zhao Meng, drinking and feasting with women day and night**, the ministers wanted to talk about things, they couldn't see when they were drunk, and they couldn't help it, so they sat in the curtain and talked. "That's why "Release" curtains, enclosures, so self-obstacles." "Release" account, Zhang also, Zhang Shi in bed also. The small tent is called a bucket, and the shape is like a bucket. It can be seen that the difference between the curtain and the tent is: first, the curtain is used to divide the hall and the room, and the tent is applied to the bed; Second, the curtain is mostly a single horizontal surface of the tent, and the tent is shrouded on all sides. However, their functions have the point of obstructing the eyes, so the post in front of the bed "sticks and hangs" is called the bedfront curtain because of its horizontal single hanging. Every curtain that has a roof is called an account, even if it is not applied to the bed. Historical Records? Ji Zheng Lie's Biography "On the taste of sitting in the military tent, the prelude to the dark, the crown is not crowned, the look is dark, and the tent is avoided, so that people can play. This tent is not a bed tent, but a tent with a roof on the throne of the palace (Lin Jianming et al., "Social Civilization of the Qin and Han Dynasties", Northwest University Press, 1985 edition, pp. 239~240).

is made of].

div>

BAIDU_CLB_LT_ID="519311";